Clockwise from top left: Phlegmatic, Sanguine, Choleric, and Melancholic.
There are many ways to make a group of people diverse without giving them overly specialized roles within an ensemble. One way is through matching personality types according to an ancient proto-psychological theory. The Four Temperaments (also called the "four humors") was a theory that behavior was caused by concentrations of body fluids — the "humors" of classical medicine: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm.
A temporary imbalance would create an illness: too much blood caused a fever, too much yellow bile caused a cough, too much black bile caused depression, and too much phlegm caused a cold. A permanent imbalance led to a person having a certain type of intentions, behavior, and personality. Though this has been a theory long-since discredited from a scientific standpoint, the general idea still remains and the theory is still used for personality profiling. An ensemble based on these four humors can make the cast diverse without actually changing the roles of the characters in the story.
One of the interesting factors in the Four Temperaments, is that there is no Leader - any one of them could be The Leader in the piece and defines the approach the team takes to the problem, while in a series the focus can switch back and forth to develop characters separately - see A Day in the Limelight. Rather than meeting through coincidence or brought together in the first episode, these four are more likely to be long-term friends or family from the start. There may be a fifth person hanging around occasionally but they're not really part of the team; they just add flavour or play the part of Mentor Archetype.
Along with a list of characteristics, the four temperaments are:
Sanguine (blood)
- Extroverted, cheerful, and people-oriented. Can be more or less empathetic and sensitive towards others.
- Key Strengths: Charming, cheerful, loves people, energetic, talkative, passionate and compassionate, positive, sometimes unpredictable, expressive influencer, an excellent comedian, salesman or clown, quirky or eccentric, highly moralistic (mostly) and just plain fun.
- In common with phlegmatic: Friendly, forgiving, optimistic endurer, emotionally available, won't get negative, good with relationships.
- In common with choleric: Adventurous, confident, hard to embarrass.
- Key Weaknesses: Undisciplined, too talkative, emotionally unstable, hyperactive, scatterbrained, gullible, disorganized, late for work, and sometimes frivolous.
- In common with phlegmatic: Weak-willed, likes to appease other people, gullible, overly idealistic to the point of inability to grasp what's gone wrong.
- In common with choleric: Impulsive, egotistical, shallow and self-absorbed at times.
- Expressive high, responsive high; response's delay short, duration short.
- The Inspired Influencer of DISC and Myers–Briggs types generally E_F_.
- Will often correspond with the Optimist or the Realist (though, in less sympathetic and more self-centered cases, the Apathetic) when in a Four-Philosophy Ensemble.
- Amongst the five main "Dere Types" qualify as two - original Deredere (Lovestruck) in better cases, and Yandere (Sick and Lovestruck) in worse cases. Tsundere "Type B" can also qualify.
- Oni type and Good Cop/Bad Cop: Brash Red Oni with snark, but an overall diplomatic "Good Cop".
- Corresponding element, season, and division of a day: (hot and moist) air, spring, and morning.
- In a person's life, it corresponds to young childhood (roughly ages 0-13).
- Organ: Lungs.
- Archetypal color: Gold, brighter shades of yellow, all shades of pink or aqua (the colors of the Sky).
- The Yin-Yang Duo: Yang (white).
- The Four Gods: Azure Dragon.
- Planet or Satellite: Venus and Jupiter.
- Western Zodiac Signs: Gemini, Libra, Aquarius.
- Leadership type: Charismatic.
- Personality Blood Type: B
- Apocalypse Horseman: Conquest.
- Family member: Daughter.
- Cardinal Point: East
- Piloting Style: Bushwacker.
- Typical Enneagram types: 2, 7
- Stereotypical Hair Color: Blonde.
- Key Strengths: Charming, cheerful, loves people, energetic, talkative, passionate and compassionate, positive, sometimes unpredictable, expressive influencer, an excellent comedian, salesman or clown, quirky or eccentric, highly moralistic (mostly) and just plain fun.
Choleric (yellow bile)
- Extroverted, short-tempered, and task-oriented. Normally callous and unemotional, but will get angry for personal reasons.
- Key Strengths: Takes the lead, hard worker, strong-willed, practical, passionate, a good repossession worker, an excellent strongman/woman of the team (drill sergeant at the most extreme), determined, goal-oriented and thrives under criticism.
- In common with sanguine: Confident, loves a challenge, hard to embarrass.
- In common with melancholic: Good planner, independent, honest without any compromisation, Excellent agent of change, pure hard worker.
- Key Weaknesses: Hot-tempered, rude, rebellious, can be cruel, stubborn, harsh, bossy, expects complete devotion, insensitive, often condescending, can become psychotic in overbearing situations, workaholic, without compassion or conscience, can be a warmonger, vindictive, a shallow cynic of people's character, most likely a bad winner/loser, and may nastily misinterpret jokes.
- In common with sanguine: Arrogant, boisterous, often dramatic, unhinged, unfiltered in speech, often likes to make "in your face" insults.
- In common with melancholic: Inflexible, emotionally distant, strict, demanding and fastidious, not very cooperative, vengeful, self-righteous and dogmatic, harshly sarcastic, sees the worst in people.
- Expressive high, responsive low; response's delay short, duration long.
- The Dominant Driver of DISC and Myers–Briggs types generally E_T_.
- Will often correspond with The Cynic, or the Apathetic when in a Four-Philosophy Ensemble.
- Amongst the five main "Dere Types" qualify as Tsundere (Aloof and Lovestruck), especially "Type A". Kuudere can also qualify.
- Oni type and Good Cop/Bad Cop: Red Oni and harsh, pure "Bad Cop".
- Corresponding element, season, and division of a day: (hot and dry) fire, summer, and afternoon.
- In a person's life, it corresponds with adolescence and young adulthood (roughly ages 13-35).
- Organ: Gall bladder/Stomach.
- Archetypal color: Darker shades of yellow, all shades of red or orange (the colors of a Volcano).
- The Yin-Yang Duo: Yang (Red).
- The Four Gods: Vermilion Bird.
- Planet or Satellite: Mars and the Sun.
- Western Zodiac Signs: Aries, Leo, Sagittarius.
- Leadership type: Headstrong.
- Personality Blood Type: O
- Apocalypse Horseman: War.
- Family member: Father.
- Cardinal Point: South
- Piloting Style: Steamroller.
- Typical Enneagram types: 3, 8
- Stereotypical Hair Color: Red/Ginger.
- Key Strengths: Takes the lead, hard worker, strong-willed, practical, passionate, a good repossession worker, an excellent strongman/woman of the team (drill sergeant at the most extreme), determined, goal-oriented and thrives under criticism.
Melancholic (black bile)
- Introverted, brooding, and task-oriented. Normally highly sensitive and empathetic, but can be blunt and harsh.
- Key Strengths: Detailed, conservative, analytical, organized, perfectionistic, faithful to a fault, highly moralistic (mostly), discreet will of stone, elegant (in the more dignified ways), often selfless and an excellent medic or lawyer.
- In common with choleric: Excellent leader, practical, an effective manipulator of people, punctual.
- In common with phlegmatic: Polite, ethical to a fault, deep, thoughtful, sensitive, artistic.
- Key Weaknesses: Rigid, too straight-laced, critical, bashful, pessimistic, moody, depressed, impractical (yes, both practical and impractical), has unrealistically high expectations, very paranoid.
- In common with choleric: Inflexible, can be snobbish, emotionally distant, strict, resentful, vengeful, self-righteous and dogmatic, often sees the worst in people (and especially themselves).
- In common with phlegmatic: Shy, insecure, easily embarrassed, slowpoke.
- Expressive low, responsive low; response's delay long, duration long.
- The Contemplating Conscience of DISC and Myers–Briggs types generally I_T_.
- Will often correspond with The Cynic (in more distrustful cases) or the Realist (sometimes the Conflicted) in a Four-Philosophy Ensemble.
- Amongst the five main "Dere Types" qualify as Kuudere (Cool and Lovestruck). Dandere can also qualify.
- Oni type and Good Cop/Bad Cop: Stoic, aloof Blue Oni, a cold "Bad Cop" with less involvement (if not a coward).
- Corresponding element, season, and division of a day: (cool and dry) earth, autumn, and evening.
- In a person's life, it corresponds to middle-aged adulthood (roughly ages 35-65).
- Organ: Spleen/Brain.
- Archetypal color: Navy blue, dark purple, olive or darker shades of green, all shades of brown or black (the colors of a cave or cavern).
- The Yin-Yang Duo: Yin (black).
- The Four Gods: White Tiger.
- Planet or Satellite: Saturn.
- Western Zodiac Signs: Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn.
- Leadership type: Mastermind.
- Personality Blood Type: A
- Apocalypse Horseman: Famine.
- Family Member: Son.
- Cardinal Point: West
- Piloting Style: Plugger.
- Typical Enneagram types: 1, 4, 5
- Stereotypical Hair Color: Black.
- Key Strengths: Detailed, conservative, analytical, organized, perfectionistic, faithful to a fault, highly moralistic (mostly), discreet will of stone, elegant (in the more dignified ways), often selfless and an excellent medic or lawyer.
Phlegmatic (phlegm)
- Introverted, quiet, and people-oriented. Kind, sensitive, and empathetic towards others. note
- Key Strengths: Calm, humble, an excellent assistant, spy or librarian, discreet, flexible will of steel (flexible steel), elegant (in the simpler ways), thoughtful, patient, modest, a real sweetheart, accommodating, steady-paced, sympathetic, perceptive, normally has faith in morality, very compassionate, assuming innocent until proven guilty, a good listener, open-minded, considerate, and empathetic to all.
- In common with melancholic: Polite, reserved, gentle, ethical to a fault, dependable, can be mysterious, quiet and stealthy, a deep poker face.
- In common with sanguine: Pleasant, forgiving, witty, easygoing, idealistic endurer, emotionally available, a good sense of humour, good with relationships.
- Key Weaknesses: Indifferent, submissive, lazy, slow, shy and passive, slacker, indecisive and too yielding.
- In common with melancholic: Timid and docile, scared of sudden change, stubborn (about certain things), easily embarrassed.
- In common with sanguine: teasing, too compromising, forgetful, unable to find what's wrong.
- Expressive low, responsive high; response's delay long, duration short.
- The Stable Supporter of DISC and Myers–Briggs types generally I_F_.
- Will often correspond with the Optimist, or the Apathetic (sometimes the Conflicted) when in a Four-Philosophy Ensemble.
- Amongst the five main "Dere Types" qualify as Dandere (Quiet and Lovestruck). Deredere and Yandere can also qualify.
- Oni type and Good Cop/Bad Cop: Blue Oni and gentle, diplomatic "Good Cop".
- Corresponding element, season, and division of a day: (cool and moist) water, winter, and deep night.
- In a person's life, it corresponds to older adulthood (roughly ages 65 and up).
- Organ: Heart.
- Archetypal color: Teal, green, white, gray, all shades of blue or black (the colors of the ocean).
- The Yin-Yang Duo: Yin (blue).
- The Four Gods: Black Tortoise.
- Planet or Satellite: The Moon.
- Western Zodiac Signs: Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces.
- Leadership type: Levelheaded.
- Personality Blood Type: AB
- Apocalypse Horseman: Death.
- Family member: Mother.
- Cardinal Point: North
- Piloting Style: Sniper.
- Typical Enneagram types: 6, 9
- Stereotypical Hair Color: Brown.
- Key Strengths: Calm, humble, an excellent assistant, spy or librarian, discreet, flexible will of steel (flexible steel), elegant (in the simpler ways), thoughtful, patient, modest, a real sweetheart, accommodating, steady-paced, sympathetic, perceptive, normally has faith in morality, very compassionate, assuming innocent until proven guilty, a good listener, open-minded, considerate, and empathetic to all.
The four temperament system, while interesting, was seen as flawed even back then as some people did not fit with any of the presented humors, so a neutral temperament has been used. Originally derived in modern temperament theory from the once popular FIRO-B psychometric instrument, which included moderate scales. When the temperaments were mapped to it, the traditional Phlegmatic ended up moderate in both "expressive" (classic "extrovert" and "introvert") and "responsive" (classic "people vs task" focus) scales, and the low expressive high responsive area was labeled "Supine". While it shares many common elements with the Phlegmatic, the difference is that the Phlegmatic is this way from a lower energy reserve which leads them to take the path of least resistance (to either go with the flow and be agreeable, or to be stubborn and slow), while the Supine has an emotional energy that drives them to be reserved, but wanting of acceptance from others.
In alternative versions of the theory, the Phlegmatic kept in its old place, and the new temperament, here labeled as either "leukine" (after leukocytes to match the body fluids theme) or "eclectic", was considered the moderate one, sharing traits with all of the four temperaments (both "extrovert" and "introvert" and both "people-oriented" and "task-oriented").
In fiction this has been mostly reserved either for the lead character or more commonly for secondary characters (as for Four-Philosophy Ensemble, usually the Conflicted, but can also be Realist or Apathetic).
Historically in plays, there was a whole genre: Comedy of Humors, where the impetus of the story is the sudden banding of these opposing types. This is in contrast to the Comedy of Errors, where the story is driven by the events and situations.
They are similar to the four Personality Blood Types, and are sometimes also a Four-Element Ensemble.
See also Cast Calculus for the overarching archetypes in this and differently numbered ensembles. Here is an Image Archive for this trope. Additionally, Pseudolonewolf (of MARDEK fame) has a page that goes into great detail on the four temperaments, here
(older version with blends here), Eric B has a page that explains the five temperaments here, and The Other Wiki offers its information here. For another way to split up a group of four, see Four-Philosophy Ensemble. If you want to write such a group, see Write a Four-Temperament Ensemble.
Examples:
- Anime & Manga
- Comic Books
- Film
- Literature
- Live-Action TV
- Meta
- Music
- Video Games
- Web Comics / Web Original
- Western Animation
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Asian Animation
- Sab Jholmaal Hai: Bunny (Sanguine), Popat (Choleric), Zordaar (Melancholic), and Honey (Phlegmatic).
- Space Jungle: Okki (Sanguine), Kao (Choleric), Roo (Melancholic), and Mo (Phlegmatic).
- Zelly Go: Roro (Sanguine), Popo (Cholreric), Jojo (Melancolic), and Gogo (Supine).
Fan Fiction
- The Black family in The Black Sheep Dog Series:
- Sanguine: Sirius. One of the most popular boys in his school days, he's charming, reckless, and attracts attention wherever he goes.
- Choleric: Walburga. Forceful and domineering, Walburga is well aware of her authority and is not afraid to exercise it. She is regarded by her children as the ruler of the household.
- Melancholic: Orion. The acting head of the family who is duty bound to preserve its honour. He's quiet, reserved and emotionally closed-off.
- Phlegmatic: Regulus. An obedient people pleaser who tries his best to keep the fragile peace between his brother and their parents.
- The four main anthropomorphic animal characters in the Sonic X fanfic Don't Keep Your Distance. Paint (Sanguine), Maxwell (Choleric), Jewel (Melancholic), and Arrowhead (Phlegmatic) seem almost designed after the four classical temperaments at times.
- Barack and the White House Boiz, consisting of Barack Obama (Melancholic), Joe Biden (Sanguine), Bill Clinton (Phlegmatic), and Mitt Romney (Choleric) in the RPF Ice Ice Baby. Barack is cautious and thoughtful, and refuses to be divisive. Joe is the happy-go-lucky, loudmouth of the bunch, Bill is humble in his talents, quiet and always willing to lend a helping hand. Mitt stays plotting, and only wants what's best for him. The four boiz work together to stop the assassination of Queen Elizabeth II.
- The four main characters of The Horsewomen Of Las Vegas:
- Sanguine: Bayley: a vice cop with the LVPD. One of the few good cops in a department full of corruption, very easygoing unless crossed, geeky.
- Choleric: Becky Lynch: a foot soldier for the Vegas Irish mafia. Tends to shoot first and ask questions later, likes being in charge but doesn't have the patience or long-term planning stratagem to be the boss.
- Melancholic: Charlotte Flair: head of the Flair crime family. Cold-hearted, cerebral, keeps her emotions hidden when dealing with her contemporaries.
- Phlegmatic: Sasha Banks: an emergency room nurse. Professional, good and nice with her patients, wants to help everyone, loyal to her friends.
- Junior Officers:
- Phlegmatic: Lekona Lion, a relaxed, pseudo-father figure who loves to kick back with a beer.
- Sanguine: Deborah Deer, a bubbly geek fresh out of high school who goes in with a smile and dreams of her one true love.
- Choleric: Elekai Echidna, a serious ex-military brat who's always on his toes and shows extreme respect to authority.
- Melancholic: Kitsune Fox, a timid housewife and mother of one who often doubts herself.
- Juxtapose has Izuku and his friends in the General Education department forming this kind of ensemble.
- Sanguine: Izuku is easy-going, friendly, and optimistic (if awkward). He's by far the most charming and magnetic person in the group who holds the others together.
- Choleric: Kensei is excitable and twitchy. He's almost always enthusiastic about everything, whether it's building gadgets or breaking into a room he wants to get into.
- Melancholic: Hitoshi is aloof and sarcastic with a biting wit. He often messes with his friends to get a rise out of them and is the most coldly pragmatic of the bunch.
- Phlegmatic: Megumi is quiet and a voice of reason in the group. Her Touch Telepathy Quirk makes her The Empath who keeps tabs on everyone to keep their emotions from running over.
- Miraculous: The Phoenix Rises
- Melancholic: The brooding and aloof Morgan.
- Phlegmatic: The easygoing and chill Max.
- Sanguine: The hot-headed and bombastic Leon.
- Choleric: The rules-obsessed Go-Getter Girl Kiku.
- For The Night Unfurls, there's Kyril and his four apprentices:
- Melancholic: Kyril Sutherland. Despite being both the mentor and leader of all four apprentices, he is a stoic and brooding Shell-Shocked Veteran who aims to end the war against the Black Dogs as quick as possible, highlighting his straightforward and task-oriented nature.
- Choleric: Sanakan. The loud, brash Tomboy of the bunch who speaks her mind freely. Always restless and eager to fight.
- Phlegmatic: Hugh. Being mute is hardly an impediment to his pleasantness and optimism. In fact, it perfectly complements his elegant yet deadly hunting style.
- Sanguine: Lily. One must not equate her relative peacefulness absent from typical sanguines with compliancy. Not only she is the most focused and committed of the group, the fact that she is able to strike up conversations and deescalate tensions highlights her people-oriented nature. She also enjoys teasing Sanakan about her relationship with Hugh.
- Eclectic: Soren. He doesn't fit in any of the four temperaments, seeing that he neither possesses the seriousness of a melancholic, the passion of a choleric, the pleasantness of a phlegmatic, nor the sociability of a sanguine. Rather, he is characterised as nervous and lacking in confidence, yet willing to prove himself towards his master, even if it means taking risks.
- The four main characters of Seth in the Pokécity:
- Sanguine: May, the generally dorky and sweet girl who loves food, especially ramen.
- Choleric: Misty, who is rather short-fused and yells a lot.
- Melancholic: Tim Tim, who is also fairly hot-tempered, but usually more rational and logical, with a bit of a snarky streak.
- Phlegmatic: Seth himself, the lazy and friendly (until he Took a Level in Jerkass) Extreme Doormat who serves as a Straight Man for Misty.
Miscellaneous
- The Japanese zoological fortune-telling Doubutsu Uranai:
- Earth group is Sanguine (self-centered, objective orientated); includes the Tiger, Wolf, Monkey, and Koala.
- Sun group is Choleric (self-centered, situation orientated); includes the Pegasus, Elephant, Lion, and Cheetah.
- Full Moon group is Melancholic (mindful of others, objective orientated); includes the Sheep and Panther.
- New Moon group is Phlegmatic (mindful of others, situation orientated); includes the Fawn and Tanuki.
- The four species of hyenas:
- Spotted Hyenas are Sanguine as they're the most social and pack oriented.
- Striped Hyenas are Choleric as they can be rather aggressive.
- Brown Hyenas are Melancholic as they're the most mysterious and endangered of the hyena family.
- Aardwolves are Phlegmatic as they're shy and peaceful insectivores.
- The four main English-speaking Countries (Stereotypically):
- Australia: Known for it's radical lifestyle, abnormal wildlife and having some of the friendliest, outspoken people around. (Sanguine)
- America/USA: Often the biggest troublemaker, with a very long history of violence, war and revolution. Infamous for claiming heroism and unwanted attention, yet excellent at Industry and forming alliances. (Choleric)
- England: One of the most depressed countries in Europe. Ancient in both history and tradition values, extremely security-conscious and strict with rules sometimes ridiculously. (Melancholic)
- Canada: Pleasantly peaceful with little crime and involvement in war. Well-known for it's cold weather, French and Native Ancestry and Maple Syrup. Though it's wildlife is just as tough as America's, Canada mostly preserves it's beauty better with large, untouched forests being a common scene. (Phlegmatic)
Newspaper Comics
- Blondie: Dagwood Bumstead (melancholic), Blondie Boopadoop-Bumstead (phlegmatic/sanguine), Alexander Bumstead (choleric), Cookie Bumstead (sanguine), and Daisy (eclectic).
- Dustin:
- Dustin (Phlegmatic) — The apathetic and easy-going title character.
- Ed (Melancholic) — The dour and practical father.
- Helen (Sanguine) — The shallow and bubbly mother.
- Megan (Choleric) — The brash and determined sister.
- Peanuts: Charlie Brown (melancholic), Lucy van Pelt (choleric), Linus van Pelt (phlegmatic), Sally Brown (sanguine), and Snoopy (eclectic).
- Wallace The Brave:
- Wallace (Sanguine) — A fun-loving Fearless Fool.
- Spud (Melancholic) — Nervous Wreck who gets dragged along.
- Sterling (Phlegmatic) — Borderline feral baby brother indifferent to custom.
- Amelia (Choleric) — Aggressive tomboy.
Professional Wrestling
- The McMahons: Vince, the bitter, scheming Bad Boss (melancholic), Linda, the reasonable Straight Man (phlegmatic), Shane, the energetic, scrappy fan favorite (sanguine), and Stephanie, spoiled harridan extraordinaire (choleric)
- The Radicalz: Chris Benoit (melancholic), Eddie Guerrero (choleric), Dean Malenko (phlegmatic), and Perry Saturn (sanguine)
- Evolution: Triple H (melancholic), Ric Flair (phlegmatic), Randy Orton (sanguine), and Batista (choleric)
- Fortune: James Storm (sanguine), AJ Styles (choleric), Bobby Roode (melancholic/leukine), Kazarian (phlegmatic)
Tabletop Games
- In Warhammer and Warhammer 40,000, appropriately enough, the four gods of Chaos each represent an emotion and mindset. Khorne the god of anger and bloodshed is choleric. Slaanesh god of passion and lust is sanguine. Tzeentch god of ambition and hope is (ironically) melancholic. Nurgle god of despair and disease is phlegmatic.
- This is an explicit game mechanic in Promethean: The Created, where four out of the five main player Splats is full of a specific humour that affects their personality and powers (with the fifth, Ulgan, being filled with the "ectoplasmic" humor of spirits). There are even mechanical benefits to travelling with a full Four Temperament Ensemble.
- The five praetors of Magic: The Gathering: Elesh Norn is choleric, Jin-Gitaxias is melancholic, Sheoldred is phlegmatic, Urabrask is sanguine and Vorinclex is eclectic.
