Jeremy Clarkson: Yes.
James May: Are we beyond the Watershed?
Jeremy Clarkson: Yes.
James May: You're a fu—
Richard Hammond: (stuck in concrete) Guys!?
The time after which "adult" content can be shown. This is usually defined as programs with intense violence, coarse language, naughty bits, sexuality, lots of explosions, exposed breasts, and characters who die with their eyes open.
The watershed varies from country to country. It's typically around 9:00 pm (as in the U.K., Canada and Australia), but it can be as late as 10 pm (as in Germany, Ireland or the United States) or it can be early as 8:30pm (as in New Zealand). Japan has laxer standards in general, but its concept of Otaku O'Clock starts as late as 11 pm or midnight. In many regions, though, the watershed is in the middle of Prime Time viewing; everything before the watershed is "family programming", whereas the shows afterwards are the more "adult" hit shows. This means that just because a show airs after the watershed doesn't mean that a lot of people won't be watching it.
The concept was largely popularized by the U.K., which uses the specific term to regulate TV content. (Interestingly, British radio doesn't have a watershed, just a list of prohibited bad words - and even then this only applies if it is likely that children will be listening, stations have gotten away with featuring the explicit versions of songs both overnight and during the day if they can prove they have a very low child audience) In the U.S., the related concept of Safe Harbor refers to a policy of the Federal Communications Commission; it's the time period in which the FCC won't go after you for airing "adult" programming (as long as it's not legally obscene).
A similar, although far looser and less formalised, expectation applies to radio. The BBC ran into trouble with the recognised comedy show slots on BBC Radio Four, which traditionally air comedy shows between twelve-thirty and one, and later in the day between six-thirty and seven. For a long time it never occurred to the BBC that its usually sedate and self-regulated radio broadcasting needed the equivalent of a watershed. The content of these shows became an issue from The '80s onwards, when some listeners complained about the language getting earthier and the actual content of the shows beginning to push boundaries. Radio Four then instituted a late-night Saturday comedy slot for the more problematical shows and guidelines were issued as to, for instance, how many times the word "shit" could be spoken at six-thirty in the evening. One promising new show, The Mary Whitehouse Experience, was sent straight to after-watershed broadcast on Radio One for this reason. Similarly, a rule emerged on Radio One that chart singles containing swear words or general bad language should be broadcast bleeped during the day, but could be played in the un-bleeped form later in the evening.
As an aside, the term "watershed" comes from agriculture; it refers to an earthen barrier that prevents irrigation water from crossing into a neighboring field, allowing the two fields to run on different watering schedules (and thus house different crops). It's also applied on the larger scale of rivers with a watershed being an imaginary line separating the water that flows into one direction from that which flows into another as in the Continental Divide which separates rivers draining into the Atlantic from those draining into the Pacific.
(The above definitions also gave rise to the phrase "watershed moment," which refers to any event that separates two historical periods. This has nothing to do with broadcasting.)
Contrast Sunday Evening Drama Series, an unobjectionable, family-friendly series meant to air on Sunday night.
General Examples:
- Japan brings us Otaku O'Clock, a time period starting at around 11 pm and extending into the early morning in which the really risqué shows can be aired. These include anime series based on H-Games (albeit cleaned up for TV) and live-action dramas with more extreme content. Examples include a live action adaptation of the adult manga/anime Hen (known as Strange Love in the US), which had a scene of the two girls skinny dipping and making out in the school pool; and Toumei Shoujo Ea, revolving around a young woman who spends the entire series as an Invisible Streaker. Especially graphic violence can also be shown after this point, so post-watershed is prime time for horror anime and Japanese horror films to be shown. Japan's watershed rules on violence are quite strict; this is one of the reasons why Fist of the North Star often had to colour spurting blood white (but pre-existing bloodstains could stay red) in order to be able to air during the daytime.
- North America has a few quirks with its watershed programming:
- The watershed time in the U.S. and Canada can get tricky because they span many time zones. If you get the East Coast feed in Hawaii, the watershed can start as early as 3:00 pm, and the really adult stuff can start at 6 or 7 pm. The West Coast feed is better by a few hours.
- The U.S. watershed doesn't seem to make much of a difference in content on network TV; writers are hesitant to use bad language on either side of the watershed. And the Moral Guardians are in full force, too; when NYPD Blue showed a glimpse of backside, it caused quite an uproar despite this being post-watershed. The real distinction lies between the networks and cable; channels like HBO in particular are known to be much more relaxed in terms of content regulation, while other basic cable networks have become a bit more lenient in recent years (but not to the same extent).note
- Canada's state-run broadcaster, the CBC, does not participate in the private networks' self-regulating Media Watchdog group. As such, they've been known to air some pretty bad language on the six o'clock news (you know, as long as it's relevant). That said, they're not out of the reach of the national Moral Guardians.
- Sometimes programming is long enough to span both the pre- and post-watershed periods, and only the bit before the watershed will be censored. For instance, CTV showed Erin Brockovich this way, and it got to air a triumphant "Fuck you!" right after the first post-watershed commercial break.
- The British watershed is not meant to be one absolute dividing line between family friendly and adult, in fact it has four lines; or four stages if you will. 7pm is where ruder language is allowed to be aired (no swearing, mind you), 8pm is where shows are allowed to get more naughty with mild curses and the like. 9pm is where shows start to get more mature (which gives the more sensitive viewers time to clear out), and in theory the "all bets are off" watershed is at 10pm (pretty much anything goes), but in practice it can start at 9:30, depending on the show/ channel. Similarly, films rated 15 will start airing earlier than films rated 18. Tamer shows and films might start airing at 8:30 on the reasoning that most of the film would be after the watershed. ITV in particular liked to needle the Moral Guardians by starting their dramas at 8:30 and avoiding violence, swearing, and nudity for the first half-hour — after which all bets were off.
- In The Netherlands, the watershed starts at 10 pm; no content with a 16 rating may be aired before that time. But after the Dutch watershed, anything goes, even hardcore pornography. The porn classic Deep Throat was even aired on a publicly-funded network after the watershed.
- The Latin American watershed is typically 10 pm; after that, the networks like to start airing telenovelas that are considerably Hotter and Sexier (and often Darker and Edgier).
- In the case of Mexico, the watershed originally was at 8 pm (even marked with animated shorts indicating time to sleep, using the spanish cartoon La Familia Telerin or spaces sponsored by bread company Bimbo), however the bigger influence of cable TV and the pressure to ban commercials selling junkie food to children made the government to relax the rules in order to have PG-13 content after 5 PM, allowing publicists to sell other products. Curiously the removing of the watershed just made the programming more plain (before that there were more risque programs and films than now).
- Even the time zones make some conflict between Mexican and Argentinian schedules, as long as a film based channel, The Film Zone, established the watershed in the Argentinian time zone, without taking in account that Mexico had established summer schedule making the adult films (shown at 12 AM in Argentina) to be shown at 9 PM in Mexico. The conflict was fixed when the channel defined a specific schedule for the countries sharing Mexico time zone.
- Australian television programs are restricted based on their age rating. Programs rated PG or G (or the childrens' programming-specific C and P) may commence at any time, whereas M rated programs may commence only from 7:30 PM (8:30 PM for films) to 6:00 AM the following day; an additional 12:00 PM to 3:00 PM timeslot is allowed during school days. MA15+ programs may commence only from 8:30 PM (9:00 PM for films) to 5:00 AM the following day. Notably, this means that programs and films that would merit an R18+ rating are fully barred from appearing on broadcast telvision.note
- The watershed in New Zealand is among the earliest out of any countries. However due to cultural differences, an early watershed is necessary. On free-to-air television, programmes classified M can only be shown between 7:30pm and 5am, and between 9am and 3pm on weekdays during school term; programmes classified 16 can only be shown between 8:30pm and 5am; and programmes classified 18 can only be shown between 9:30pm and 5am. On pay TV, 18 rated programmes can only be shown between 8pm and 6am, and between 9am and 3pm on weekdays during school term, unless there is adequate filtering technology is available.
- Russia has an interesting two-step watershed on OTA television. 18+ programming is allowed only from 11pm-4am, and certain kinds of 16+ (namely with any bad words or any sexual situations) is allowed only from 9pm to 7am (under 16+ you are barely allowed to mention the word "sex" in brief, describing the process let alone showing it is out of the question; "bad words" as in the lightest swear you could imagine. The actual "swears" like Russian analogs of Carlin's list entries are banned from media completely even under 18+ rating. ). Cable networks can disregard the watershed, but due to harsh advertisement laws (cable networks with less than 75% original content are not allowed to have any commercials at all) lots of them have OTA affilates in obscure places just enough to qualify as OTA network and retain commercials (thus still have to comply to watershed rules). That being said, some fearless networks (like government-owned Channel One) can sometimes push the envelope, such as famously going for prolonged full-frontal uncensored nudity in The Method broadcast (obviously 18+).
Specific Examples:
- The British police drama The Bill is an interesting case study. It started out in 1984 as a post-watershed series, meaning that it had liberal cases of sex, violence, and nudity. Then in 1988, the production team decided to move it before the watershed, meaning that everything was toned down and the show as a whole was Lighter and Softer. It ran in this slot for most of its life, before the executives decided to move it back to 9 pm in 2009.
- Despite this, the show still pushed the boundaries on occasion, resulting in the ITC (The TV regulator of the time) having to produce a PIF (parodying the show) warning people that shows prior to the watershed may sometimes include bad language, if it is justified, although it would not be a common occurrence.
- Doctor Who airs before the watershed, but pushes the envelope to see what it can get away with in that timeslot. It airs on Saturday evening in a primetime slot, and it's gotten away with an infamously high body count, graphic violence, gay and lesbian kissing scenes, bondage scenes, Davros' shirtless scene, and characters dying with their eyes open.
- Some Top Gear specials would air after the watershed, and the presenters would be aware of it. For instance, in the "Top Gear Ground Force" special, an annoyed James May stopped to verify that the special would be aired post-watershed before dropping a Precision F-Strike. (Well, he tried before a hard cut to Richard Hammond.)
- The Late Late Show was known to hang a lampshade on the phenomenon, especially when Craig Ferguson does a lot of swearing, even though it would be censored anyway. The censors did, however, allow Robot Buddy Geoff Peterson to get away with a hand gesture resembling masturbation because he didn't have genitalia.
- One of the most notable breaches of the watershed in Britain was the infamous Bill Grundy interview with the Sex Pistols in 1976. Grundy provoked them into saying all sorts of swear words during prime time viewing hours, first by making John Lydon repeat a swearword he had muttered under his breath, which Lydon briefly attempted to avoid before deciding he didn't care, and then by making a drunken pass at Siouxsie Sioux, which led to Steve Jones calling him a Dirty Old Man... and several other, ruder things, after encouragement from Grundy. Grundy was suspended for two weeks and found his career in terminal decline after that, but claimed after the fact that he was just trying "to prove that these louts were a foul-mouthed set of yobs." Which, well, they were, but it hardly counts as Going for the Big Scoop. The full transcript can be read here
if you're interested.
- Everybody Loves Raymond ran into some weird watershed-related censorship on British TV. It aired on Channel Four, which wanted to re-air the episodes the next morning for people who missed them, and as such decided to use pre-watershed censorship standards on a post-watershed show. In particular, Channel Four still refuses to air two Season Six episodes, "Marie's Statue" (suggestive artwork) and "No Roll!" (Ray and Debra's sex life).
- Nick Jr.'s "Nick Mom" lineup, geared towards the moms of their usual audience, had a problem with their West Coast feeds. People there were seeing (for example) Stand-Up Comedy routines about sex, periods, vaginas, and all that fun stuff...at about 6:30 or 7 PM their time, even earlier in Alaska and Hawaii. (See the East Coast/West Coast feed problem mentioned above.) This caused controversy, and the channel responded by dialing it back a notch...which caused an even greater decline in viewership. Ultimately, the "Nick Mom" block was discontinued.
- Sky's Cinema channels gets around the watershed restrictions by demanding viewers enter a (customisable) PIN code before viewing a movie with a 12 rating or up.
- Although the "watershed" cut-off has been stereotyped as suggesting every show airing thereafter is adults-only, there is no hard and fast rule saying this has to be the case. In the UK, for example, both the BBC and ITV have aired family-friendly programming past the 9 p.m. point. Examples include the 2014 Doctor Who episode "Mummy on the Orient Express" which was scheduled so that the second half of the episode aired past watershed (leading to some complaints), and the historical drama series Victoria which, despite being scheduled for 9 p.m. and touching on topics such as sex, manages to do so without going beyond a PG (or 12) rating.
- Cartoon Network has [adult swim], which originally began as an adult animation programming block that started after watershed and only aired twice a week, but later expanded into a daily overnight block. In 2014, the block's success led to it being treated as a channel in its own right and taking over its sister channel's primetime hours. A decade later, [adult swim] would go on to inhabit the evening fringe (6pm to 8pm ET) as well. This coincided with them beginning to premiere a handful of family-friendly content as well, and while reruns of such do air during these early times, new episodes debut after watershed, just like the rest of their programming.
