Follow TV Tropes

Following

Literature / The Sign of the Four

Go To

https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/b691db68_1b5d_4552_90aa_fbce2b3abb96.jpeg

The Sign of the Four, also sometimes referred to as The Sign of Four, is the second novel to feature Sherlock Holmes. It was written by Arthur Conan Doyle and published in 1890.

In the novel, Holmes is approached by a young governess named Mary Morstan. Her father, Captain Arthur Morstan, has been missing for ten years, and once a year for the last six years she has received in the mail a valuable pearl from an anonymous benefactor. Holmes discovers that Captain Morstan's old friend Major Sholto, who knew Morstan from Army service, died not long before Miss Morstan started receiving pearls. They soon meet with Sholto's son Thaddeus, who reveals to them a wild tale of a mysterious treasure stolen by his father, who also concealed the accidental death of Capt. Morstan. Then Thaddeus's brother is murdered, and the plot thickens further.

For the 1932 film adaptation, see The Sign of Four: Sherlock Holmes' Greatest Case.

This page is for tropes specific to the novel. For general tropes about Sherlock Holmes, see the Sherlock Holmes page.


Tropes:

  • Accident, Not Murder: The death of Captain Morstan, Mary Morstan's father. During a quarrel about the division of the treasure, he suffered a heart attack, fell backward and hit his head on the corner of the treasure-chest and died. Major John Sholto never reported the death, since he was afraid he was going to be accused of murder (even his loyal servant thought he had murdered Captain Morstan).
  • Angry Fist-Shake: Jonathan Small shakes his fists and curses loudly during the boat chase when the police launch catches up to the Aurora and Jones yells at them to stop.
  • Artificial Limbs: The villain, Jonathan Small, has a wooden leg.
  • Asshole Victim: Small shows zero remorse over Sholto's death, as the Major had swindled not just him but his three accomplices, but Morstan as well.
  • Beauty Equals Goodness: Holmes makes a point of saying that he does not believe in this trope, as the ugliest man he ever met was a philanthropist, while the most beautiful woman he ever knew was executed for murdering children.
  • Big Bad: Jonathan Small
  • Bilingual Bonus: On the final pages, Holmes quotes a distych by Goethe (No. 20 Der Prophet from the Xenien Goethe wrote in collaboration with Schiller in 1796 against their literary colleagues.):
    'Yes,' he answered, 'there are in me the makings of a very fine loafer, and also of a pretty spry sort of fellow. I often think of those lines of old Goethe:—
    Schade, dass die Natur nur einen Menschen aus dir schuf,
    Denn zum würdigen Mann war und zum Schelmen der Stoff.note '
  • Bittersweet Ending: Watson and Mary find happiness, but she doesn't get the treasure, which is at the bottom of the Thames. (And it's one of the bitterest endings for Holmes's personal life, despite the fact that he seems to get over the upheaval in later stories.) Some adaptations blunt the bitter side of it with Mary noting that it is just as well: the treasure was stolen goods anyway and it would have bothered her conscience to accept it.
  • Blow Gun: Tonga uses poison blow darts.
  • Book Ends: Begins and ends with Holmes injecting himself with a seven-per-cent solution of cocaine.
  • Captain Obvious: a tongue-in-cheek example:
    He pointed to what looked like a long dark thorn stuck in the skin just above the ear.
    "It looks like a thorn," said I.
    "It is a thorn..."
  • Chase Fight: The conclusion of the case is marked by a thrilling boat chase between the good guys and the bad guys. The "fight" part (sort of) comes in when Tonga fires one of his poison darts at the good guys, misses, and gets shot by Watson for his troubles.
  • Dame with a Case: The plot starts when Mary Morstan comes to consult Holmes. Once she leaves, Watson remarks about her being a very attractive girl, to which Holmes remarks he didn't notice that, and gives a speech about how Beauty Equals Goodness isn't always true. Mary ends up married to Watson, while Holmes remains the Celibate Hero.
  • Drugs Are Bad: Dr. Watson blatantly chastises Holmes for the dangers of his cocaine habit. Although it's often thought that having a character give this lecture was either prescient or a lucky guess, in reality, it was not: doctors already knew that cocaine was dangerous when used as a recreational drug, but the idea that drug sales could and/or should be restricted had not yet been imagined, let alone implemented. (When the idea was suggested some years later, Doyle was among its strongest supporters.) At this point in time, it was perfectly possible to buy arsenic or strychnine at the apothecary's without any formality greater than signing a book, and everyone knew that those were poison, plain and simple.
  • Either/Or Title: On its first appearance in Lippincott's it was titled The Sign of the Four, or, The Problem of the Sholtos.
  • Everyone Has Standards: Regardless of Jonathan Small's grudge against Major Sholto, he had no quarrel with his sons and was furious to discover his accomplice had murdered Bartholomew Sholto.
  • Fatal Flaw: Greed for Major Sholto, which led him to betray Captain Morstan, Small, and the other convicts. Even though he had inherited a fortune from his uncle, he took the whole treasure for himself. Greed kept him from sending any of the treasure to Morstan's orphaned daughter Mary after her father's death. It's hinted that Bartholomew Sholto had the same problem.
  • Functional Addict: This novel introduces Holmes's cocaine habit. While his habit is clearly serious, Holmes has no problem putting the cocaine aside when he gets a case, and doesn't shoot up again until the case is over and he is once again bored.
  • Gorgeous Period Dress: Watson gives a rather meticulous description of Mary Morstan's dress.
  • Good Old Fisticuffs: A professional boxer remarks that Holmes could have quite a career in the ring.
  • Hero with an F in Good: Athelney Jones starts off as this, arresting the entire Sholto household on a mere lazy suspicion. Subverted in the last half of the book as he becomes rather helpful to Holmes, providing him with a steam launch.
  • His Name Is...: Major Sholto is interrupted, and promptly dies, just as he's about to tell his sons where the treasure is.
  • Hypochondria: Thaddeus Sholto has this, which greatly irritates Dr. Watson.
  • Hypocritical Humor: Athelney Jones lectures Holmes about the importance of facts over theories when he'd arbitrarily decided that Thaddeus had murdered his brother over the treasure before even entering the crime scene, much less examined it for evidence.
  • Locked Room Mystery: Bartholomew Sholto is found dead inside a locked room.
  • Love at First Sight: Watson falls for Mary Morstan pretty much instantly.
  • Never Found the Body:
    • The body of Tonga was lost in the Thames. Perhaps because it's an Unbuilt Trope, there's no suggestion that he isn't really dead.
    • Very much averted in Small's flashback. The reason why Small and his comrades end up in Hope Town is because the body of the rajah's servant is found.
  • No MacGuffin, No Winner: When he realizes he can't get away, Small throws the treasure in the river rather than let anyone else have it.
  • The Mutiny: The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, recounted by Small in his Whole Episode Flashback, which started a series of rebellions in India. The resulting chaos led to Small and his gang stealing a large treasure that a rajah was trying to send to safety in a British fort.
  • Not So Stoic: Jonathan Small looses his mask of calmness during his Villainous Breakdown.
  • Not with Them for the Money: Watson to Mary Morstan, to the point where he resolves not to even bother wooing her if the money Holmes is searching for turns up, not wanting to be thought of as a Gold Digger. He doesn't tell her his true feelings until the treasure box is found, empty.
  • Police Are Useless: Athelney Jones arrests pretty much the entire Sholto household for being connected to Bartholomew's murder on no evidence whatsoever (correctly catching one accomplice in the murder by sheer luck), causing Watson to comment to Holmes that they're lucky they didn't get arrested as well. The only thing he does that actually helps solve the case is provide Holmes with a steam launch to run down Small's boat in the finale.
  • Running Gag: Watson twice confuses two terms in his storytelling and medical advice (shooting a rifle in the face with a tiger cub and recommending plenty of strychnine but cautioning against excessive doses of treacle) and only being informed of his error by Mary Morstan or Holmes after the narrative.
  • Seadog Peg Leg: Jonathan Small is a former soldier who lost his leg to a crocodile while serving the British army in India and replaced it accordingly. He has also sailed throughout the world, although that happened after losing his leg.
  • Series Continuity Error:
    • Relatively minor plot-wise, but possibly the most blatant setting-wise: within two pages, Conan Doyle claims that the same scene takes place in July and September! Later scholars have have written a lot on how this proves Watson (and/or literary agent Conan Doyle) is an Unreliable Narrator whenever convenient.
    • This is also the first story in which Watson mentions his wounded leg when Study in Scarlet stated that his medical discharge came from being shot in the arm.
  • The Stoic: Small.
  • Surprisingly Realistic Outcome: Those effortless Sherlock Scan's where Holmes figures out everything about a person from a quick glance? It turns out others don't like have their history repeated back to them and spoken of as a science experiment with Watson harshly admonishing Holmes for bringing up his fractured relationship with his brother in such an insensitive manner with Holmes even admitting he was being a jerk in doing so. The story also shows that Holmes doesn't just pull that knowledge out of nothing. It's the result of hours spent reading over ridiculously dull topics on the off chance that said knowledge might come in handy.
  • The "The" Title Confusion: It was originally serialized as The Sign of the Four, but many subsequent serializations (and its initial publication into a novel) used The Sign of Four instead. The four-word title remains the more popular choice. Note that in the actual story, most characters call it by the five-word name.
  • They Have the Scent!: Holmes employs the mongrel dog Toby to track down Jonathan Small, who had accidentally stepped in some creosote. Temporarily subverted when Toby gets his scent trails crossed and leads them to a barrel of the stuff at a construction site.
  • Title Drop: Jonathan Small signs his notes and treasure maps with "the sign of the four", that being him and his three fellow conspirators who first stole the treasure.
  • Unexpected Inheritance: Mary finds out that she stands to inherit an enormous fortune if Holmes can retrieve the treasure that her father had a 1/10 share off.
  • Whole Episode Flashback: Jonathan Small confesses after he's caught, and tells a long story towards the end in which he explains how he came to acquire the treasure and how Morstan and Sholto became involved in the plot to retrieve it.
  • You Do Not Have to Say Anything: Apparently in 1890 it was “it is my duty to inform you that anything which you may say will be used against you”.

Adaptations


  • Adaptational Villainy: At least suggested in the 1983 version for both Major Sholto and Jonathan Small;
    • Major Sholto's words suggest that he did kill Captain Morstan rather than Morstan dying by accident, although his description suggests that it was just in the heat of the moment rather than deliberate intent.
    • Small explicitly states in the novel that he had no issue with the Sholto brothers or Mary Morstan, and actually yelled at Tongo for killing Bartholomew, but here he is shown to have no problem sending Tongo to kill Mary and doesn't show any sign that he regrets Bartholomew's death.
  • Adapted Out: Most adaptations trim down how exactly Small and his confederates got busted back in India: the Rajah had another servant set to secretly watch over the one escorting the treasure, who then alerted the authorities in Agra about his disappearance, which led to the discovery of his corpse. Instead, most adaptations merely state the body was discovered, because the Four decided to give the treasure's escort a Due to the Dead by burying him (cremating the body according to Sihk custom being impossible without attracting attention) instead of feeding the corpse to the jackals lurking outside the fort's ditches. Watson sums it all nicely in the Granada adaptation:
    Dr. Watson: A body not burned in India is soon discovered.
  • Heroic Sacrifice: In the 1983 version, when Small and Tongo confront Thaddeus Sholto about the missing largest diamond in the treasure (which Thaddeus had previously sent to Mary Morstan), Thaddeus claims that diamond was sold years ago to pay for the family estate, and confronts Small in a fight to give Mary time to escape when she walks in on the confrontation.
  • Pet the Dog: In the Granada adaptation, Small takes the time to compliment Captain Morstan for keeping faith with him and the others, telling Mary her father was a good man.

Alternative Title(s): The Sign Of Four

Top