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Good Angel, Bad Angel
aka: Shoulder Angels

Not like this guy will listen to either.

"Don't listen to him. He's trying to lead you down the path of righteousness! I'm gonna lead you down the path that rocks!"

— Kronk's Shoulder Devil, The Emperor's New Groove

When someone wrestles with a temptation, two miniature versions of himself, an Angel and a Devil, sit on each shoulder and try to pull him in different directions. The Devil will invariably be on the left (or sinister) shoulder. Sometimes, like in Full House ("The Devil Made Me Do It"), the Angel and the Devil are full people in the room rather than miniatures on shoulders.

Expect a female character's Devil to dress all Stripperiffic, to invoke Evil Is Sexy and Sensible Heroes, Skimpy Villains. If a character is particularly bad, a common subversion is to give them two Devils. Another is for the devil to kill, injure or incapacitate the angel, leaving only the devil as counsel (or vice versa). Sometimes the devil for males mentions that the Angel wears a "Dress". As the conversation among the three progresses, it may drift away from anything to do with good or evil, a subversion of this setup which resembles Metaphorgotten or Sidetracked by the Analogy.

The technical, if somewhat dated, term for this is the Psychomachia ("Battle of the Soul"); in its original version, this implied a full-scale war between all of an individual's personified virtues (such as Humility, Chastity, Patience, etc.) against his personified vices (Pride, Lust, Anger, etc.).

To put in more or less psychological terms, what we have is a kind of Freudian Trio, with the Devil as the Id, the Angel as the Superego and the person whose shoulders they stand on as the Ego.

Compare Floating Advice Reminder and Ghost in the Machine. When an external character takes it upon themself to play the Bad Angel, they're The Corrupter. Consider Right Way Wrong Way Pair.

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Puppet Shows

Used in an episode of Muppets Tonight, with Seymour and Pepe pretending to be Jason Alexander's good and bad conscience in order to convince him to do an act with Gonzo. And some other episodes.
The concept appeared in Sesame Street.
Spitting Image: Neil Kinnock has Michael Foot as his angel and Jim Callaghan as his devil while he wrestles over whether or not to reappear on The Tube. He compromises by saying that he can't as he is rehearsing for Last of the Summer Wine, which pleases them both.

Tabletop Games

One supplement for the Mystara setting included creatures called "blue imps" and "red imps", respectively resembling tiny angels or devils, which would covertly approach and pester young apprentice wizards, trying to persuade them to study either good or evil magics. Although such imps had an existence of their own, independent of the people they tried to influence, this trope clearly inspired the concept.

Web Animation

A series of short flash cartoons, entitled Dog, Buddha, Elvis uses the three title figures to represent a man's psyche.
Parodied in the machinima series The Strangerhood, where Griggs' Good Angel and Bad Angel get into a fistfight, then the other characters' Good Angels show up and throw a party.
The Homestar Runner cartoon "The Baloneyman" uses Strong Bad's good and bad angels together as a (neutral) personification of his brain, which he tries to "fool" into feeling refreshed by rubbing a baloney sandwich shaped like a popsicle on his head:
Devil Strong Bad: You see this guy? Rubbin' a sammich on his head?
Angel Strong Bad: I know, I know... just let it go. You gotta pick your battles.
In The Annoying Orange episode Cruel as a Cucumber, Orange wants to get Cucumber to like him. Angel Orange and Devil Orange both pop up to give him advice, but both of them just suggest telling Cucumber lame puns. Angel Orange's suggestions are nicer, though.
In the Napster Bad short "Metallica Millionaire", James Hetfield has just one of these, a devil in the shape of Lars Ulrich.

Real Life

This article.
"When it comes to talking about Microsoft Access, it seems that two tiny versions of me *poof* into existence, each sitting on a shoulder. The guy on my right wears a suit and always reminds me how great of a tool Access is because it empowers small organizations to develop productivity and information systems. The other guy, sporting a "l337 h4x0r" tee and cut-off jeans, screams in my ear that "Access is a complete abomination" and that the tools to create applications should not be put in the hands of laymen."

Gollum Made Me Do It

Internal Conflict Tropes

Heel Realization

Floating Advice Reminder

Externalizing Internal Monologue

Inner Monologue

Good Adultery, Bad Adultery

Red Fish, Blue Fish

Good Colors, Evil Colors

Ghost in the Machine

Acting for Two

Identical Grandson