Heads of State

The term "Head of State" is a little bit confusing to countries like the United States where the President is both Head of State and Head of Government. The Head of State is the ceremonial representative of the country, the Head of Government runs the country. That's why in Great Britain, the King or Queen is the Head of State while the Prime Minister is the head of Government. In Commonwealth Countries and British Territories, the Governor General is de facto Head of State as the Personal Representative of the Monarch, and the Prime Minister is that country's head of Government. But we won't make that distinction here.

Kingdom of France
- Louis XIII
- Louis XIV
- Louis XV
- Louis XVI
  - Marie Antoinette: Queen consort of King Louis XVI.
Revolutionary/Napoleonic France
- Maximilien Robespierre: Leading member of the Committee of Public Safety.
- Napoleon Bonaparte: Made himself the Emperor of France.
Modern France
- The Presidents of France
  - Charles de Gaulle: President from 1944 to 1945 and again from 1958 to 1970.

Germany

Pre-Unification
- Maria Theresa: reigning Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Empress-Consort and later Dowager-Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
- Prussian Kings
  - Frederick The Great: King of Prussia 1740-1786
- King Ludwig II of Bavaria: King of Bavaria 1864-1886
Post-Unification
- The Chancellors of Germany
- The Presidents of Germany

Greece

Alexander the Great

Hungary

Maria Theresa

Iran/Persia

Cyrus the Great

Iraq

Saddam Hussein

Ireland

Feudal Japan
- Date Masamune: 16th century Japanese warlord.
- Fuuma Kotaro: 16th century Japanese warlord.
- Oda Nobunaga: 16th century Japanese warlord.
- Tokugawa Ieyasu: 16th-17th century Japanese warlord.
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi: 16th century Japanese warlord.
Modern Japan
- Hideki Tojo: Army Minister & Prime Minister of Japan for much of WWII.

Libya

Muammar Gaddafi: Leader of Libya from 1969-2011 (as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council from 1969-1977, then as Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution from 1977-2011).

Mongolia