Characters / TNO South America

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Caribbean South America

Republic of Venezuela

Official Name: Republic of Venezuela

Ruling Party: Acción Democrática^note Democratic Action

Ideology: Progressivism

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• The Alliance: Venezuela is an OFN observer member at game start.
• Boring, but Practical: The strength of Venezuela's geopolitical power lies in its oil fields. With this leverage, Venezuela can play off of more powerful countries and wield near-unmatched influence for a country their size.
• Enemy Mine:
  • The Puntofijo Pact dictates that all political parties will set aside their differences and unite if one of them threatens Venezuelan democracy and needs to be removed. Unfortunately, the popularity of this policy is waning and may not be renewed.
  • All Venezuelan politicians passionately claim ownership over Guyana Essequibo. It's one of the few things that a socialist and conservative politician can agree on.
• Know When to Fold 'Em: Venezuela claims more than half of the territory currently owned by Guyana, but, despite wielding the larger army, hasn't invaded them yet because they're under the protection of the United States, whom they would stand no chance against.
• Military Coup: Betancourt's first presidential term ended due to a military intervention. Fortunately, the junta did not last when the United States intervened and installed Betancourt back to power.

Rómulo Betancourt

Role: Head of State

Party: Acción Democrática^note Democratic Action

Ideology: Progressivism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Not for nothing is Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello, born in Guatire in 1908 and a militant for democracy practically ever since, referred to as the Father of Venezuelan Democracy. Few if any Venezuelan politicians have given as much as the man who was twice President and three times exiled, all in the name of his support for democracy.

Betancourt's first Presidency ended at the point of a gun. A military junta, defying the will of the people that had duly elected him, dared to usurp control—but it did them no good, since the junta rapidly dissolved and the United States intervened on his behalf. But the President never forgot what had led to his fall.

Returning to power, he directed the Venezuelan oil fields to ensure that fascistic states all across the world—the Dominicans closer to home the same as the Hitlerites far away—did not receive even a drop of Venezuelan oil. Obviously, this made him a major target for fascistic scoundrels and their assorted hangers-on; this became most obvious when Trujillo tried to assassinate him with a car bomb.

But it did not work. The President lived, and yet lives. So long as a heart beats within Betancourt's living body, he will fight even unto death to preserve a free, democratic Venezuela.

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• Assassin Outclassin': For his refusal to sell oil to the Dominican Republic, Trujillo attempted to assassinate him with a car bomb unsuccessfully.
• The Exile: Exaggerated. Betancourt is so committed to democracy that he was exiled thrice due to anti-democratic forces, yet returned each time.
• Honor Before Reason: He absolutely refuses to sell oil to fascist countries throughout the world, regardless of how many times it's made him a target. Even when Trujillo tried to assassinate him with a car bomb, Betancourt did not budge on his policy.

Wolfgang Larrazábal

Role: Head of State

Party: URD-N

Ideology: Left-Wing Corporatism^note Progressivism

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• Hope Bringer: In the wake of Marcos Pérez Jiménez's downfall in the 1958 coup, Larrazábal promises a restoration of democracy in "The Crow and the Bull" livestream, winning the hearts of the masses with his charming smile and demeanor.

Guyana

Official Name: Guyana

Ruling Party: The United Force

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

A US puppet state occupying the former colony of British Guyana.

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• The Alliance: Guyana is a founding member of the Organization of Free Nations.
• Puppet State: Guyana is led by a pro-United States client government and they have no choice but to remain in the OFN, lest Venezuela be free to invade and take the Guyanese territory they claim.
• The Remnant: While informally governed by the United States, Guyana considers itself a remnant of the fragmented British empire, as British businessmen still dominate and its political system is tied to the Westminster system, still acknowleding Queen Elizabeth as the Head of State.

Peter D'Aguiar

Role: Head of State

Party: The United Force

Ideology: Liberal Conservativism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Considered by most to be the fiercest defender of conservatism and capitalism in all of Guyana, Peter d'Aguiar is a man loved by many and loathed by the rest. He contested the 1951 elections on behalf of the National Democratic Party, but chose not to run in 1955 or 1957.

With the split in the PPP between Forbes Burnham and Cheddi Jagan, however, Peter formed the Defenders of Freedom, an anti-communist political organization allied with the Catholic Church seeking to protect and advocate for conservative policies. After negotiating an alliance with Burnham for the 1961 election in an effort to ensure Jagan's removal from power, Burnham and his allies successfully won the election. D'Aguiar transformed his following into the 'The United Force' political party and has governed uneasily alongside Burnham's PNC.

He now seeks to put his ideals into action in Guyana, but internal troubles within his coalition and tensions with Venezuela may see these hopes ground to dust.

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• Les Collaborateurs: Two-fold:
  • Unlike his predecessor Jagan, D'Aguiar still misses the British control of Guyana and kept the Westminster system intact, leaving much of Britain's influence intact, albeit to the chagrin of the anti-colonialist demographic.
  • D'Aguiar is happy to open Guyana to American foreign investments in exchange for their semi-independence.
• Teeth-Clenched Teamwork: D'Aguiar collaborated with Forbes Burnham to remove Cheddi Jagan from power in 1961, but their relationship is uneasy. It's only a matter of time before the alliance breaks.

Suriname

^{Flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Military coup)}

^{Flag of the Republic of Suriname}

Official Name: Kingdom of the Netherlands, Republic of Suriname (Independence)

Ruling Party: Kabinet-van Rhijn^note van Rhijn Cabinet

Ideology: Big Tent^note Liberal Conservatism

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• The Alliance: The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a founding member of the Organization of Free Nations.
• Government in Exile: Suriname is the home of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and the Dutch government-in-exile, since the Netherlands surrendered to Nazi Germany in World War II.
• Hypocrite: The Dutch government-in-exile can dissolve itself and promise to make Suriname the primary constituent country of the Netherlands, but they are also sure to include Dutch constituencies in Suriname's upcoming elections.
• Puppet State: Given that they're a tiny rump state ruled by a government-in-exile, Suriname has to request loans and other assistance from its OFN neighbors, particularly the United States, to keep itself afloat. As such, its survival is heavily dependent on foreign aid.
• The Remnant: With the Netherlands and the East Indies overrun by the Germans and Japanese, respectively, the Dutch government retreated to its remaining overseas territory in the Americas. Even their constitution remains largely the same, except that it grants more ample autonomy to the remaining Caribbean colonies they own.
• Teeth-Clenched Teamwork: Suriname frequently quarrels with the Dutch government-in-exile because the latter frequently oversteps their autonomy. Whether it improves or not depends on the Prime Minister:
  • Under Rhijin or Helders, this reaches a head when the Dutch legislature turns the exile government into a ceremonial organization, grants voting privileges for Dutch exiles, and makes the Dutch premiership synonymous with the Surinamese premiership. This violates their previous autonomy agreements and produces a great rift between the two demographics.
  • Under Helders, the Dutch government-in-exile will get more crown control over the Sirnamese government in exchange for dissolving itself and making Suriname the primary constituent country of the Kingdom of Netherlands. Some, like the United Hindustani Party, support this initiative, but many nationalists decry it as a violation of their country's sovereignty and the double standard of including Dutch constituencies in the upcoming elections.

Aat van Rhijn

Role: Head of State

Party: Kabinet-van Rhijn^note van Rhijn Cabinet

Ideology: Big Tent^note Liberal Conservatism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Dr. Arie Adriaan "Aat" van Rhijn, a civil servant and politician, was born in Groningen in 1892; he studied at the universities of Utrecht and Groningen and served in various functions - for company associations, employee associations, five or six different ministries, and so on - until his appointment to Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries mere days before the German invasion.

Fleeing to London, and then from there to Ottawa and Paramaribo, van Rhijn watched as the Kingdom of Netherlands fell to a low from which it has only slightly recovered since, as the Nazi jackboot gouged into the Netherlands and the Yamato 'anti-colonialists' 'liberated' the Dutch East Indies. Van Rhijn was able to come through the last twenty years more or less sane, but others - such as Prime Ministers Dirk Jan de Geer and Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy, to say nothing of Queen Wilhelmina - were less well off; van Rhijn had to watch in sadness as so many people he knew and respected declined into misery, sickness, and decrepitude.

Gerbrandy, exhausted beyond belief, stepped down in the mid 1950s, choosing van Rhijn to take over; the far-flung people of Suriname have come to consider him a good fit for the job. A competent statesman, administrator, operating as a moderate Protestant conservative with significant respect for non-Protestants and the labor movement, Aat van Rhijn strives to stay the course, reforming only with common consent, for fear of upsetting the modus vivendi created in this country of exiles, immigrants, and colonists.

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• Reasonable Authority Figure: Most people in Suriname consider him a good leader, as he rules with a competent hand and makes reforms whenever necessary.

Wilhemina

Role: Queen of the Netherlands

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}The only child of King Willem III of the Netherlands and Emma of Waldeck-Pyrmont, Wilhelmina of the Netherlands became queen at the age of 10. After taking charge of the government after a regency, Wilhelmina was popular for maintaining Dutch neutrality during the First World War and helping to solve many of her country's industrial problems. Her business ventures made her the world's first female billionaire; she went on to ensure that her family was one of the few European royal houses remaining in existence. But all that went to hell when the Nazis came.

Following the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, Wilhelmina fled to Britain and took charge of the Dutch government-in-exile. The fall of the United Kingdom to the Germans was a just as grave a blow to her as the loss of her homeland, and she had to flee to the Caribbean. Shortly after her arrival in Suriname, Wilhelmina tried to abdicate; however, the government refused to permit it, as the government in exile was in no condition to take such a strain. However, it was later agreed that her daughter, Crown Princess Juliana, would take her place in events and ceremonies while she remained queen.

In the 40s, Dirk Jan de Geer left, and was replaced by Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy. Later Gerbrandy too retired, utterly exhausted by the strains of governance; he was replaced by the mild-mannered Aat van Rhijn. But it changed nothing: Wilhelmina, as always, remains at odds with the government.

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• Last Request: Her final posthumous request is to have her funeral performed in white vestments instead of black, following the Christian belief that her death is merely the start of an eternal life.
• Reluctant Ruler: Queen Wilhelmina has grown despondent with the loss of her country and would want to abdicate, but the government refuses to let her to do so because it would damage the citizens' morale. Tellingly, Wilhelmina has withdrawn some of her public presence and let her daughter Juliana take her place during events and ceremonies.
• Universally Beloved Leader: While the Dutch Caribbean may be disunited and at each other's throats most of the time, the one thing they mutually agree on is support for their Queen. When she passes, the entire country goes into mourning. Some even pay their respects from Nazi-occupied Netherlands, which speaks to how beloved she is.
• We Hardly Knew Ye: Wilhemina will die just a year into the game.

Juliana

Role: Queen of the Netherlands (Wilhelmina succession)

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• Politically-Active Princess: During Wilhelmina's exile in Suriname, Juliana would fulfill many of her duties, becoming the face of the monarchy while her mother faded into the background, becoming much more involved in the political affairs of the country.
• Unwitting Instigator of Doom: Juliana can dismiss Prime Minister Johan Kraag over budget deficit issues, inflaming the the Suriname pro-independence movement and possibly leading to the Kingdom of the Netherlands being reduced to only the Dutch Antilles or cause the Royal Netherlands Army to coup the government, leaving democracy to wither in the country.

Gerald Helders

Role: Head of State (1963 election)

Party: Christen-Democratisch Appèl^note Christian Democratic Appeal

Ideology: Christian Democracy^note Liberal Conservatism

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• Richard Nixon, the Used Car Salesman: In the OTL post-war period, Helders returned to the Netherlands from the Dutch East Indies, working in several ministries for multiple cabinets. In this timeline, Helders is stuck in Suriname since the Dutch government is in exile, though he can become an elected head of state.

Jaap Burger

Role: Head of State (1963/1967 election)

Party: Partij van de Arbeid^note Labour Party, Nationale Partij Suriname/Verenigde Hindoestaanse Partij^note National Party of Suriname/United Hindustani Party (1967 election)

Ideology: Social Democracy^note Progressivism

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• The Oathbreaker: Subverted. By allowing the Dutch government-in-exile to dissolve and passing electoral reforms to remove empty seats for European MP's, Burger is technically violating prior autonomy agreements with the Surinamese government. However, the United Hindustani Party and a small number of nationalists don't really care about the old vow and let it pass.

Norbert Schmelzer

Role: Head of State (1967 election)

Party: Christen-Democratisch Appèl/Verenigde Hindoestaanse Partij^note Christian Democratic Appeal/United Hindustani Party

Ideology: Big Tent^note Liberal Conservatism

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• Richard Nixon, the Used Car Salesman: The OTL Schmelzer served several political positions in the Netherlands, most notably being Leader of the Catholic People's Party. Since the Netherlands is under German occupation in this timeline, Schmelzer is instead an electoral candidate for the CDA and UHP for 1967.

Jo Meynen

Role: Head of State (1967 election)

Party: Christen-Democratisch Appèl/Verenigde Hindoestaanse Partij^note Christian Democratic Appeal/United Hindustani Party

Ideology: Free-Market Conservatism^note Conservatism

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• Corrupt Politician: Meynen is corrupt to such a degree that it leads to a wave of anti-government protests that forces the Queen to dismiss him.
• Karma Houdini Warranty: Despite having his corruption exposed, Meynen can still get elected in 1970 and afforded another term. It doesn't last long before mass anti-corruption riots explode, either forcing Meynen to step down in favor of Rens or being couped by the military.

Johan Kraag

Role: Head of State (1967 election)

Party: Nationale Partij Suriname/Verenigde Hindoestaanse Partij^note National Party of Suriname/United Hindustani Party

Ideology: Social Democracy^note Progressivism

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• Short-Lived Leadership: After a political confrontation with the Queen over a steep deficit in his 1969 budget, Kraag is dismissed as Prime Minister early into his term.

Ivo Samkalden

Role: Head of State (1969/1971 election)

Party: Nationale Partij Suriname/Verenigde Hindoestaanse Partij^note National Party of Suriname/United Hindustani Party

Ideology: Social Democracy^note Progressivism

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• Richard Nixon, the Used Car Salesman: The OTL Samkalden is most well-known for being the Mayor of Amsterdam for ten years. But, since Amsterdam is under the Einheitspakt's rule, Samkalden instead runs an elected official in Suriname either in 1969 (if Kraag is forced to resign) or 1971.

Jagernath Lachmon

Role: Head of State (1969 election)

Party: Nationale Partij Suriname/Verenigde Hindoestaanse Partij^note National Party of Suriname/United Hindustani Party

Ideology: Social Democracy^note Progressivism

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• Richard Nixon, the Used Car Salesman: in OTL, Lachmon was Chairman of the Estates of Suriname, where he favored their independence from the Netherlands. Following the dismissal of Kragg in this timeline, Lachmon has alternative ambitions to become Prime Minister and can get elected in the 1969 vote.

Gaius de Gaay Fortman

Role: Head of State (1970/1971 election)

Party: Christen-Democratisch Appèl/Verenigde Hindoestaanse Partij^note Christian Democratic Appeal/United Hindustani Party

Ideology: Christian Democracy^note Liberal Conservatism

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• Richard Nixon, the Used Car Salesman: After World War II in OTL, de Gaay Fortman became a professor and a politician, such as serving as a Parliamentary leader in the Dutch Senate and a Member of the European Parliament. In Suriname itself, his greatest office was being Minister of the Interior and Minister for Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs, where he would negotiate the country's release. Since the Netherlands is under the grip of the Nazis in this timeline, de Gaay Fortman's career is entirely centered in Suriname and can be elected its Prime Minister in 1970 (following Meynen's resignation) or 1971.

Just Rens

Role: Head of State (Meynen dismissal)

Party: Kabinet-Rens^note Rens Cabinet

Ideology: Big Tent^note Liberal Conservatism

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• You Are in Command Now: When anti-corruption riots force Meynen to resign, Rens is guaranteed to take his place.

Frans van der Veen

Role: Head of State (Military coup)

Party: Noodkabinet

Ideology: Military Junta^note Despotism

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• Cincinnatus: Played With as van der Veen promises a return to democracy but provides no clear timeline for when that will happen, leading many to fear the worst.
• Military Coup: In the event of a crisis or independence referendum, van der Veen and the Royal Netherlands Army can coup the civillian government (potentially with CIA backing) out of fears for a revolution.
• The Purge: After seizing power, the Royal Netherlands Army begins a rapid crackdown on anti-government figures and organizations.

Herman van Roijen

Role: Head of State (van der Veen succession)

Party: Kabinet-van Roijen^note van Roijen Cabinet

Ideology: Controlled Democracy^note Paternalism

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• Richard Nixon, the Used Car Salesman: In OTL, Roijen was just the Dutch Ambassador to the United States. Here, Roijen is installed by the Dutch military to be their president, in charge of a rewritten 1971 constitution and a country with no legitimate democratic institutions left.

Olton van Genderen

Role: Head of State (Successful independence referendum)

Party: Nationale Partij Suriname/Partij Nationalistische Republiek^note National Party of Suriname/Nationalist Republican Party, Nationale Partij Suriname/Partij Nationalistische Republiek/Verenigde Hindoestaanse Partij^note National Party of Suriname/Nationalist Republican Party/United Hindustani Party

Ideology: Provisional Government^note Paternalism, Social Democracy^note Progressivism

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• Meaningful Rename: If the Independence Referendum succeeds, van Genderen can be elected and rename the country to the Republic of Suriname, reflecting their greater autonomy and eventual withdrawal from the OFN (though they still remain in their economic sphere).

Guiana-Cayenne

Official Name: Allied Administration of Guiana-Cayenne

Ruling Party: Administração Aliada da Guiana Caiena^note 

Allied Administration of Guyana Cayenne

Ideology: Military Mandate^note Paternalism

See its entry on the United States of Brazil subpage.

Colombia

Republic of Colombia

^{Flag of the Republic of Colombia (Civil War victory)}

Official Name: Republic of Colombia

Ruling Party: Partido Conservador Colombiano^note Colombian Conservative Party

Ideology: Aristocratic Conservatism^note Despotism

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• Civil War: As in real life, Gaitán's 1954 assassination plunged Colombia into yet another civil war between Conservatives and Liberals, with the new conflict spreading across the entire political spectrum. Since 1956, a ceasefire has been in place, but it's only a matter of time until La Violencia resumes.
• Dark Horse Victory: A Government victory in the civil war is one of the least likely scenarios and many observers note their surprise, if it happens.
• The Famine: Since the living situations of the rural Colombian are unstable due to the domestic unrest, famines are widespread or imminent throughout the country.

Laureano Gómez Castro

Role: Head of State

Party: Partido Conservador Colombiano^note Colombian Conservative Party

Ideology: Aristocratic Conservatism^note Despotism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Believed by his supporters to be sent by God himself as a scourge to the pathetic democratic establishment, the Basilisk is fundamentally tied to La Violencia, from which he has emerged victorious and fulfilled his goal of punishing 'Jewishness' in Colombia. If he sees anyone interfering with his plans, Gómez will have them murdered, like how the Basilisk turns all those caught in its sight into stone.

A Bogotá native, Gómez began his political career in 1911, and became the leader of the Conservatives in 1932, proving to be one of the most brilliant and potent orators in Colombia. Under him, the party was united but also corrupted - it praised the Axis powers and anti-Semitism, doubled down on its elitist beliefs, and opposed everything the Liberals did on the grounds that it'd lead to the death of Colombia. When Dr. Gaitán ascended to the presidency, all Gómez saw was the majoritarian tyrant he'd been warning against his whole life.

Now the Caudillo is dead, and Gómez is President. Promising to uphold law and order, he has fulfilled his campaign promise. The police and army gun down Liberal protests, Francoist money fills government coffers, and it's an open secret that the fascists in New Granada enjoy government backing. The late, Caudillo ruled by passion - Gómez rules by fear.

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• And There Was Much Rejoicing: His sudden death is celebrated across the world, outside of far-right conservative circles in Latin America and the major foreign powers who backed his regime.
• The Corrupter: Gómez became the leader of the Conservatives in 1932, and proved to be a powerful orator who swayed the party to the far right. Now, Gómez rules Colombia as a tyrant who guns down anyone who protests his rule, receives support from the pseudo-fascist Iberian Union, and openly backs the fascists in New Granada despite the ceasefire.
• Hypocrite: He ran and won against the interim president, Gabriel Turbay, justifying that he needed to end Turbay's abuse of emergency powers. Not long afterwards, Gómez resorted to even worse dictatorial practices against real and perceived opposition.
• Politically Incorrect Villain: Gómez is an anti-Semitic dictator who is on friendly terms with the former Axis powers from World War II.
• Red Baron: He is nicknamed the Basilisk (el Basilico), who will turn all of his political enemies into stone.
• We Hardly Knew Ye: Unlike his real life counterpart who died in 1965, Gómez suddenly passes from a stroke just a few months after game start, immediately passing leadership to his Vice President, Urdaneta.

Roberto Urdaneta Arbeláez

Role: Head of State (Gómez succession), Head of Government (Gómez cabinet)

Party: Partido Conservador Colombiano^note Colombian Conservative Party

Ideology: Interim Government^note Despotism

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• Short-Lived Leadership: His presidency doesn't last long before Rojas initiates his coup and forcefully takes over the country.
• You Are in Command Now: Gómez's stroke suddenly thrusts the presidency to Urdaneta.

Gustavo Rojas Pinilla

Role: Head of State (Military Coup), Security Minister (Gómez cabinet)

Party: Junta de Salvación Nacional^note National Salvation Junta, Alianza Nacional Popular^note National Popular Alliance

Ideology: Social Nationalism^note Paternalism, Military Junta^note Despotism (Before Rigged Elections)

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}General Rojas Pinilla has shattered Gómez' tyranny, and now stands alone on the peak as the republic's savior, save for the whining of those exiled politicians that call him dictator. But nothing could be further from the truth. Rojas is the Caesar of the Andes, popular defender of Colombia against all radicals, establishment elitists, and foreign puppets.

Born in Boyacá, Rojas's long military career, including stints as attaché to both Germany and the USA and the intellect behind El Dorado Airport, seemed destined to peak with him rescuing Bogotá from the devil's hands. Aside from pursuing military interests, he has studied the tactics of successful Liberal leaders like Gaitan and Pumarejo. Despite being a military officer, Rojas never liked being Gómez's attack dog, and took his chance to exact vengeance on those who would sell Colombia out to Iberia and the fascist powers.

Now Rojas calls the shots, and seems to embody the reformist caudillo, ruling by decree while pushing progressive change. A mystery is his total lack of alignment; he appears to be courting all three major powers, happily playing them off for the best deals. But whatever his goal, both his supporters and critics agree that he is an ever-smiling patriot who puts Colombia's interests first and foremost.

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• Even Evil Has Standards: Rojas always hated Gómez's submission to Iberia and the fascist countries in Europe, as he believes Colombia's interests come first.
• The Exile: If deposed by a Liberal-Conservative alliance, Rojas will be exiled to Mexico.
• A Lighter Shade of Black: He may be an illiberal "president" who undermines Colombia's democratic system, but he's pleasant compared to the proudly fascist New Granada and the unhinged Nazis of the Second Patriotic Army.
• Military Coup: When Gómez dies from a stroke, Rojas will coup the government and form a military junta after President Urdaneta tries to have him removed. From there, he suspends all elections and outlaws any political parties not aligned to him.
• Playing Both Sides: Whereas Gómez favors the fascist world powers, Rojas is willing to appeal to any side in the Cold War, courting and playing them against each other for Colombia's own benefit. It also doesn't help that his political alignment is pretty fluid, where he pushes for progressive change even when he carries it out through dictatorial means.
• President for Life: After resisting an attempted coup from the National Front, Rojas hosts an election and he wins by a landslide. Unfortunately, this is because he was the only relevant candidate running and there's a likely possibility that he's not going to stop here.
• Villain with Good Publicity: His promised set of progressive reforms makes him popular among the people, in spite of his shady, undemocratic actions.

Alberto Lleras Camargo

Role: Head of State (post-Rojas election)

Party: Frente Nacional^note National Front, Frente Nacional - Partido Liberal Colombiano^note National Front - Colombian Liberal Party

Ideology: Provisional Government^note Paternalism (temporary), Progressive Liberalism^note Liberalism (permanent)

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Having become a rougher and more experienced man after witnessing all the chaos brought by political violence in Colombia, Alberto Lleras Camargo has sworn to himself that he will fix the country once and for all now that fate has put him in charge for a second time.

Despite having the illustrious Lleras surname, Lleras Camargo was born to a humble family. One that needed to be taken care of after his father passed away. Luckily for the young Lleras Camargo his uncles, Nicolas and Santiago, were there. Being taken into their wing ended up being a positive experience, as Santiago took special interest in his nephew's education and constantly tested the progress of the young boy, while giving him access to his library, which cultivated Lleras Camargo's interest in the written word.

This passion led to him becoming a journalist, and his work both at home and abroad his new career in politics, in which he quickly succeeded, climbing up the ranks and ending as the Interim President of Colombia after Pumarejo's resignation.

And now that he finds himself in power again, Lleras Camargo has come to a conclusion. For peace to exist in Colombia he can't act as another caudillo, he would rather die than allow his fatherland to fall again into the violence that caudillismo brings. To heal Colombia and to protect both democracy and liberalism he has to work with the Conservatives, even if his gut tells him to not do it so.

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• Teeth-Clenched Teamwork: In his quest to reform Colombia peacefully, Lleras Camargo is forced to cooperate with the Conservatives, even though he's got a bad feeling about doing so.
• Tyrant Takes the Helm: Inverted. Camargo is a well-intentioned reformist who tries to avert the despotic actions of his predecessors and prevent more violence from coming to his homeland.

Guillermo León Valencia

Role: Head of State (post-Rojas election)

Party: Frente Nacional - Partido Conservador Colombiano^note National Front - Colombian Conservative Party

Ideology: Christian Conservatism^note Conservatism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}It seems fitting that one of the men who played a key role in the campaign that brought down Pinilla is now the President of a new democratic Colombia and the leader of a new kind of conservatism.

Guillermo León Valencia was born in the bosom of a wealthy family from the city of Popoyán, being the son of the prestigious poet Guillermo Valencia Castillo. From an early age he showed interest in the human sciences, in subjects such as philosophy, history and the grammar of the Spanish language. He quickly joined the Conservative Party and began his career in politics, becoming with time one of the most important conservative leaders, standing out as a moderate in a party which had increasingly become more pro-fascist and authoritarian.

Having watched the developments of the least years, León Valencia has come to a conclusion about what he shall do during his presidency to heal the country after all these years of violence. The old conservative political doctrines were wrong, and he will make amends for their mistakes. God commands that stability and order must be brought to Colombia, and to do that he needs to work with the Liberal Party, building bridges with them to overcome years of hatred between liberals and conservatives.

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• The Last DJ: Valencia has always rejected Gómez's reorientation of the conservatives to the far-right and spends his presidency trying to amend the damage that they've inflicted on the party and nation.
• Real Men Love Jesus: He's a Christian who tries to repair the damage that Colombia has suffered through since La Violencia.
• Reconcile the Bitter Foes: As part of his reconstruction efforts, Valencia must work with the Liberals and overcome the centuries-long rivalry they've had with the Conservatives.

Misael Eduardo Pastrana Borrero

Role: Head of State (post-Lleras election)

Party: Frente Nacional - Partido Conservador Colombiano^note National Front - Colombian Conservative Party

Ideology: Christian Conservatism^note Conservatism

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• Dismotivation: Pastrana's agenda is timid to say the least, focusing on finishing the agrarian reforms of his predecessor and renewing Colombia's role in Inter-American cooperation.

Manuel Mosquera Garcés

Role: Head of State (post-Lleras election)

Party: Frente Nacional - Partido Conservador Colombiano^note National Front - Colombian Conservative Party

Ideology: Agrarianism^note Conservatism

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• Breaking the Glass Ceiling: If elected, Garcés will be the first Colombian head of state from African descent since the 1886 constitution.
• Meet the New Boss: Apart from being more dogmatic than other candidates, Garcés is notably similar to his predecessors, being primarily focused on agriculture, mining and further rapprochement with Iberia.

Carlos Alberto Lleras Restrepo

Role: Head of State (post-Valencia election)

Party: Frente Nacional - Partido Liberal Colombiano^note National Front - Colombian Liberal Party

Ideology: Progressive Liberalism^note Liberalism

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• Hero-Worshipper: He is both unabashed in and well known for his admiration of the the late Jorge Eliécer Gaitán.
• Internal Reformist: Lleras Restrepo aims to develop Colombia through conscious reform programs and conciliatory stances in dealings with trade unions.
• Reasonable Authority Figure: Realising that the Colombian people that still mourns its late Caudillo, Lleras Restrepo takes a very councilatory approach to governance that is modelled off the late Gaitán's presidency.
• Taking Up the Mantle: Lleras Restrepo aims to take up the mantle of Gaitán, with his governance being explicitly inspired by the late president.

Hernando Durán Dussán

Role: Head of State (post-Valencia election)

Party: Frente Nacional - Partido Liberal Colombiano^note National Front - Colombian Liberal Party

Ideology: Classical Liberalism^note Liberalism

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• Choosing Neutrality: A critic of the United States, Durán Dussán has no intent to re-open relations with them unless they approach Colombia first. However, this does not mean he is a fan of Germany or Japan, opposing both of these superpowers as well.
• Red Baron: Durán Dussán is known as the 'Iron Fist' of the Liberal Party.

Unión Revolucionaria de Colombia

^{Flag of the Republic of Colombia (Civil War victory)}

Official Name: Unión Revolucionaria de Colombia^note Revolutionary Union of Colombia, Republic of Colombia (La Violencia victory), Workers' Republic of Colombia (Communist coup), Democratic Republic of Colombia (Third Civil War victory)

Ruling Party: Frente Republicano del 7 de Agosto (Liberales Gaitanistas)^note Republican Front of 7 August (Gaitanist Liberals)

Ideology: Gaitanismo^note Progressivism

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• A House Divided: If the elections to the Revolutionary Cabildo of Colombia fail to produce a majority for any party, conflict will erupt between the communists and the Gaitanists, ending up with one side storming the Cabildo and driving the other into hiding.
• Proxy War: The Revolutionary Union of Colombia receives support from the OFN and neighboring Venezuela in the civil war. Despite historical American animosity towards socialism, they’re willing to support the Revolutionary Union due to the pro-Americanism and pro-democracy stance of most factions, and their enemies being aided by the Dominicans and fascists.
• Pyrrhic Victory: If an electoral deadlock occurs, Michelsen's Gaitanistas and Vieira's communists will fight for power and drive the other into exile. No matter who the victor is, it's a hollow triumph because their militant actions will inspire even more hostilities from their enemy.
• Taking Up the Mantle: The Union is the official heir to Gaitán's government and ideology. They also inherit his geopolitical legacy, being favored by the OFN due to their staunch anti-fascism.
• Teeth-Clenched Teamwork:
  • Some in the Revolutionary Union are not fond of the OFN, but they're willing to receive their support if it means removing their mutual fascist enemies in Colombia.
  • Different visions of how to run Colombia also run rampant in the Revolutionary Union. If they win the civil war, they will host a meeting to write a new constitution, with it left uncertain of who will win the debate and therefore rule the nation.

Guadalupe Salcedo Unda

Role: Head of State, Security Minister (Michelsen cabinet)

Party: Frente Republicano del 7 de Agosto (Liberales Gaitanistas)^note Republican Front of 7 August (Gaitanist Liberals)

Ideology: Gaitanismo^note Progressivism, Left-Wing Populism^note Progressivism (Michelsen Cabinet)

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Despite a wish for stronger institutions, Latin Americans cannot help but admire the romantic guerrilla leader. The old revere Bolívar and Sandino, the youths and intellectuals salute Fidel Castro, and the communists hail Che Guevara. For many Colombians, hope is embodied in their very own Capitán Salcedo.

Born in an Arauca cattle village to a Liberal family, Salcedo like many country boys was imprisoned for cattle theft. Upon release he was swept up in celebration - Dr. Gaitán, the campesinos' hero, had become President. Gáitan created a paradise for the long-suffering campesinos, taught them the power of direct democracy, and kept the fascists who threatened their traditions at bay. To Salcedo and many others like him, Gaitan was the warm and kindly sun in the sky- and when Gáitan was murdered, an eclipse had descended upon Colombia as the Blackshirts marched. A talented horseman, Salcedo rallied the surrounding villages together and expelled the fascists with his daring guerrilla attacks.

Now the Supreme Commander of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of the Eastern Plains, Salcedo has sworn before his hero's portrait to fight for his menaced ideals, to defend the poor and oppressed and wretched. He sees himself as the modern General Rondón, commanding the cavalry into patriotic salvation, and the utter defeat of the fascist oligarchs who want to rob Colombia of its independence. Gaitán told the people to charge, forwards to victory, and Salcedo will lead their charge.

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• Cincinnatus: After winning the civil war, Salcedo steps down and prepares to hold elections for the legislature and constituent assembly.
• Hero-Worshipper: Salcedo admired President Gaitán as the warm and kindly sun in the sky, and compares his death to an eclipse descending on Colombia.
• Rebel Leader: After the death of Gaitán, Salcedo has led a guerrilla campaign to expel the fascist influence in Colombia, rallying surrounding villages to join his cause.
• Taking Up the Mantle: Salcedo saw Gaitán as his personal hero and he vows to continue his legacy and ideals of protecting the poor and oppressed.

Camilo Torres Restrepo

Role: Foreign Minister (Salcedo cabinet), Head of State (Post-War election)

Party: Frente Republicano del 7 de Agosto (Socialistas Cristianos)^note Republican Front of 7 August (Christian Socialists)

Ideology: Christian Socialism^note Socialism

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• Real Men Love Jesus: Torres is a Roman Catholic who will rebuild Colombia by empowering the Church and giving them an active role in the government to enfore the doctrine of "efficient love".

Alfonso López Michelsen

Role: Head of Government (Salcedo cabinet), Head of State (Post-War election, Electoral gridlock)

Party: Frente Republicano del 7 de Agosto (Liberales Gaitanistas)^note Republican Front of 7 August (Gaitanist Liberals), Movimiento Revolucionario Liberal^note Liberal Revolutionary Movement (Gaitanistas takeover)

Ideology: Gaitanismo^note Progressivism

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• Allohistorical Allusion: After the Electoral gridlock and subsequent collapse of FR-7-8, he will create MRL, party that he also created in OTL.
• Taking Up the Mantle: López represents a continuation of Gaitán and Salcedo's legacy, creating a republic based on social justice, liberty, and a strong and healthy multi-party democracy.

Gilberto Vieira White

Role: Head of State (Post-War election, Electoral gridlock)

Party: Frente Republicano del 7 de Agosto (Comunistas)^note Republican Front of 7 August (Communists), Partido Comunista Colombiano^note Colombian Communist Party (Communist coup)

Ideology: Bolshevism^note Communism

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• Choosing Neutrality: Vieira and the Bolshevik faction are the most apprehensive of the revolutionary front towards the United States, only working with them so that their mutual enemies can be defeated. If Vieira gets elected, he immediately ends Colombia's alliance with the OFN, having no further use from them, and the Department of State in turn stops regarding Colombia as an ally.

Manuel Cepeda Vargas

Role: Head of State (Post-War election)

Party: Frente Republicano del 7 de Agosto - Anapistas^note Republican Front of 7 August - Anapists

Ideology: Social Nationalism^note Paternalism

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• Ambiguously Evil: Most don't expect Cepeda Vargas to adhere to the democratic processes established by the Revolutionary Union and believe he'll try to become a President for Life. However, he doesn't do anything tangibly anti-democratic because he wants to rebuild public trust, leaving the future questionable under his tenure.
• Dark Horse Victory: Cepeda Vargas is a fringe candidate in the post-war election and a wave of shock washes over the entire country if he somehow wins.
• Meet the New Boss: Cepeda Vargas carries the work and legacy of Pinilla, having once served in his late regime.
• The Remnant: After La Violencia, Cepeda Vargas leads the surviving ANAPO remnants, who get amnestied by the Revolutionary Union and are allowed to run in the election.
• Richard Nixon, the Used Car Salesman: Cepeda Vargas was OTL a communist politician who was jailed in 1964 for his revolutionary activity, later being assassinated in 1994 as a Senator for his left-wing political beliefs. However, due to Gaitán co-opting urban communist factions during his presidency, along with their distrust of the Frente Nacional making them flock towards Pinilla, Cepeda Vargas is simply a leader of the remnants of the Rojistas pardoned by the Revolutionary Union for the post-war elections.

Estado de Nueva Granada

^{Flag of the State of New Granada (Civil War Victory)}

^{Flag of the Confederate Cities of New Granada}

^{Flag of the Catholic Republic/State of New Granada}

Official Name: Estado de Nueva Granada^note State of New Granada, Confederate Cities of New Granada (Oligarch takeover), Catholic State of New Granada (Catholic Church takeover), Catholic Republic of New Granada (Los Pájaros takeover), Holy Realm of Colombia (Cult of Mary proclaimed)

Ruling Party: Partido Nacional Fascista^note National Fascist Party

Ideology: Fascism

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• Bandit Clan: New Granada is a den of fascists, mercenaries, and other outlaws hated everywhere else in the world. Though it compromises New Granada's political stability, it does give them a cheap means to fund their war effort and continue their crimes, which is all they really want anyway.
• Bilingual Bonus:
  • Their starting flag has "Truth Triumphs" inscribed in Latin on their symbol, a boast to the world of their fascist ideology and a reflection of Alzate's inspiration from European dictators like Mussolini.
  • The post-civil war flag has text that translates to "State of New Granada", highlighting their evolution from a lowly band of fascist Blackshirts to an actual nation.
• I Can Rule Alone: After its victory in La Violencia, New Granada's various political factions immediately begin jockeying for control and power, until one manages to sideline the rest and assume total control.
• MegaCorp: New Granada's economy is dominated by corporate monopolies unified under the Supreme Economic Council.
• Pretentious Latin Motto: New Granada's War Flag uses the motto "Veritas Vincit", meaning "truth triumphs".
• Proxy War: They are the faction backed by Japan during the Colombian Civil War. They also get support from Guangdong, using their latest self-propelled artillery in the fight.
• Small Name, Big Ego: They pride themselves as a bulwark against liberal and Marxist "degeneracy", even though they're just a despised fascist insurgency.
• The Theocracy: After New Granada wins La Violencia, if the National Catholic Union overcomes its rivals, the Catholic Church will seize control over the entire state apparatus.

Gilberto Alzate Avendaño

Role: Head of State

Party: Partido Nacional Fascista^note National Fascist Party

Ideology: Fascism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}It is a common joke outside of New Granada that Alzate Avedano was compared to Mussolini so many times that he decided to become Colombia's very own Mussolini. But as far as the population of New Granada is concerned, Alzate is El Duce, who will drive out the godless Gaitanistas and deceitful democrats to bring a prosperous and holy order to the lands once governed by Simón Bolivar.

Born in Manizales, Alzate became an oligarchs' lawyer, and joined the Conservatives just as Laureano Gómez swung it further and further to the right. A good friend of Gómez, Alzate became a member of the Leopards, Conservatives who preached fascism as Colombia's saving grace. As the fascist powers conquered Europe, their dissident wing of the party grew stronger until it became mainstream, obsessed with the strength of Mussolini's and Hitler's states. The lone figure, stopping their march was the anti-fascist Caudillo; President Gaitán.

With Gaitán now dead, El Duce marched. Uniting all Conservative paramilitaries under him, Alzate and his Blackshirts sowed terror, from slaughtering villages to bringing Kristallnacht to Bogotá, and founded New Granada to extend that terror to all of Colombia. Just like the late Duce he emulates, Alzate, possesses a ferocious spirit and aims to have his will Unopposed, no matter the price, no matter the dead that he must put under his throne.

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• Bald of Evil: Just like his idol, Alzate is bald.
• General Ripper: Leading the Conservative paramilitary groups, Alzate has led a campaign of repression and terror, especially against the Jewish population in his own Kristallnacht. His ambitions are absolute and must be carried out ruthlessly, no matter who has to die.
• Gratuitous Italian: Out of admiration for Benito Mussolini, Alzate officially calls himself El Duce (an Italian title), instead of using the Spanish equivalent Caudillo.
• Hero-Worshipper: Alzate seeks to emulate Italy's late Duce Mussolini, calling himself El Duce of New Granada; a running joke outside of New Granada is that he's been compared to Mussolini so much that he decided to Become The Mask and become a Colombian Mussolini anyway. He's even bald!
• Life Will Kill You: Regardless of whether he wins La Violencia or not, Alzate will end up losing his battle with cancer and dying in 1967.
• A Lighter Shade of Black: Despite being a Mussolini-worshiping fascist and shameless antisemite, he isn’t that more fanatical than the Fundamentalist Catholics and miles better than the Nazi-influenced Second Patriotic Army.

Enrique Gómez Hurtado

Role: Head of State (True Fascist takeover)

Party: Partido Nacional Fascista^note National Fascist Party

Ideology: Fascism

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• Meet the New Boss: Gómez continues Alzate and the PNF's devotion to Benito Mussolini, joining Italy's sphere of influence as an observer.
• Overlord Jr.: Enrique is the son of Laureano Gómez and even more openly fascist.

Carlos Echeverri Cortés

Role: Head of State (Pragmatic Fascist takeover)

Party: Partido Nacional Fascista^note National Fascist Party

Ideology: Corporatism^note Fascism

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• Pragmatic Villainy: Echeverri leads the pragmatist faction of the PNF, who are willing to compromise on their original positions to gain an advantage, such as allying with Germany over Italy.

José Lisandro Sierra Velásquez

Role: Economy Minister (Alzate cabinet), Head of State (Oligarch takeover)

Party: Supremo Consejo Económico^note Supreme Economic Council

Ideology: Corporatocracy^note Despotism

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• Corrupt Corporate Executive: Sierra is a former Antioquian business leader who aids a fascist takeover of Colombia so he can sideline them and empower the monopolies at the expense of the people.
• A Lighter Shade of Black: While Sierra is an oligarch who conducts mass privatisations to strengthen corporate monopolies, his rivals within New Granada are fascists and extremist Catholic militants.

Julián Mendoza Guerrero

Role: Head of State (Catholic Church takeover)

Party: Unión Nacional Católica de la Nueva Granada^note National Catholic Union of New Granada

Ideology: Clerical Fascism^note National Socialism

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• The Fundamentalist: Archbishop Mendoza's plans for Colombia are directly entangled with the revival of Catholic tradition in an extremely reactionary manner.
• Sinister Minister: Mendoza Guerrero is an Archbishop and a virulent fascist.

Mariano Ospina Pérez

Role: Head of State (Los Pájaros takeover)

Party: Unión Nacional Católica de la Nueva Granada - Ospinistas^note National Catholic Union of New Granada

Ideology: National Catholicism^note Despotism

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• Puppet King: After the Pájaros coup the government, Ospina is formally put in charge. Truthfully, Lozano is the one truly pulling the regime's strings, ready to carry out his mysterious agenda.

León María Lozano

Role: Security Minister (Alzate cabinet), Head of Government (Ospina cabinet), Head of State (Cult of Mary proclaimed)

Party: Los Pájaros^note The Birds

Ideology: Fundamentalism^note Ultranationalism

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• The Dreaded: The most terrifying figure in New Granada and the most mysterious at that, making him even more ominous.
• From Nobody to Nightmare: He was a humble cheesemaker before his descent into madness.
• Sociopathic Soldier: Lozano is the founder of the paramilitary group, Los Pájaros, who have been responsible for the efficient, systematic murder of thousands during La Violencia.

Reworked Industrialist Path

Official Name: Second Republic of Colombia (Corporate coup)

Diego Garcés Giraldo

Role: President^note Head of State (Corporate coup)

Party: Asociación Nacional de Industriales de Colombia^note National Association of Industrialists of Colombia

Ideology: Corporate Paternalism^note Paternalism

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• Corrupt Corporate Executive: According to his teased biography, Garcés used his family business to establish a monopoly, aids a fascist takeover of Colombia during the civil war, organizes the economy of said fascists, and can take over as president so he can form a nationwide monopoly at Colombia's expense.
• The Coup: In his dedicated teaser, Garcés organizes a coup against the ANF, giving control of the country to the ANDI.
• Like Father, Like Son: His father, Jorge Garcés Borero, established the JGB pharmaceutical company, which is New Granada's sole medicine producer. Further back, one of Diego's distant ancestors is Sebastián de Belalcázar, who founded the city of Cali, which would later turn into an important economic center for Colombia. With all this family history, it was expected that Diego would become a capitalist himself, leading the Supreme Economic Council and planning to build a countrywide monopoly in the ANDI teaser.
• Mysterious Past: Downplayed. Diego's teased biography sheds some light on his history, but it also suggests that there are more murky, unknown details on his past. Most wouldn't know them because it is kept under wraps.
• Nepotism: Subverted. Garcés was born to a millionaire family, but his teased biography clearly states that he worked himself to the top. He is a Trinity College graduate and a polyglot who would serve numerous positions in the 1950's, namely being a Minister Counselor to Washington and an Ambassador to Venezuela. With all this experience, he eventually expanded his family's control over their hometown, took over their largest construction company, and founded the Supreme Economic Council for New Granada.
• Polyglot: His teased biography mentions that he is a polyglot.
• The Starscream: In the ANDI teaser, Garcés leads the Supreme Economic Council, which is largely responsible for New Grenada's rapid economic growth. However, he can betray and depose them so he can take power himself, doing away with the fascist state.
• Taking Up the Mantle: His predecessor, Julio Mario Santo Domingo, was assassinated before he could fulfill his promise to democratize and liberalize Colombia. In the ANDI teaser, Garcés is going to succeed him, but it is ambiguous if he will keep those previous promises and some think that that he will subvert this trope so he can empower the ruling industrialists.

Segundo Ejército Patrióta

^{Flag of the Free State of Colombia (Civil War victory)}

Official Name: Segundo Ejército Patrióta^note Second Patritoic Army, Free State of Colombia (Civil War victory), Bolivarian Republic of Colombia (Second Civil War victory)

Ruling Party: Acción Nacionalista^note Nationalist Action Party

Ideology: Ariocriollismo^note National Socialism

A fourth faction which can emerge from a weakening Republic of Colombia faction.

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• Absolute Xenophobe: The Acción Nacionalista hold nothing but contempt for the "Enemy Races" residing within Colombia, believing them to only be an impediment to their country's future that must be exterminated. When they rise up, they get the chance to carry out their horrible mission and ensure the supremacy of the Aryan race.
• Dark Horse Victory: When they emerge victorious in La Violencia, the rest of the world exhibits shock as an explicitly Nazi state is established in South America.
• Enemy Civil War: After La Violencia ends in the SPA's victory, Uribe Misas' assassination plunges Colombia into yet another civil war, between the Ariocriollo loyalists and the orthodox Nazi faction. A partisan group is also thrown in as a third side, temporarily aligned with the former.
• Fascist, but Inefficient: Their preaching of Criollo supremacy is an extremely unpopular idea in Colombia and the time needed to convert people's views takes a long time, giving them a crippling debuff.
• Master Race: The Nationalist Action Party believes that Colombia's Criollos^note those from European or mestizo ancestry are the master race of all of the Americas and on equal footing to the Germans.
• A Nazi by Any Other Name: Ariocriollismo is a twisted brand of National Socialism adapted to Colombia's situation, namely the idea of white or mestizo Criollos being the master race above all others.
• Nostalgia Filter: After the Nationalist Action Party turns against each other in the Second Colombian Civil War, the Panida faction begins to exalt Simón Bolívar as the "main, undisputable icon of patriotism and Criollo nationalism" to keep the flimsy ideological framwork of Ariocriollismo from completely falling apart.
• Pragmatic Villainy: In the wake of the Second Colombian Civil War, the Panida faction of the Nationalist Action Party chooses to enforce a less disciplinarian vision of Ariocriollismo to keep people content over the chaos they are facing.
• Proxy War: Protected by German-Colombian industrialists and armed by the Abwehr, the Nationalist Action Party represents the Pakt's interests during the Colombian civil war. Their victory in La Violencia is considered a major success for the German foreign ministry.
• Western Terrorists: The SPA spent the early weeks of La Violencia slaughtering hundreds of left-wing rioters, under the pretense of "peacekeeping". They were eventually driven underground by Pinilla, but they still plot in the shadows to overthrow the current regime, and finally get to do so when La Violencia resumes.

Alfonso Uribe Misas

Role: Head of State

Party: Acción Nacionalista^note Nationalist Action Party

Ideology: Ariocriollismo^note National Socialism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Nazi, Charlatan, Mob Boss, Lunatic. All insults commonly hurled his way, but not bothering him; liberals and communists would not mock him so intensely if they did not see him as a threat. Born in 1896, Alfonso Uribe Misas is a lawyer by trade. His successful defense of the DKB-linked SCADTA after a highly publicized plane crash left him in a position to negotiate an alliance between the DKB and far-right 'Leopardos', in 1938 creating the 'Nationalist Action Party.' Misas narrowly secured the AN's nomination for the 1946 presidential election, and his unexpectedly high vote percentage of 20% cemented him as the party's leader. Over the subsequent decade, increasingly certain of his own genius and disgusted by the wave of miscegenation and liberalism sweeping the country, Misas' thoughts converged on National Socialism.

In his 1953 'Ariocriollo Manifesto', Misas asserted that the 'Criollos' - Colombians of European ancestry - were the Master Race of the Americas, just as the Nordic Race were the masters of Europe. Though roundly mocked by wider society, it would inspire the formation of far-right militias whom Misas assembled into the 'Second Patriotic Army' (SPA). In the early weeks of La Violencia they killed hundreds in "peacekeeping" attacks against leftist rioters until driven underground by General Rojas Pinilla's forces. Protected by German-Colombian industrialists and armed by the Abwehr in 'Operation Lafitte', it would quietly develop into the best equipped rebel force in the country, and devise a plan to overthrow the Bogotá government.

When full-scale war resumed, the SPA rapidly overwhelmed army and police garrisons in Barranquilla. While most Colombians (including 'Criollo') still despise Misas, as his revolutionaries now march across the country, all are now forced to reckon with the idea that the 'Ariocriollo State' will indeed take shape.

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• 0% Approval Rating: He is widely despised by most Colombians outside his party for his Nazi ideals. Even most of the Criollo, the group Misas is proclaiming to be superior, hate him.
• Amoral Attorney: Misas rose to prominence after his successful defense of the SCADTA airline and is also the leading figure of Nazism in Colombia.
• Historical Villain Upgrade: In OTL, Misas was already an awful person who was linked to Nazi activity in Colombia and tried to get Colombia to switch sides from the Allies in World War II. Here, he's straight-up embraced National Socialism due to the Axis victory and the survival of the SCADTA airline to Germany, wishing to plunge the entire country into a Ariocriollist regime.
• Insufferable Genius: All of the accomplishments have fueled his arrogance, believing himself to be a genius. Unfortunately, this became one of the contributing factors to why he turned to National Socialism as miscegenation and liberalism became more common ideas in Colombia.
• Insult Backfire: Misas takes every insult thrown at him in stride, taking it as a sign that his enemies see him as a viable threat.
• Richard Nixon, the Used Car Salesman: In real life, Misas was an attorney for the German-Colombian airline SCADTA and was a Nazi sympathizer. Besides covering SCADTA's negligence, he was linked to Nazi activity in Colombia and, as senator of the republic, came out in defense of the 1944 Pasto Cuartelazo perpetrators, whose sole intent was to force out he current Liberal party President and change sides from the Allies in World War II. In this timeline, a Nazi victory meant that SCADTA survived the aftermath of World War II, which radicalized Misas from his OTL right-wing conservatism to embracing a Colombian centric version of Nazism, having come into contact with SCADTA officials with Nazi tendencies
• Short-Lived Leadership: Misas only remains in power during the civil war as he is assassinated shortly after his victory by URC remnants.

Diógenes Gil

Role: Head of State (Second Colombian Civil War)

Party: Acción Nacionalista - Panidas^note Nationalist Action Party

Ideology: Ariocriollismo^note National Socialism

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• Enemy Mine: During the Second Colombian Civil War, Gil forms a truce with the United Democratic Front, until the dissidents in the National Socialist League are quashed. Once their mutual enemy is defeated, Colombia descends into a third civil war between the two.

José Camacho Carreño

Role: Head of Government (Misas cabinet), Head of State (Third Colombian Civil War victory)

Party: Acción Nacionalista - Panidas^note Nationalist Action Party

Ideology: Ariocriollismo^note National Socialism

In-Game Biography (Head of Government) ^{Click to Show}If Uribe Misas is the brain of the Nationalist Action Party, then José Camacho Carreño is its face. His quest for political power began early, a 17 year old college freshman when he, along with likeminded right-wing activists, founded 'Los Leopardos' in 1920. The Leopardos initially aimed to push the Conservative Party toward nationalism and corporatism, using newspapers to persuade voters. Carreño proved himself to be an excellent orator, becoming the face of the new generation of conservatives, expertly riling crowds with immense national pride and disdain for establishment politics. In 1938 he became a founding member of the Nationalist Action Party, and from the beginning has been second only to Misas in power.

In the subsequent decades, the Axis would defeat the Allies, the conservative party would fail to enact their agenda, and the liberal party would be overrun by leftists, all of which enabled Carreño to pull more and more public support towards the AN and its Ariocriollo mission. With the outbreak of La Violencia, Carreño's previous calls for right-wing militias appeared immensely prescient, while his promises that AN would free Colombia from vice, corruption, and Judeo-capitalism, inspired thousands to join the underground Second Patriotic Army. Since the Barranquilla uprising, hundreds of thousands listen to his nightly radio messages, and while his listeners may understand that Misas is the leader, it is Carreño whom they truly follow.

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• Dark Messiah: Camacho has caused many to join the Nationalist Action Party by promising them a vision of a Colombia free from "vice, corruption, and Judeo-capitalism".
• The Face: While Misas acts as the brains of the Nationalist Action Party, Camacho is the face of the party, being an excellent orator that has swayed many to the cause of Ariociollismo.

Second Colombian Civil War

National Socialist League

^{Flag of the People's State of Colombia (Second Civil War victory)}

Official Name: People's State of Colombia (Second Civil War victory)

Ruling Party: National Socialist League

Ideology: National Socialism

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• Hated by All: Almost everybody hates the National Socialist League out of suspicion of foreign ideologies, not to mention their disdain towards fascism and Germanophilia. It will take extensive effort for them to win the hearts of the Colombians, if ever.
• Secret Police: The National Department of Intelligence (DIN) is an ever present security organization based on the Abwehr and tasked with silencing opposition with brutal prejudice.

Heriberto Schwartau

^{Head of Intelligence portrait}

Role: Head of Intelligence^note Security Minister (Misas cabinet), Head of State (Second Colombian Civil War)

Party: Acción Nacionalista - Germánicos^note Nationalist Action Party - Germanic, National Socialist League (Second Colombian Civil War)

Ideology: National Socialism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Though born on Colombian soil, Heriberto Schwartau has never regarded the country he now rules to be his homeland. Born in 1917 to German immigrant parents, as a teenager he boarded a ship bound for the Fatherland so that he could fight for the cause of National Socialism. Assigned to the Abwehr, Schwartau soon found himself back in Colombia, and became the head of all Abwehr operations in Colombia in 1944. In this position, he masterminded 'Operation Lafitte', a two decade conspiracy to fan the flames of political violence in Colombia, undermine faith in democracy, and provide arms and training to Uribe Misas' so-called Second Patriotic Army.

However laughable a distortion of National Socialist ideals his "Ariocriolloismo" was, Schwartau understood the need to work with Misas, and maintain unity of the Nationalist Action alliance to defeat the Reich's enemies in Colombia. But now, with the liberals and communists defeated, Misas himself dead, and the Nationalist Action Party hijacked by General Gil, such ideological excesses can no longer be tolerated. Who but Heriberto Schwartau has both the political acumen and the Aryan blood to bring National Socialism to Colombia? And who but Heriberto Schwartau can guarantee that Bogotá and Germania are forever adjoined?

In-Game Biography (Security Minister) ^{Click to Show}Born in 1917 to two German immigrant parents in Colombia, Heriberto Schwartau Eskildsen was already infatuated with National Socialism before Hitler became the Führer. After graduating highschool he purchased a ticket for voyage to Hamburg, who upon arrival in Germany, Schwartau officially joined the NSDAP and trained to fight in Hitler's army. In 1941, he was pulled from the Heer to serve the Abwehr instead, and Schwartau soon found himself back at sea, returning to Colombia to operate a pro-Axis radio station as part of Operation Bolívar. After the arrest of his superior in 1944, he became Head of Intelligence for the Abwehr in Colombia.

After the chaotic elections of 1946, seeing the rise in partisanship and political violence as an opportunity, the Abwehr commanded Schwartau to organize Operation Lafitte, a mission to boost the influence of the National Action Party and further align its politics with that of the Reich, while also undermining public confidence in democracy by fanning the flames of political violence. Through a front company he established in Barranquilla, Schwartau began to smuggle German weapons, which he proceeded to sell to right-wing militias and crime syndicates through a network of locally recruited agents. When Schwartau revealed Operation Lafitte to Uribe Misas, they began a deeper cooperation. Schwartau's intelligence and supplies were essential to planning the Barranquilla uprising. Upon the successful seizure of Barranquilla, Misas appointed Schwartau as the head of the new Security Agency, through which he works to systematically undermine resistance to the new regime.

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• Do Wrong, Right: Schwartau rises up against the Ariocriollist ideologues because he believes orthodox Nazism is the superior ideology, citing Germany's successes in Europe.
• Dragon with an Agenda: Schwartau, who serves as Head of Intelligence under Uribe Misas, views his boss' Ariocriollismo ideology as a laughable distortion of pure National Socialism, but remains loyal to him as the best way to defeat the Reich's enemies in Germany. However, as soon as Uribe is killed, he splinters from the mainstream part of Acción Nacionalista to form an even more Germanophilic faction.

Frente Democrático Unido

^{Flag of the Democratic Republic of Colombia (Third Civil War victory)}

Official Name: Democratic Republic of Colombia (Third Civil War victory)

Ruling Party: Frente Democrático Unido^note United Democratic Front

Ideology: Partisan Movement^note Despotism, Provisional Government^note Paternalism (Third Colombian Civil War), Transitioning Democracy^note Paternalism (Third Colombian Civil War victory)

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• Bittersweet Ending: If the UDF wins in the Third Colombian Civil War, the country will be utterly ruined, with its population mentally scarred after so much death and destruction within just a decade. Colombia will have been liberated from Nazi rule, however, and the UDF can begin to rebuild the country's democratic foundations to ensure a brighter future for their nation.
• Enemy Mine: They have a temporary truce with the Free State out of opposition to the National Socialist League. As soon as the Second Colombian Civil War is concluded, they end their alliance and plunge Colombia into a third conflict.
• Only Sane Man: Of the three sides in the Second Colombian Civil War, the United Democratic Front is the only one that isn't fascist or genocidal.

Brazil

United States of Brazil

Official Name: United States of Brazil

Ruling Party: Partido Social Democrático^note Social Democratic Party

Ideology: National Liberalism^note Liberalism

The largest country in South America, Brazil is struggling democratic nation plagued with corruption, instability, and tendencies to descend into dictatorships. For its tropes, see the dedicated Brazil subpage.

Andean States

Ecuador

^{Flag of the Federation of Ecuador}

^{Flag of the Socialist Republic of Ecuador}

Official Name: Republic of Equador, Federation of Ecuador (Velasco), Socialist Republic of Ecuador (Revolution)

Ruling Party: Partido Nacionalista Revolucionario^note Revolutionary Nationalist Party

Ideology: Controlled Democracy^note Paternalism

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• Banana Republic: Ecuador is a deeply flawed republic, where oligarchs continue to exploit the people and offer them no sway in the government.
• Butt-Monkey: Ecuador is up dire straits in 1962. The democratic system is completely flawed and dominated by oligarchic interests, the economy is shackled by a massive debt trap to foreign investors, any attempts to mitigate the deficit end in failure, and their army is pitifully weak and overstretched.
• Meet the New Boss: After a communist revolution flared up in 1960, Peru invaded Ecuador to restore order and cut off any opportunity for Velasco to come back. Unfortunately, the "democracy" they left behind is fundamentally flawed and no less despotic than the old dictatorship.
• The Migration: When the Colombian Civil War starts, Ecuador becomes a destination for many refugees fleeing from the conflict. Unfortunately, the ineffective government is unable to manage the crisis and it can motivate an attempted coup by the military.
• Puppet State: In the aftermath of Peru's invasion, Ecuador has been reduced into a puppet state of American and Peruvian interests, crippling their military capabilities and favoring the oligarchs who dominate the economy.

Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy

Role: Head of State

Party: Partido Nacionalista Revolucionario^note Revolutionary Nationalist Party

Ideology: Controlled Democracy^note Paternalism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy was born into the political elite of Ecuador, but instead of relying on it, he chose to fight against it. Joining politics in the early 50s, backing Velasco and its populist party, he would achieve some political success, however, still a minimal one when contrasted with ambitions.

After decades of ostracising the Left more and more, coming to rely on the establishment to keep his power, Velasco had become deeply unpopular with the people. Thus, in the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the Socialist Revolutionaries of Ecuador launched their own uprising in 1960, taking a hold of the country and driving Velasco and his government to Iberians that supported him for so long. The Revolutionary Government however wouldn't last, with the Peruvians crossing the border and stamping out the fires of the revolution, setting up a puppet government in its wake.

None that fled into exile and few of the ones who remained after the revolution showed a willingness to collaborate with the people that had stolen half their land in a bloody war not two decades prior, Arosemena Monroy however was not one of those people. Out of the will to protect himself and his country, the politician would gather as many collaborators as he could manage and present a cabinet to the Peruvians, one that they would be forced to accept out of nothing else but pure necessity as Washington had begun pressuring them to return the region to civilian rule.

His rule would, however, be characterised by his inability to enact any significant reforms, being bound by the Oligarchs that ran rampant after decades of being enabled by Velasco now further empowered by Lima. With even the things under his control resulting in failures for the President, with his "drinking habits" ending a diplomatic meeting between Quito and Washington in disaster and national humiliation, leading many to wonder how long the President will be able to last in power.

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• The Alcoholic: Arosemena's "drinking habits" have been proven to be uncontrollable for him and egregious enough that they sank a diplomatic meeting with Washington.
• Butt-Monkey: His drinking habits and repeated failure to enact any sort of reform has tanked much of his reputation.
• Cool Shades: He is shown wearing a pair of it in his portrait.
• Failure Is the Only Option: There is no way for Arosemena to hold onto his power. Even if the military coup against him fails, he'll inevitably lose power to either Velasco's return or a socialist revolution.
• Let No Crisis Go to Waste: Arosemena uses the war to convince the Peruvians to install him in power, realizing his political ambitions and start doing progressive social changes and socialist economic reforms, in order to build his new Ecuador.
• The Quisling: After the Peruvian army smashed their way into Ecuador, Arosemena offered to collaborate with them, relieving them of the need to occupy the country in exchange for keeping their autonomy.
• "Shaggy Dog" Story: The First Ecuadorian Revolution in 1944 ended up changing nothing in the long-term. Of the reforms that were implemented, Velasco eventually rolled them back and the few surviving policies from the revolution were quashed after Peru invaded.
• Wealthy Philanthropist: Despite being born into the political elite, Arosemena has tried relieving the wealth inequality present in Ecuador. Unfortunately, it hasn't helped much.

Marcos Gándara Enríquez

Role: Minister of National Defense^note Security Minister (Arosemena cabinet), Head of State (Military Coup)

Party: Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador^note Armed Forces of Ecuador

Ideology: Progressive Conservatism^note Conservatism, Military Junta^note Despotism (Military coup)

In-Game Biography (Minister of National Defense)^{Click to Show}Not an appointment by choice but instead by necessity, Marcos Gándara Enríquez stands as the representative of the Military in the government. A constant reminder that despite being incredibly weak after its neutering by the Peruvians, the institution still needed to be respected.

However, that feeling was not mutual, with nearly none in the military paying anything but lip service to the government, as Gándara did nothing but serve as a glorified rubber stamp, with the lack of American support and the threat of another Peruvian intervention making any sort of governmental intervention null.

The failed talks between the Americans and the government would change that. With rumours that Washington had begun to enter backroom talks with the army, giving their support of a coup, many wonder how long it'll take for the military to strike, or if the rumours will stay as nothing but gossip.

In-Game Biography (Military coup) ^{Click to Show} An academic at heart, Marcos Gándara Enríquez had observed Ecuadorian politics from the sidelines ever since the aftermath of the invasion of Peru, writing about the state of Ecuador and its armed forces in depth over the years.

Having amassed respect from his international peers after studying and working with Iberian, Italian and American militaries, Gandára would set himself to be a prominent figure in the late Velasco government. However, the 1960 Coup, Socialist Revolution and Perivian Invasion would throw a wrench in his plans.

Being forced to sit from the sidelines as the government took one disastrous policy after another and his country collapsed at the seams led him to take drastic actions. Cozying up to Washington against his better will and preparing a coup to remove the Arosemena government and instate a military one that would finally handle all the lingering issues that had haunted Ecuador for the better half of the century.

Seizing his chance with the Colombian Civil War restarting, taking control of the country and ousting the civilian government, he would begin to enact wide ranging reforms to the state while keeping the army independent from politics. However, his true intentions go beyond his current actions, with both his alignment with the Americans and the apparent temporary rule of his administration being not truly what Gándara wants but instead what he is permitted.

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• Cincinnatus: Supposedly. His junta is intended to be temporary, dissolving once Gándara can finally reform Ecuador into a functioning democracy. However, many observers express doubt that the military will actually give up their new powers.
• I Work Alone: Gándara is relatively apolitical and his junta has refused to align with any particular party or ideology so that they can maximize the potential of their reforms.
• Military Coup: Tired of Arosemena's inability to manage the Colombian refugee crisis, Gándara and the military will coup the civilian government and install a military junta to restore some semblance of order.
• Necessarily Evil: Gándara is actually less than thrilled to shore up OFN support and establish a military junta, but if it means reforming and lifting Ecuador back on to its feet, then its worth it in his mind.
• Realpolitik: Gándara and many in the military are very wary about working with the United States, still resenting their support for Peru's past invasion and their reluctance to recognize Ecuadorian territorial claims. Nonetheless, they maintain the alliance out of convenience, which will be especially useful if another war springs up with Peru.
• The Unfettered: Unlike the Arosemena cousins before him, Gándara has no restrictions on the reforms he will carry out and he will take advantage of this benefit.
• Well-Intentioned Extremist: His coup and reluctant collaboration with the United States is intended to set up a new government that may finally have the means to fix Ecuador's problems and enact the drastic reforms needed by the country.

José María Velasco Ibarra

Role: Head of State (Restored from Exile)

Party: Federación Nacional Velasquista^note National Velasquist Federation

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism^note Paternalism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}No other figure had dominated Ecuador quite like José María Velasco Ibarra. From its people to its politics, his populism and personalism allowed him to take center stage in the country for nearly two decades.

While his opening up to Iberia as the alternative to the US was welcomed by Washington, after relations between the two soured perspectives swiftly changed. Backing a coup against Velasco to guarantee an American ally would lead the country, the Caudillo fled to Iberia where he would build up his allies that fled with him there. There he would meet with the Iberian leaders and other politicians in exile, planning paths for his return and deepening his "Velasquismo".

So when the elites that just half a decade ago helped coup him, asked him to return to the Presidency and save the country from collapse, he would accept without much thought. Positioning himself once again as a unifying figure to the people, their saviour and hero, he would turn against those who brought him back strike at the elites, nationalising vast swaths of the land of Ecuador and many of their companies. Causing mass capital flight from American companies, with a swift stroke he would rid Ecuador of influence from what he saw as its biggest hindrances to prosperity. Further falling back on his Iberian allies, Velasco has set himself up in a position of near omnipotence in Ecuador, with his only threat being the military in the Galápagos, making his near future all but guaranteed to be, if nothing else, stable.

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• Godzilla Threshold: With Aguirre and the socialists on the rise following the disastrous Colombian refugee crisis, the oligarchs turn to Velasco for help, inviting their old enemy back into power to quell the revolution.
• Government in Exile: Having lost power in a socialist revolution and the subsequent events that followed, Velasco fled to Iberia and used his connections to set up a government-in-exile, which explicitly takes cues from Perón's populism to garner support in Europe.
• Lesser of Two Evils: In the twilight years of his first regime, Velasco became antagonistic to left-wing politicians and increasingly hated by the people, which eventually culminated in the Communist Revolution of 1960 and his forced exile. However, the troubles of Arosemena's administration have lately made Velasco more fondly remembered as a better leader, which may contribute to his restoration.
• Pay Evil unto Evil: One of his first acts upon returning to Ecuador is nationalizing its economic sectors, which means purging the oligarchs and American corporations that have exploited the country for years.
• Realpolitik: His closest foreign ally is the Iberian Union, who hosted his government-in-exile and remain as Ecuador's biggest trading partner. However, the alliance is not out of benevolence, as both parties are merely out for their own interests and using the other to achieve this goal.
• Revenge: Upon his return, Velasco wastes no time to betray the oligarchs who helped restore him to power, still remembering the time they toppled his first regime.
• Reconcile the Bitter Foes: Velasco is skilled enough to weave support from both the left-wing and right-wing of Ecuador, albeit through a fragile alliance that could break if he's not careful.
• Villain with Good Publicity: He may have been Ecuador's former dictator, but the current troubles of Ecuador have vindicated his reputation and he's now sorely missed by many as the potential solution the country needs. It also helps that he's extremely charismatic, using populist language to build his reputation.

Manuel Agustín Aguirre

Role: Head of State (Socialist Revolution)

Party: Partido Socialista Revolucionario^note Revolutionary Socialist Party

Ideology: Guevarism^note Socialism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show} In the eyes of Manuel Agustín Aguirre Rios, the First Ecuadorian Revolution of 44' had been usurped by the Conservative counter-Revolutionaries, with Velasco serving as their head, infiltrating the reforms of the Caudillo to stop them from going far enough and stringing him along only to throw him out in the end. For Aguirre, Velasco was nothing but a stepping stone on the path to the true Ecuadorian Revolution.

This view however wouldn't be accepted by all, as many still revered the Caudillo and his reforms. This was best seen in the Second Ecuadorian Revolution in 1960, where the people, outraged by the removal of their leader, rallied behind the Partido Comunista del Ecuador and Ricardo Paredes Romero to bring down the Oligarchs that betrayed the state with the help of Che Guevara. However, as infighting began over the return of the Caudillo to lead the state, the country would be invaded by Peru, trialling and executing Paredes and chasing Guevara out.

While Aguirre and his Partido Socialista Revolucionario del Ecuador were small forces before the Second Revolution, they would take centre stage in the rebuilding and reorganising of the Revolutionaries as much of his opposition fled to join Velasco after the Peruvian invasion, wholly embracing Guevarism and beginning to wage guerrilla warfare against both Peru and Ecuador from the jungles of the Amazon, waiting for the right time to strike.

With the people hungry, the army divided and the government in peril in the aftermath of the Colombian refugee crisis and the failed army coup, the PSRE would pound the state, launching multiple popular uprisings all over the country and seizing important government buildings and taking control of the country once more and declaring the Third Ecuadorian Revolution. Proclaiming the birth of the Socialist Republic of Ecuador, Aguirre calls upon the various Revolutionary parties of the country to unite under him and his regime, preparing for future reforms and conflicts.

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• Defector from Decadence: Aguirre and the Ecuadorian Revolutionaries have renounced their allegiance to Castro in Cuba, deeming him "another Velasco" who turned on the communist movement by cozying up to the OFN.
• Occupiers Out of Our Country: When taking over Ecuador, Aguirre denounces the American, Japanese, and German meddling in South America and adopts an anti-imperialist stance against them.

Galápagos

Official Name: Galápagos Government-in-Exile

Ruling Party: Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador^note Armed Forces of Ecuador

Ideology: Military Junta^note Despotism

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• Government in Exile: With Velasco or Aguirre's revolution in Ecuador, the loyalist military is exiled to the Galápagos islands, scraping together the barest legitimacy with help from the United States.

Guillermo Freile Posso

Party: Fuerzas Armadas del Ecuador^note Armed Forces of Ecuador

Ideology: Military Junta^note Despotism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}After the failure of Gándara to keep his plans under wraps, ended up imprisoned by the government, the United States attempted to distance itself as much as possible from the mess that had become Ecuador.

However, plans would change with the fall of the Arosemena cousins and the rise of a decisively anti-American regime, making Washington attempt to rekindle their connections with the army that still had some use, namely Guillermo Freile Posso.

Having served in the United States Air Force where he gained a reputation as a glory-seeking ace, he was one of the first of many to leave the country in the aftermath of the failed coup, hoping to gain exile for himself in the country where he once served. Bigger plans awaited for him though, with the Americans fearing losing their strategic base in the Galapagos, they would approach him to lead an exile government.

Freile would accept nearly immediately, styling himself as the legal successor to the Arosemena government and drawing plans of the eventual take-over of the mainland. The reality of the situation however would be one much different, with the exile government being utterly reliant on aid from Washington, having nearly no resources and population of its own to muster, all the while having to contain a terribly broad base of support in a bid to retain some international legitimacy.

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• Glory Hound: During his service in the United States Air Force, Posso was well-known for being a glory-seeker.
• Screw This, I'm Outta Here: After Gándara's failed coup and subsequent imprisonment, Freile tries to flee to the United States, the country he once served. However, these plans take a major detour after an anti-American revolution takes place in Ecuador, in which the United States forces Freile to lead the government-in-exile from the Galápagos, unwilling to lose this important strategic base.
• Small Name, Big Ego: He's drawn up ambitious plans to return to mainland Ecuador, even though he lacks the means to ever realize them and is solely dependent on American aid to keep his regime alive.

Peru

Official Name: Republic of Peru

Ruling Party: Alianza Conservadora Democratica Nacional (Movimiento Democratico Peruano)^note National Democratic Conservative Alliance (Peruvian Democratic Movement)

Ideology: Conservatism

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• Crapsaccharine World: Peru seems like a healthy democracy, but it conceals the many rumors and accusations of electoral fraud that have hurt the credibility of Odría's government during the 1950s. If this disillusionment isn't handled correctly, the Peruvian dream of democracy may die with it. And that's not to mention the diverse problems that the populace already complains about, including agrarian reform, integration of jungle territory, and development in the Andean regions. Turns out, the fears of losing their democracy can be realized if the military coups the civilian government to form a junta.
• Crouching Moron, Hidden Badass: Japan and the United States invest heavily in Peru's oil reserves and engage in frequent investment wars over it, making Peru seem like another helpless victim to foreign imperialism. However, this foreign attraction has greatly boosted the efficiency of their consumer goods factories and their GDP growth, showing that all isn't lost yet. Should Peru play their cards right, they might just come out as the winner in this foreign entanglement.
• The Dreaded: Many Peruvians fear a takeover by the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, a socialist political party that rebelled against Peru's previous administrations and may be responsible for the current terrorist activity.
• Red Scare: The Peruvian government fears socialism, wary of potential terrorist attacks from them and invading Ecuador to prevent the rise of a communist state there.
• The Scapegoat: Velasco blames Peru for all of Ecuador's problems, citing their 1960 invasion that left the nation broken and using it as justification to prepare for war against them.

Manuel Prado Ugarteche

Role: Head of State

Party: Alianza Conservadora Democratica Nacional (Movimiento Democratico Peruano)^note National Democratic Conservative Alliance (Peruvian Democratic Movement)

Ideology: Conservatism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Born in 1889 to a wealthy family and son of ex-President Manuel Ignacio Prado, Manuel Prado Ugarteche is a civil engineer who became one of the major players in Peruvian politics during the 1940s and 50s. Rising through the ranks, he was tapped by President Oscar R. Benavides to be his successor, and won the 1939 election. Prado continued Benavides' suppression of the outlawed APRA and PCP. As the Nazis invaded Poland, Prado's government changed the course of Peru with a new foreign policy. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Prado publicly supported the US and the Allies to keep Peru's good relations with Washington, but he kept the door open for the Japanese as an option. By 1944, the war seemed undecided, yet the US still stood strong. So Prado kept his 'neutral' foreign policy, up until the fateful day that Pearl Harbor was erased in a flash of blinding light, and the US signed a conditional surrender to the Axis Powers.

Stunned by how the mighty northern giant had fallen, Manuel Prado was yet convinced that he had made the right choice, expecting that everything would remain normal. After his term ended, he left Peru for the US and Canada. He watched from afar as his homeland descended into chaos, then returned to a semblance of normality. That normality convinced him to return in 1956 to run for the 1957 elections, but he couldn't run without popular support. His close allies convinced him to form an alliance with Beltrán called the Alianza Conservadora Democrática Nacional and work with Manuel Odría. The fateful 'Pact of Monterrico' was sealed, where Prado would win the elections as the ACDN candidate, in exchange for sweeping Odría's corruption under the rug. In his second term, Prado lifted the National Security Law but kept the ban on the APRA and UR while releasing some of their most moderate members. He also worked successfully with Pedro Beltrán to stabilize the economy.

It's been five years since Prado became President, and yet so much more needs to be done. With elections looming, factionalism in the ACDN, the investment war, and the threat of APRA, Prado prepares to make his final moves before he leaves office. He will continue in his traditional tactic - that of doing nothing until everything goes back to normal. It has worked before, it will work again. Right?

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• Asshole Victim: In addition to APRA, Prado also banned the Unión Revolucionaria, a fascist militant group.
• Choosing Neutrality: During World War II, Prado adopted a neutral foreign policy, publicly supporting the Allies, but also willing to play up to Japan.
• Corrupt Politician: In exchange for his support, Prado turns a blind eye to Manuel Odría's corruption.
• Head-in-the-Sand Management: When faced with factionalism in the ACDN, the investment war, and the looming threat of APRA, Prado's first instinct is to do nothing and hope he can ride out the storm, unscathed.
• We Hardly Knew Ye: By the game's start, Ugarteche's term is winding to a close and he's ready to step down when a new successor is appointed during the 1962 elections.

Manuel Arturo Odría

^{Military outfit}

Role: Head of State (1962 election)

Party: Unión Nacional Odriista^note Odriist National Union

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism^note Paternalism, Oligarchy^note Paternalism (Self-coup)

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Manuel Arturo Odria is nothing if not a very typical kind of political figure in Latin America, for better or for worse. Born 26 November 1896 in the Peruvian province of Tarma to a family of renowned military tradition. This would inspire him to join the Army from a very young age, where he was distinguished amongst his peers as an intelligent and disciplined soldier. This would lead to his steady rise in the army ranks to the point of becoming one of the Generals in the Peruvian High Command during the First war with Ecuador.

In 1947 he would become Minister of War for the administration of President Jose Bustamante y Rivero after an APRA terrorist attack. After Bustamente refused to make APRA an illegal organization again Odria alongside the rest of the Peruvian Armed Forces would depose him in a coup in October of 1948. After a completely fair election in 1950, Odria would be legitimized as Peru's president. His administration would be characterized by popular Infrastructure Programs, such as Peru's national stadium, and the expansion of Peru's national insurance program. It was also characterized by the persecution of APRA and very violent repression of its militants. Forced by both internal and external forces, those being of the OFN and the United States, to re-democratize the country in 1956, Odria would pass the presidency to the eventual winner of that year's election Manuel Prado Ugarteche, with whom he had previously agreed that he would peacefully step down in exchange that Prado would not investigate the many corruption allegations against him.

Now after Peru's civilian political class failed once again, Odria has returned to the presidency and the job he started on the revolution of 48 shall be finished, whether the Yanks like it or not!

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• Corrupt Politician: Odría has a long list of corruption allegations, in which he passed the president to Prado in 1956 under the threat that they would be investigated.
• Egocentric Team Naming: Odría's party is both named after himself and dominated by his presence.
• Last-Second Chance: After being forced to step down and re-democratise the country by the OFN, Odría is determined to what he had started in 1948 if he's elected.
• Military Coup:
  • Odría couped the administration of President Jose Bustamante y Rivero previously in 1948 over his refusal to declare APRA an illegal organisation after a terrorist attack involving them.
  • If elected in 1962, he will always perform a self coup with the aid of the Peruvian armed forces declaring that Peru's civilian political class have risked the country becoming ungovernable.
• Pet the Dog: Though his first presidency was marked with repression against left-wing groups, Odría also expanded the national insurance program and directed popular infrastructure programs, such as the construction of Peru's national stadium.
• Red Scare: His previous reign involved an extensive repression and persecution of the left-wing APRA.

Fernando Belaúnde Terry

Role: Head of State (1962 election)

Party: Acción Popular - Democracia Cristiana (Accionpopulistas)^note Popular Action - Christian Democracy (Popularactionists)

Ideology: National Liberalism^note Liberalism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Born in Lima on October 7th 1912, Fernando Belaunde, more commonly known as Architect Belaunde by his followers and the Peruvian press, is at once both your typical Peruvian Politician and something out of the box and complete. Born to a very prominent aristocratic family with a long line that goes back to Lima's first Spanish inhabitants and with two times Peruvian Prime Minister Rafael Belaunde as his father, Belaunde had a comfortable and promising youth.

After studying in the United States, Belaunde would come back to lima and become a rich impresario and extremely famous for his academic and architectural works. Through his father's connections, he would serve many political appointments, which he would only need to abandon during the time of Odria's regime. He would get involved in politics by founding the National Front of the Democratic Youth, a group of young reform-minded activist which launched his candidacy in 1956 against Manuel Prado. After achieving 2nd place in that election, he would transform the NFDY into a full-fledged political party, Accion Popular (AP). Based on his ideas of Peru as a Doctrine, he would visit and create AP arty cells in every Peruvian city he visited, and he visited them all. Which would make him the most well-known and vocal opponent of the Prado Administration.

Now after achieving what he couldn't in 1956, Architect Belaunde has a long job ahead of him. Many plans are about to be set in motion but if he has the political finesse that his predecessors didn't only time shall tell.

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• Nepotism: His father's connections allowed him to serve to serve in a number of political appointments.
• Reasonable Authority Figure: Belaúnde is willing to cooperate with his enemies in the UNO party to achieve their mutual goals.
• Red Baron: He's been called "Architect Belaúnde" by the press and his followers.
• Royal Blood: He comes from a prominent aristocratic family with a long line that goes back to Lima's first Spanish inhabitants.

Luis Bedoya Reyes

Role: Head of State (Belaúnde succession)

Party: Partido Popular Cristiano^note People's Christian Party

Ideology: Christian Progressivism^note Progressivism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show} Born on February 20th, 1919 in the Peruvian port city of Callao, Luis Fernan Bedoya Reyes had a humble yet prominent upbringing. From a very young age, he was known as an intelligent and prodigious man, which would lead to him graduating with top marks at San Marcos University, the oldest higher education institution in the Americas. He would then conduct a promising career as a lawyer.

Inspired by the ideals of Christian Democracy since his student years, he would be one of the very first members of Peru's Christian Democratic party (PDC). Due to the PD Cs coalition with Belaunde's Accion Popular in the 1963 election, he would be named as Minister of Justice by the Belaunde Administration. Due to his distinguished ministerial tenure, he would be made the Belaunde-backed candidate in the Lima Mayoral elections of 1964. Where he would defeat the popular Ex-First Lady of Peru, Maria Delgado de Odria, by a sizeable margin. In his administration, he would be known as the most productive Mayor in Lima's history, where he would earn the country's admiration for his achieving massive results without any links to corruption and bribery. After becoming disillusioned with both Belaunde and the PDC, he would create his own Political party, the Peoples Christian Party (PPC), a Party that would be able to lead the country to its needed reforms while also being true to the ideals of Christian Social Doctrine.

Now he has achieved what many could and yet could not have predicted at the same time. He has indeed climbed to the top of the greasy pole, Peru's Presidency. By perhaps a stroke of luck or a benign twist of fate in times when the world's democracies lie endangered, Peru may have been landed with the best person to build up its own democracy into longevity. It will be a wonder if the Andean country can keep its lucky streak.

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• The Ace: Bedoya has been a prodigy since he was young, enjoying high marks at San Marcos University, becoming a widely praised Minister of Justice for the Belaúnde Administration, and receiving fame for being Lima's most productive Mayor in its history without resorting to corruption.
• Internal Reformist: His stated goals are to roll out more reforms under a Christian Social Doctrine.
• Real Men Love Jesus: Bedoya was enamored with the principles of Christian Democracy since he was a student and it inspires his current progressive agenda.
• Start My Own: Finding himself increasingly at odds with Belaúnde and the PDC, Bedoya defected from the party to found his own, the Peoples Christian Party.

Republic of Chile

Official Name: Republic of Chile, Chilean State (Viaux)

Ruling Party: Frente Democrático de Chile^note Democratic Front of Chile

Ideology: Moderate Technocracy^note Liberal Conservatism

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• Allohistorical Allusion: Chile can form the Andean Pact with Peru to form a new economic bloc in South America, which may encompass more members and become a more tangible force than in OTL.
• Arch-Enemy: Owing to territorial disputes between the two, Chile has an adversarial relationship with Argentina, which can escalate into conflict during the Laguna del Desierto Incident.
• Barefoot Poverty: Chile is one of the poorest countries in South America, in good part due to the simultaneous collapse of their once-profitable saltpeter industries and the Crash of 1929's especially harsh effect; decades later they simply couldn't recover. Hundreds of thousands of peasants are tied their whole life to the land they work on due to the still-present Hacienda system. Only a tiny fraction of Chileans have received formal education, while literacy rates are extremely low.
• Butt-Monkey: Even compared to other Latin American countries, Chile stands out as being incredibly impoverished, with the populace suffering from cramped apartments, widespread illiteracy, and other poverty-related problems. It also doesn't help that the political scene of Chile is incredibly polarized and the country is constantly bullied by stronger nations into opening its foreign markets to them.
• Eat the Rich: Tired of their constant poverty, the local peasants of Chile will rise up against the major landlords and taking their land by force. The conflict is fueled by radical revolutionary groups and the government is rapidly losing control of the situation.
• Hereditary Republic: After the 1946 elections, the Liberal Party victory brought Fernando Alessandri to the Presidency. His father Arturo had already served as President three times in the past, although his first two terms were interrupted by military coups. In the 1952 elections, the Liberal Arturo Matte, a son-in-law of Arturo Alessandri, won and ascended to the Presidency. The 1958 elections saw another son of Arturo Alessandri, Jorge, win the Presidency.
• Playing Both Sides: Most Chileans want to keep economic relationships with both the United States and Japan because it creates a more diverse and flexible economy.
• Western Terrorists: Chile is swirling with terrorists and political extremists. Be it the Fascist MRNS or the Marxist-Leninist MIR, bombings and assassinations are not at all uncommon news.

Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez

^{70s portrait}

Role: Head of State

Party: Frente Democrático de Chile^note Democratic Front of Chile

Ideology: Moderate Technocracy^note Liberal Conservatism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Jorge Alessandri has always said he didn't want to be President. Indeed, it wasn't his fault that he was born the son of Arturo Alessandri, and brother of Fernando Alessandri, both men famous Presidents in their own time, inheriting all the baggage it entailed. It wasn't his fault that he spent part of his youth in exile, ruining what should have been a blossoming social side to his life. It wasn't his fault that the most powerful earthquake in recorded history hit in the middle of his administration, snapping his plans in two. If he had it his way, Jorge would have been an architect, or at least led a quiet life- and it could have been so, if not for pressure and incredible chance.

It started with a favor to his brother, President Fernando - sitting at the bottom of a steep collapse in copper prices, begging Jorge to take over as Minister of Finance - not just for him, but for Chile. His successes saved the economy, but infuriated the unions - massive protests broke out, shattering Liberal dominance of the Democratic Convention. Even after his brother left office, Alessandri remained as an advisor for President Coloma, his Conservative successor - again, a favor for Chile, nothing more than that. It's that same logic that made him take up the battle for the FDC's next leader, despite his distaste for politics - for Chile needed a compromise leader to turn the radicals back, and who was better suited for it than him?

Despite his protests, though, the state of Chile today is Jorge Alessandri's fault. It's nobody's fault but his for refusing to bow out to the Conservatives in 1958, splitting the coalition and destroying his own power base. It's nobody's fault but his that his apolitical, technocratic stabilization programs, while successful on paper, have only kept the citizenry poor and angry towards the FDC's status quo. It's nobody's fault but his that the FDC's apparatus wheezed its way through the 1961 elections, suffering a terrible defeat and forcing further compromises.

Two years remain on Alessandri's reign, and the country is as polarized, poor, and chaotic as ever. He sits on a throne made of molten glass, crackling and burning away at him, scorching hot as he doggedly fights back against the creeping resignation to fate he feels. No matter how he complains, though, he refuses to make another mistake - one ignorant error means Chile's throne will shred him with its flaming shards, and may just take the country with him. After all, what was the point of all this, if it was not for Chile?"

---

• Butt-Monkey: Alessandri's political career has been defined as a series of unfortunate plights that have turned Chile into the impoverished nation it is by 1962. Some bad things even happened out of simple bad luck, such as when his administration had the misfortune of enduring the Valdivia Earthquake, the most powerful earthquake in recorded history.
• Fish out of Water: Unlike the rest of his family, Jorge Alessandri never had an interest in politics, rather being pushed into that world by his father and family. Being relatively obscure and keeping himself to a background role, Alessandri was thrust into the spotlight due to his good handling of the post of Minister of Finances, leading to him becoming the chosen candidate of the FDC in the 1958 elections and the center of the nation.
• Nice Job Breaking It, Hero:
  • Begging his older brother, Fernando, to become Minister of Finance saved the Chilean economy from total collapse, but it came at the cost of infuriating the unions and destroying the Liberal dominance over the Democratic Convention.
  • In the wake of growing radicalism, Alessandri offered to become the FDC's compromise leader to combat the political polarization, but this just alienated the Conservatives and split his party's power base.
  • His technocratic stabilization programs were successful, but it did nothing to immediately benefit the poor citizentry, leaving them enraged towards the FDC's presumed neglect.
• Passing the Torch: Alessandri's hand-picked successor is Philippi, a prominent minister in his cabinet who will continue many of the same reforms and policies he pursued.

Raúl Rettig Guissen

Role: Head of State (Election)

Party: Frente Democrático de Chile (Partido Liberal Unificado - Radicalismo Liberal)^note Democratic Front of Chile (United Liberal Party - Liberal Radicalism)

Ideology: Liberal Radicalism^note Liberalism

---

• Taking Up the Mantle: Downplayed. Rettig will continue some of Alessandri's technocratic policies, but also balance them with progressive, developmentalist ones.

Hugo Zepeda Barrios

Role: Head of State (Election)

Party: Frente Democrático de Chile^note Democratic Front of Chile

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}When he was young, Hugo Zepeda found himself in a difficult position. He was an independent representative in a time where the Liberals dominated Chile, and a rare opportunity presented itself - an offer to switch sides, join the Liberals like his father before him had. Yet, something struck him as wrong about the whole situation. It was not that the seat he was running for was too hard to win - indeed, it was too easy. So easy, in fact, that Zepeda couldn't help but question the legitimacy of the whole charade, rejecting the offer out of hand to remain neutral.

The irony of leading the Liberal Party thirty years later, in a similar position as it was then, is not lost on many. It's certainly not lost on the new President.\n\nIndeed, his path here was as convoluted as any. He joined the Liberals only when the Radicals fell out of favor, reluctantly supporting Fernando Alessandri as he reluctantly supported his father years before. It was his influence that swung the Liberal Party to Alessandri's side, guaranteeing his victory and the FDC's ascension. Not only did this make him a major player in party politics, but it led to his ascension as President of the Liberal Party, which he would use to its full effect.

Chile, however, had no interest in peace and calm. The chaos of 1957 led to Zepeda replacing the assassinated Senator Raúl Marín Balmaceda, granting him undisputed control over the Liberals, and his considerable influence over Jorge Alessandri led to many favorable compromises - at least, until Alessandri's stubborn intransigence finally tore the FDC to pieces. The disparate right wing of Chile, left rudderless in the hurricane, cried out for leadership to guide them - and, just at the right time, Zepeda was there.

Leading Chile in its current state will be no easy feat. Poverty rates are still sky-high, polarization is tearing the nation apart, and the slow creep of restrictions on civil liberties moves ever closer. Zepeda plans to use his stern, dignified manner to tackle these problems, but such measures are easier said than done - Alessandri's glass throne waits patiently for its new occupant, as charged and dangerous as ever.

---

• Decided by One Vote: Formally an independent politician when he was younger, Zepeda reluctantly threw his support to Alessandri when the Radicals lost influence and as repayment to Alessandri for supporting his father's political career years ago. This vote would ultimately swing the Liberal Party to Alessandri's side and guarantee his victory in the 1957 elections.
• Dismotivation: His polices are simple and he is uninterested in sweeping reforms.
• You Are What You Hate: When he was still an young politician he refused to join the Liberal Party due to then having a near dictatorial control of Chile making him feel that they were putting Chilean democracy at risk, but three decades later he can become head of the Liberal Party under the same circumstances he once condemned.

Julio Philippi Izquierdo

Role: Head of State (Election)

Party: Frente Democrático de Chile^note Democratic Front of Chile

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}In 1959, being Jorge Alessandri's hand-picked successor would mean certain victory. In 1963, it seemed to mean humiliating defeat. Yet, as the Alessandri administration packs its bags, it leaves with that very same successor in charge - Julio Philippi, once the Minister of Justice, now President of Chile.

Alessandri and Philippi share many similarities, when one looks at them together. Neither men are driven by political desire, both being independents and generally uninvolved in parliamentary games. Both are stoic, quiet men, shying away from grand speeches in favor of muted policy proposals. Both see the Presidency not as a grand personal achievement, but as a service they take for the good of the nation. It's no wonder Alessandri has stuck behind his Minister for so long.

However, these men are not the same, despite the opposition's attempts to paint them otherwise. Philippi, in contrast to Alessandri's cold demeanor, is a friendly and approachable man. He is both passionate and deeply knowledgeable about the subjects that interest him, like botany, ornithology, geography, and other academic pursuits. Most importantly of all, Philippi's management of the Valdivia Earthquake's recovery earned him great favor with the people for its smooth competence.

Despite his differences, though, it will take great effort for the new President to escape his predecessor's shadow. His independent affiliation and general disconnect from party politics cuts both ways - giving him freedom to make his own decisions, based on what he thinks is best, but stoking fears of yet more inaction and gridlock if he can't build bridges. Similarly, his technocratic leanings were a major part of earning Alessandri's endorsement, but those measures are controversial at best. With his demeanor and positions, many fear - even expect - that Philippi will soon be swallowed up by the whirlwind of Chilean politics, disappearing below ideologues far more committed to their cause than he is.

Perhaps it is telling that, in the furor around the ascension of a new President, nobody seems to be bothering to ask the President himself what he thinks. For what it's worth, he enters office with a dogged determination to prove something long considered an impossibility - that an honest public servant can succeed in Chile's highest office. Whether his assertion is correct remains to be seen.

---

• Being Good Sucks: His independent affiliation from potentially corrupt parties makes it difficult for him to pass new laws without compromising on them, while his modesty makes many expect that he'll be overshadowed by more radical politicians.
• Dragon-in-Chief: Despite only being a minister in his cabinet, Philippi is far more efficient than Alessandri, shaping many of his foreign and land reform policies, while having a more affable personality that makes him more well-liked by the public.
• Hero with Bad Publicity: Philippi is an honest, charismatic leader who has Chile's interests at heart, but his similar agenda to Alessandri and controversial technocratic plans give him a bad reputation amongst the people.
• Reasonable Authority Figure: He's quite laid-back and willing to compromise with other factions to pass his reforms, particularly with the Social Christians, who he wants to incorporate into his support base. He's even focused on restoring the rights of the indigenous people in Chile, a near-precedented attitude for his time.

Eduardo Frei Montalva

Role: Head of State (Election)

Party: Partido Democráta Cristiano^note Christian Democratic Party

Ideology: Christian Liberalism^note Liberalism, Christian Progressivism^note Progressivism (Retti Inauguration)

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Eduardo Frei is no stranger to the spotlight. He's reveled in it for decades now, part activist and part politician, constantly showing up at Chile's most crucial moments. It's just like him that, as the nation reaches some of its most fraught years yet, Frei is there to take power as the next President of Chile.

Frei's name first became relevant three decades ago, a critical student leader during the overthrow of the Ibáñez dictatorship. In the chaotic aftermath of the revolution, he used that earned influence to form dissatisfied conservative youths into the National Falange, which, after briefly flirting with Spanish-style national syndicalism, drifted towards Christian democracy. He would then briefly join the collapsing Rios cabinet as Minister of Public Works in 1945, before breaking with him during the deepening political crisis that same year, only further boosting his popularity. His break with the Radicals would lead to the approach of the Falange into the Conservative wing of the FDC, in which he would slowly gain influence and power over the next decade. With his reformist, Social Christian views, all seemed set for his nomination and victory in 1958 as their champion - had Jorge Alessandri and Jorge Prat not intervened, collapsing the FDC and slicing Frei's political legs out from under him. Furious, Frei became one of Alessandri's harshest critics - a fine position to be in as the unpopular President's administration crashed and burned. With general consensus among Conservatives, centrists, and even some Liberals behind his next campaign, Frei would finally get his due, sweeping into office in 1964 at the crest of a wave of change.

Frei has no intention of letting his spotlight slip away, of course. How could he, now at his greatest moment? As he forms his cabinet and solidifies his connections, debates echo through the streets as to what the new leader has in store. Is he just another lukewarm conservative reformist, or does he truly mean what he says? Is he a progressive who will be remembered positively, or will he ignore the problems that plague the nation? Will he conform to traditions, or forge his own path? These questions can only be answered by Frei himself, and he's committed to answering them as well as he can.

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• Arch-Enemy: Frei became a vocal critic of Alessandri when he refused to step down from his nomination as a presidential candidate in 1958, splitting the FDC between them.
• Internal Reformist: Zig-Zagged. His biography raises the question over how much of a reformist he will bewhen he becomes president and if he can fix Chile's many domestic problems.

Salvador Allende Gossens

Role: Head of State (Election)

Party: Frente de Acción Popular^note Popular Action Front

Ideology: Revolutionary Front^note Socialism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}One of Salvador Allende's favorite jokes was that his gravestone would read "Here lies Salvador Allende, next President of Chile". Looking at his bad luck when it came to national campaigning, that sense of fatalism seemed well placed. A handy defeat in 1952 and a brutal mess of parliamentary scheming snatching his victory away in 1958 attest to it. Today, though, next is now.

Allende's views were self-developed, breaking away from his wealthy background to pursue the ideals he would fight for throughout the 20s in student activism as Chile tore itself apart. He carved a path through the Chilean left's greatest moments, starting in Marmaduke Grove's short-lived Socialist Republic and follow-up Socialist Party, which Allende has run under in each of his campaigns. Next came Pedro Aguirre Cerda's Popular Front, whose electoral campaign Allende helped manage to success, earning him a position as Minister of Health - at least, until Aguirre Cerda died halfway through his term, collapsing the Front and ejecting the Socialists on their own once more. Now with governmental experience, Allende's star rose higher, to a point - he could not get over the hump of the Presidency. A coalition was formed with the Radicals, forming the FRAP in an effort to win in 1958. Allende will always say it should have been him who was elected, thanks to his slim majority in the popular vote, but fate and Parliament said otherwise.

This time, though, no back-room deals could deny Allende his due. In a total political upheaval, Allende has finally emerged victorious, ready to implement the Chilean Path to Socialism that he has promised for decades. His supporters cheer him as a political messiah, the man who will finally break the cycle of chaos and poverty that has consumed Chile for as long as anyone can remember. His opponents, on the other hand, see him as someone closer to the Devil, who will drive Chile into the grave in pursuit of a socialist dictatorship. Above the radical polarization in the streets, the Army watches and fractures, polarization tearing into its solid apolitical foundations.

Supporter, opponent, military - all are armed, paranoid, and readying to kill and die for their idea of Chile. The Sword of Damocles hangs over Don Chicho's head, but he holds a weapon of his own. Everything he ever dreamed of is in his grasp, but he will need to fight to keep hold of it - maintain his power, prevent the nation from total collapse, and even protect his own life.

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• Allohistorical Allusion: In OTL, Allende kickstarted Project Cybersyn, which would have created a computerized simulator to manage the Chilean national economy. If Ibuka takes power in Guangdong, Allende will excitedly buy out Fujitsu's stock of computers, planning to make this vision a reality with the power of Japanese technology.
• Bait the Dog: Under Pedro Aguirre Cerda's presidency, Allende was promoted to Minister of Health, seemingly alleviating his long streak of political failures. However, he and his support base were swiftly ejected out of the government after Aguirre's death midway into his term.
• Dark Horse Victory: Thanks to his socialist beliefs, many politicians in Chile will actively work against him, yet it is possible for him to overcome the odds and become President.
• The Dreaded: Downplayed. Despite having a sizable support base, a significant section of Chilean society views him as a harbinger of a socialist dictatorship.
• Internal Reformist: Allende seeks to achieve the "Chilean Path" to socialism through working within the democratic system, rather than undermining it.
• Nice Job Breaking It, Hero: Something that isn't even in his control. As soon as Allende is announced to win the Chilean 1964 elections, the entirety of Chilean society will breakdown over this divisive development, with his supporters, opponents, and the military ready to fight each other as the polarization gets worse.
• Throw the Dog a Bone: After decades of his political career being actively sabotaged by Chilean politicians, it is possible for Allenda to finally become president if he wins the 1964 elections.

Jorge Prat Echaurren

Role: Head of State (Election, Coup)

Party: Partido Laborista Nacional^note National Labor Party, Unión Nacional^note National Unity (Coup)

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism^note Paternalism, Civilian Dictatorship^note Despotism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Before Jorge Prat, there was Arturo Prat. His heroic death at the Battle of Iquique during the War of the Pacific made him into a national icon, a martyr for Chile who has been enshrined with a holiday, and endless glory in the eyes of the citizenry. Jorge Prat may never be able to live up to the bar his grandfather set, but it will not be for lack of trying.

Unlike figures like Allende and Frei, Prat's experiences in the 20's struck him in a much different way. He saw a nation divided and helpless, at the mercy of foreign powers, unable to move forwards thanks to petty squabbles. It was this inaction that would lead him to the National Socialist Movement, but their incompetence and their leader quickly disillusioned him, and he defected to the much more mainstream Conservatives. His name certainly did him favors, leading the youth wing of the party through the turbulent 40's. His unique blend of corporatist, portalian, and apolitical rhetoric gave him a loyal base of followers as he pushed for a uniting figure to lead Chile, eventually earning him the Ministry of Justice under the Coloma administration. While his standard plank appealed to conservatives, his push for women's suffrage during his post earned him the support of many influential women in Chile, including his now key ally María de la Cruz, turning him into an attractive successor for the conservatives in the FDC and for the progressives outside it as Coloma's administration shook with instability. It was here, of course, that the fateful battle with Alessandri and Frei broke the coalition apart, and Prat was left with little more than his supporters to push him forwards.

Push they have, however, and Prat's opposition to Alessandri's administration left him in prime position to unite the right wing and take victory from his challengers. For the first time in decades, a true Conservative holds the reins, and Prat has no interest in letting his opportunity go to waste - already, he stumps for new solutions to old problems, promising that reform in Congress, unity, and order are what Chile needs. It will be difficult, taking on the great powers that make up the establishment of Chilean politics, but when Jorge Prat looks up at his grandfather's portrait, he knows it's what the old hero would want.

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• Cincinnatus: His initial post-coup plan is to restore Chilean democracy at some point, but there is a risk that he'll forget about this goal and rule Chile as a dictator.
• The Coup: Prat can dissolve congress, do a total ban on political parties and declaring martial law, potentially leading to him becoming a dictator.
• Defector from Decadence: Originally a member of the National Socialist movement, Echaurren later left the party for the conservative movement because he believed that the former's leadership was ineffective and imbesillic. However, he ended up defecting from the conservatives too because of a "lack of true principles".
• Didn't Think This Through: If Prat attempts to dissolve Congress and instate martial law, it is possible he will instead be ousted by both the military and Congress, causing him to flee and seek exile in the Argentinean embassy.
• Everyone Has Standards: Prat publicly denounces the death of some congress members that were killed after his declaration of martial law.
• Freudian Excuse: Witnessing the poverty and political in-fighting in Chile while growing up drove him to join the National Socialist Movement, though he later defected from them to join the conservative movement.
• Internal Reformist: Prat has many ideas on how to reform Chile, including women's suffrage, land reform, and Latin American integration, all while blending these with corporatist ideals.

José Sepuíveda Galindo

Role: Head of State (Anti-Prat coup)

Party: Mandato de Emergencia^note Emergency Mandate

Ideology: Interim Government^note Despotism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}José María Sepúlveda Galindo, General in the Chilean Carabineros, is a simple man. The Carabineros have been his entire life, and during his service he has always exhibited two major traits that all his colleagues know him by: a tendency towards excessive drinking and a petulant temperament towards others.

Radio patrols in Santiago, the School of Carabineros, ascension to the rank of general—this was all relatively simple for the policeman from Curicó, a conventional ascension through the ranks. It did not stay that way forever; as time wore on, his duties were increasingly marked by the difficulty of dealing with his homeland's deteriorating politics. But in all his duties he remembered that he had sworn an oath; when they asked him whether he promised to defend the Chilean constitution and its national order, he had but one answer:

"Yes, I promise."

Those words—that seemed so mundane when he uttered them—will now mark Galindo's legacy forevermore. It has fallen to the General of the Carabineros to rally the disparate constitutionalist forces against Jorge Prat's attempt to make himself the world's newest dictator; Galindo will fulfill his oath or die in its defense.

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• The Alcoholic: Galindo's excessive drinking is one of the two major traits exhibited throughout his career.
• Cincinnatus: Galindo only seeks to rule until new elections are held, fulfilling his oath to defend the Chilean constitution.
• Hair-Trigger Temper: His petulant temper is his only other defining trait to his colleagues.
• Military Coup: If Prat attempts to dissolve Congress and instate martial law, he can be ousted by both the military and Congress, whereby Galindo will rule until new elections can be held.

Roberto Viaux

^{Military outfit}

Role: Military Commander, Head of State (Military coup)

Party: Junta Revolucionaria Nacional - Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional Sindicalista^note National Revolutionary Junta - Revolutionary National Syndicalist Movement

Ideology: Revolutionary Nationalism^note Fascism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}What is it that ties men like Fidel Castro, Francisco Franco, Diego Portales, Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, and Juan Domingo Perón together? In short, it is their strength as exceptional, good Catholic men, saving their nations from corruption, degeneracy, and decay. If it weren't for them, their nations would have faltered into hellholes of suffering, and would not have guided them into a new, glorious path based on righteousness and Western, Christian virtues. Admiring Perón and Ibáñez more than any other, Roberto Viaux is nothing more or less than the latest in this long line of upstanding modern men.

Born to a long line of military men, Viaux did not climb the ranks through sheer skill or tactical expertise, but instead through his hard-working character, dependable nature, and approachable attributes as an officer. Through these traits, Viaux earned the respect of his men as well as his superiors and has since been a beacon for the downtrodden officers of Chile, something vital in this hour as the plague of Communists and social parasites has begun to infiltrate every facet of Chilean life.

As this disease has only worsened, this infestation fracturing Chile into pieces, it has become imperative for a great man like Roberto Viaux to come to power, and save this nation. Before long, Chile will join that gallery of the greats of Latin America, and make its eternal mark on history. For a man like Roberto Viaux, it is only fate.

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• Choosing Neutrality: Viaux despises every faction in the Cold War and refuses to align Chile with anyone's interests.
• Know When to Fold 'Em: If he attempts to coup the civilian government, but then faces a counter-coup by the military, Viaux and the rest of his conspirators will surrender, knowing that further escalation would result in a civil war.
• Military Coup: Viaux and his loyal troops can overthrow the Chilean president, dissolve congress, and establish his "revolutionary junta", which promises radical change to Chile.
• Space-Filling Empire: Viaux advocates unification with the other Latin American countries and even Iberia all the way in Europe.

José Toribio Merino

^{Military outfit}

^{Chilean Antarctica}

Role: Security Minister (Guzmán cabinet), Head of State (Anti-Viaux counter-coup)

Party: Junta de Gobierno^note Governing Junta

Ideology: Military Junta^note Despotism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}There are a thousand ways to describe José Toribio Merino: Americanophile, Iberophile, the self-proclaimed Defender of Christian-Western values, stern opponent to populists and fascists worldwide -and to both cases in Argentina specifically- to whom he knows no mercy, not to mention fierce enemy of liberal democracies, a known drunkard, a veteran, a biker, sculptor, painter, Communist-hater, and countless hundreds other things. José Toribio Merino is a thousand things, but the one thing he truly revels in is sailing.

Born to a Navy family in 1915, the destiny of Merino has been linked to the ocean since the beginning. Learning English and French from a young age, Merino found himself dominating his Naval academy from the age of 15 until the age of 27, serving his academy as the rising star- when the second world war beckoned, Merino found no choice but to answer through the American Navy. As the Pacific campaign threatened his life with AA fire, Merino was pulled from the frontlines due to a case of malaria permanently damaging his hearing. Over the span of the decade since, Merino has grown to international renown for his role in skirmishes with Argentina over the Beagle Channel and Antarctica, and has since been the face of Chilean-Argentinean conflict for many- to Argentinians, he serves as a stereotype to mock, a maniacal joke with no punchline. To Chileans, however, he serves as a patriotic, eccentric symbol of national identity, and the poster boy for Chilean hawkishness something most Argentinians will actually agree with- though now, serves as much more than some would have ever thought or feared possible; leader.

Since his coup, however, many wonder about the tantalizing or terrifying consequences of a Merino presidency, though there is only one question which all in South America now wonder: how far will he go?

In-Game Biography (Chilean Antarctica) ^{Click to Show}Son of Vice Admiral José Toribio Merino Saavedra, Commodore José Toribio Merino began his naval career in 1936, when he graduated from the Chilean Naval Academy. Prior to Chile's formal entry into the Second World War, Merino served in the US Navy on the USS Raleigh light cruiser. Following the victory of the Axis Powers, Merino returned to Chile, serving in several different naval units as time went on. In 1955, he began acting as an aide and counsel for naval weaponry to the Chilean embassy in the Canada. Following this, Merino's next and current appointment led him to Antarctica, serving as commander of the Chilean Naval Forces in the region. Given Chile's precarious position on the continent, Merino's work is vital in ensuring that neither the Argentineans or Japanese can seize the Chilean territory by force.

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• Allohistorical Allusion: In OTL, Merino was one of the ringleaders behind the 1973 coup against Allende, alongside Augusto Pinochet. He finds himself in a similar position in TNO, though in opposition to Viaux and his radical plans.
• Even Evil Has Standards: Whatever his personal issues, Merino considers what Viaux and his supporters have done to be beyond the pale for threatening what remains of Chilean democracy.
• Foreign Culture Fetish: He is described as both an Americanophile and Iberophile.
• Military Coup: If Viaux goes ahead with his coup, Merino and forces loyal to him can fight against him and cause him to flee Chile, whereby Merino will take hold of the presidency.
• Patriotic Fervor: Merino serves as a patriotic, eccentric symbol of national identity to many in Chile for his role in skirmishes with Argentina over the Beagle Channel and Antarctica.
• This Is Gonna Suck: If Merino's counter coup takes place, his reputation as a war hawk will leave all of South America in fear of how far he will go.
• War Hawk: Having served as the face of Chilean-Argentinean conflict, Merino has become the poster boy for Chilean hawkishness.
• Well-Intentioned Extremist: Merino considers his actions necessary not only for the eventual restoration of Chilean democracy, but also for the nation's revitalization. Unfortunately for the rest of South America, his hawkish notoriety gives others reason to be uneasy with the latter could entail.

Republic of Bolivia

Official Name: Republic of Bolivia

Ruling Party: Alianza Institucionalista Democratica - Partido de la Unión Republicana Socialista^note Institutionalist Democratic Alliance - Party of Republican Socialist Unity

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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• Butt-Monkey: Bolivia has suffered a long series of tragedies since their independence, constantly backstabbed by its neighbors. The latest humiliation was Paraguay invading their eastern territories and setting up a puppet government there.
• Downer Ending: Should Paraguay successfully invade Bolivia along with Santa Cruz and establish the Camba Nation, all authority in Bolivia will collapse, being one humiliation too many for the country to deal with.
• From Bad to Worse: The starting situation of Bolivia is already bad enough. Ethnic conflict is rife within the country, national morale is at an all-time low, and, behind the scenes, oligarchic mining tycoons and corrupt military garrisons are far too powerful for any politician to stand against. Now, labor strikes and militia groups are becoming an increasingly common sight in Bolivia and things are approaching a breaking point before the entire nation collapses into anarchy and political chaos.
• Hoist by His Own Petard: Bolivia's failed attempts at regaining control of Santa Cruz has since only made Taborga's government more well seen by their local elite.
• Let No Crisis Go to Waste: If the FULNA insurgency succeeds in Paraguay, Bolivia may launch their own offensive against Santa Cruz and the First Paraguayan Corps to retake their lost land.
• Puppet State: Having been betrayed and ganged up by its stronger neighbors, Bolivia is now ruled by a government meant to serve Brazilian, Argentinian, and Chilean interests.
• Shocking Defeat Legacy: Being invaded by Paraguay will deal a massive blow to Bolivia, destroying the government and putting the country in a state of anarchy.
• Throw the Dog a Bone: After decades of humiliation from their neighbors, Bolivia may finally catch a break if they successfully conquer Santa Cruz and the Paraguayan I. Corps, avenging their loss in the Chaco War.
• We ARE Struggling Together: Various ethnic groups inhabit Bolivia and have been at odds with each other for centuries. Once nominally unified against the Spanish who colonized them, these groups can barely stand each other now and any efforts to create a unified national spirit have failed because of this.

Armando Alba Zambrana

Role: Head of State

Party: Alianza Institucionalista Democratica - Partido de la Unión Republicana Socialista^note Institutionalist Democratic Alliance - Party of Republican Socialist Unity

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show}The constant humiliations suffered by Bolivia since its independence have not deterred the old traditional oligarchic rulers of the country from hanging on to power at the cost of their own dignity. Thrice (1938, 1946, and 1952) have they lost, and thrice have they regained it by a mixture of manipulation and force. So discredited has their Liberalism become in their process, that it is forced to call itself socialism. This spectacle, whose comical characteristics are overshadowed by the tragedy it has engulfed the country in: The abdication of sovereignty, economic vassalage, aggravation of racial resentments, exacerbation of privileges, and finally, the disintegration of order.

Such a horror show requires actors to continue running, with the man now occupying the limelight presidente de turno Armando Alba Zambrana. By all accounts a decent man and a good historian, who reportedly has some higher sensibility to the question of Bolivia's periodically excluded indegenous population, his virtues nevertheless come to be too little too late. His government, put in place at the accord of Argentina, Brazil, the United States and Chile after Colonel Villaroel's second overthrow, through qualified elections, is completely deprived of popular support. Its inability to deal with the ever more infuriating Paraguayan presence in the Orient, and the meager support it has received in exchange for its slavish adherence to the OFN, has won it the antipathy of officers, even of those it reinstated, alongside the already angry predisposition of those adhering to either military socialism or the deposed MNR.

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• 0% Approval Rating: Zambrana's inability to do anything against the Paraguayan occupation has left him hated by much of the populace and his sycophancy to the OFN for meager support has only worsened his reputation.
• Blind Obedience: He does anything he can to please OFN interests because their support is all he's got left to back his administration.
• Nice Guy: Zambrana is a decent guy who is among the few politicians who keep the interests of the indigenous population in mind. Unfortunately, his efforts to help are too minimal to be of any substance, where foreign pressure and the corrupt power structure set up by the oligarchs have left him few avenues to change this.

Alfredo Ovando Candía

Role: Head of State

Party: FF. AA.

Ideology: Military Junta^note Despotism

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• Contempt Crossfire: Beyond some mild Germanophilia, Ovando Candía is a moderate between Vollaroel's MNR and the oligarchs, proposing some reforms through Military socialism. However, "The Crow and the Bull" livestream mentions that this will hinder his agenda because the conservative wing of the military will oppose any reforms on principle, while the angry masses and strikers think that it's too little, too late.
• Military Coup: "The Crow and the Bull" livestream shows that Ovando Candía can organize a military coup in Bolivia, promising to restabilize the country through Military socialist reforms.
• Patriotic Fervor: He was sent to fight the First Chaco War when he was just 15 years old, but he found it thrilling because he was proud to serve his country. From that point onward, he's loyally dedicated his life to the military.

Santa Cruz

^{Flag of the Unión Boliviana}

^{Flag of the Camba Nation}

Official Name: Commission Gubernativa Oriental^note Oriental Government Commission, Camba Nation (Successful Paraguayan invasion), Ejército Oriental Boliviano^note Bolivian Oriental Army (Banzer coup), Unión Boliviana^note Bolivian Union (Bolivia unified), Oriental Republic of Santa Cruz (failed Banzer coup)

Ruling Party: Partido Republicano Oriental^note Oriental Republican Party

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism^note Paternalism

A Paraguayan-backed Bolivian separatist state located in Southeastern Bolivia.

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• Les Collaborateurs: The government of Santa Cruz is mainly formed by Bolivians native to the region that are collaborating with the Paraguayans.
• Master Race: Whether an integrationist or separatist, both groups in Santa Cruz believe that they are racially superior to the Bolivians westward and that they can't even rule for themselves, praising Santa Cruz's hispanic-white purity or Guaraní-mestizo warrior ancestry as virtues, sometimes even simultaneously.
• Propaganda Machine: The minds behind Santa Cruz's secession, Raúl del Pozo Cano and Benjamín Velilla, have run an extensive propaganda campaign to sway the Oriental population against Bolivia, persuading them to join the Paraguayan sphere of influence in preparation for their eventual annexation.
• Puppet State: Santa Cruz is a Paraguayan puppet state formed around the former Bolivian city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, established after Paraguay's victory in the Chaco War.

Carmelo Ortíz Taborga

Role: Head of State

Party: Partido Republicano Oriental^note Oriental Republican Party

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism^note Paternalism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}The reignition of the Chaco War by President Busch, a calamitous event for most of Bolivia, was almost providential for a peculiar group of Orientals, centered around the figure of Carmelo Ortíz Taborga.

These men and women, collectively known as the "Separatists," spent much of the Chaco War in Asunción, fighting an intellectual war of words with their "Integrationist" pairs. Both groups are highly racialist and dismissive of the ability of the western highland population - even of its white minority - to rule for itself. Their primary disagreement lies on whether this means the eastern sectors of the country, namely Santa Cruz, and its own white population, ought to "take charge" of the country, or leave it altogether. With the Paraguayan triumphal entry into the department's namesake city, the separatist faction received a major material and propagandistic boost, as well as control of the occupied zone's civil administration.

Their leader, a former merchant and telegraph operator, was the first to jump the ship to Paraguay for help in the cause of independence, and his legitimacy with the Santa Cruz elite has only increased with each failed Bolivian attempt to retake the city. Nevertheless, the population of the region, across both sides of the latest armistice line, remain highly divided on the matter. Moreover, the government that rules the civil administration in occupied Santa Cruz is itself composed of a big-tent coalition of Ortíz Taborga's early supporters, members of the briefly extant Oriental Socialist Party, and a new generation of chiefs orbiting around the "apolitical" pro-Santa Cruz Committee. While these contain the aggregate sum of political opinion in the region, many in the latter two groups are not fully convinced of independence, which ultimately has as its guarantor only the military fortunes of Paraguay.

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• The Quisling: When Paraguay invaded Bolivia during the Chaco War, Ortíz Taborga led the Separatists to defect to the invading force. In the aftermath, he still rules Santa Cruz and secured its independence through Paraguayan military guarantees.
• Teeth-Clenched Teamwork: Ortíz Taborga's administration is a big-tent coalition made up of Ortíz Taborga's early supporters, members of the Oriental Socialist Party, and the latest generation of chiefs from the pro-Santa Cruz Committee. Though united in their opposition to Bolivia, many in the latter two groups disagree with declaring independence altogether, believing they should've taken charge of Bolivia instead.

José Luis Camacho

Role: Head of State (Taborga succession, Bolivian Offensive failure)

Party: Partido Republicano Oriental^note Oriental Republican Party

Ideology: National Conservatism^note Paternalism

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• Meet the New Boss: Camacho governs in a very similar fashion to his predecessor Taborga, with any change in the Oriental Republican Party's racist policies seeming unlikely.
• Young and in Charge: Camacho was born in 1945, making him less than 20 years old when he takes power.

Carlos Valverde Barbery

Role: Head of Government (Ortíz), Head of State (Successful Paraguayan Invasion)

Party: Falange de la Nación Camba^note Phalanx of the Camba Nation

Ideology: National Syndicalism^note Fascism, Falangism^note Fascism (Successful Paraguayan Invasion)

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• The Quisling: Valverde is a former Bolivian citizen who has collaborated with the Paraguayan occupation of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and can take over the puppet state if Paraguay's invasion of Bolivia succeeds.

Hugo Banzer

Role: Head of State (FULNA victory)

Party: Liga Federalista Nacional^note National Federalist League

Ideology: Aristocratic Conservatism^note Despotism

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• Military Coup: With support from the First Paraguayan Corps, Banzer takes over Santa Cruz in preparation for its war against Bolivia.
• Politically Incorrect Villain: If his conquest of Bolivia succeeds, Banzer will impose Santa Cruz's racial laws on the entire country.
• Warhawk: Banzer is known throughout the world as a "unionist" who intends to conquer all of Bolivia.

First Paraguayan Corps

Ruling Party: I Cuerpo de Ejército - Ejército Paraguayo^note 1st Army Corps - Paraguayan Army

Ideology: Military Junta^note Despotism

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• The Remnant: After Guevara and the FULNA overthrow the Paraguayan government, the remaining loyalists flee to the northwestern outskirts of the country, linking up with Banzer in Santa Cruz.
• Satellite Character: Their primary role is to serve as military support for Santa Cruz's invasion of Bolivia.

Andrés Rodríguez Pedotti

Role: Head of State

Party: I Cuerpo de Ejército - Ejército Paraguayo^note 1st Army Corps - Paraguayan Army

Ideology: Military Junta^note Despotism

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• You Are in Command Now: With the downfall of the National Republican Association, Rodríguez Pedotti is the only possible leader left for the loyalists, who rally around him in the city of General Morínigo.

Southern Cone

Argentine Republic

Official Name: Argentine Republic

Ruling Party: Unión Civica Radical^note Radical Civic Union

Ideology: National Liberalism^note Liberalism

A regional power competing with Brazil for geopolitical influence. Argentine at present is a democracy haunted by an overbearing military and the spectre of Peronism. For its tropes, see the dedicated Argentina subpage.

Republic of Paraguay

Official Name: Republic of Paraguay, República del Paraguay (FULNA victory), Socialist Republic of Paraguay (Soler)

Ruling Party: Asociación Nacional Republicana - Guión Rojo^note National Republican Association - Red Banner

Ideology: Fascism

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• Bilingual Bonus: Their official name "Republic of Paraguay" is written on their flag in Spanish.
• Civil War: As soon as the German Civil War starts, Paraguay will fall in one of their own, called the Paraguayan Bush War, with the United Front for National Liberation (FULNA), a coalition of Liberals, Communists, Social Democrats and discontent soldiers rising up.
• Curb-Stomp Battle: If Guevara or Soler stands out victorious, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay will invade Paraguay in order to stop communism, needless to say that such a war is heavily one-sided.
• Enemy Mine: The FULNA is a coalition of several groups that are only together because of their opposition to Morínigo's regime, so much that it collapses into violence after the Communists gain prominence in the provisional government.
• Failure Is the Only Option: Paraguay is the only place in South America that, no matter what, will never taste lasting and full democracy within the span of the game content. The Democráticos and FULNA's non-communists will slip into anocracy, and a communist Paraguay will be soundly defeated in a second War of the Triple Alliance anyway.
• Foreign Culture Fetish: Many Paraguayan children are given German and Italian names, and streets are named after fascist figures who never set foot in Paraguay.
• Hated by All: As the sole fascist country in South America, Paraguay has a tense relationship with all of its neighbors.
• History Repeats: In the event of Che Guevara emerging victorious, Argentina and Brazil could declare war, leading to a one-sided conflict called the Second War of the Triple Alliance, with the consequences for Paraguay being just as destructive as the first one.
• I Can Rule Alone: The FULNA is mainly divided between a liberal faction and a communist faction that vie for power over Paraguay and will turn on each other when their common foe has been eliminated. Sure enough, the two factions battle each other as soon as Morínigo is deposed, in which only one can emerge victorious.
• Let No Crisis Go to Waste: When the Oil Crisis hits South America, Paraguay invades a vulnerable Bolivia to seize more land. Larger countries like Brazil can't intervene due to their own economic crises, making a Paraguayan victory likely.
• Names to Run Away from Really Fast: The name of the Stratocratic Nazi faction of the Colorado Party translates to "War Front", while the Esoteric Nazi group in Paraguay is named "Ring of Sacrifice".
• Putting on the Reich: Paraguayan buildings and uniforms are often modelled after Nazi aesthetics, albeit of a much lower quality.
• Small Name, Big Ego: For all their talk of being a beacon of strength in South America, Paraguay often finds itself sandwiched and strong-armed by its more powerful Brazilian and Argentinian neighbors, whom wield far more influence over their economy than Paraguay itself.
• Small Role, Big Impact: Downplayed. While not insignificant, Paraguay's a relative small fry compared to its more powerful neighbors. What happens within it, however, can have far-reaching consequences for Latin America.

Higinio Morínigo

Role: Head of State

Party: Asociación Nacional Republicana - Guión Rojo^note National Republican Association - Red Banner

Ideology: Fascism

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show}Born in 1897 to a middling merchant family, Morínigo pursued a career in the army and was a colonel by the time war broke out with Bolivia in 1932. He would spend the Chaco War in the general staff, climbing to the rank of marshal before the 1935 ceasefire. This prestigious position made him, in the eyes of the Liberal Party, a good choice for Interim President in the political chaos following the 1937 collapse of the Febrerista government.

But Morínigo had the support of the Army, and rather than hold elections he seized absolute power in a self-coup and established Paraguay as a fascist state. Morínigo built six concentration camps and filled them all; his political enemies fled or were killed in the terror he unleashed. Morínigo had always admired the Nazis, so at his behest they made Paraguay their foothold in the hemisphere. Over the next twenty years, his increasingly brutal reign alienated any possible friends other than Hitler.

Morínigo doesn't mind this isolation- "let the cowards sneer", he says. In his view, the more that foreigners call him a "boorish tyrant", the more his own people believe in his strength. So let them try and take down Morínigo- his luck hasn't run out yet!

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• Brains and Brawn: As Juan Natalicio's description says, he is the brawn to Natalicio's brains. While Natalicio has built the ideological foundations of his government Morínigo is the brutish strongman keeping the country in check.
• Bread and Circuses: Morínigo controls the population through carrot and stick welfare policies fed with German money, which means that Paraguay's 1962 living standards are actually better than in real life.
• Crowd Pleaser: All his talk of "survival of the fittest" just means compromising and pleasing everyone at once. This strategy works because Germany supports his regime and smooths over the flaws of this ideology, but as soon as Germany collapses into civil war, Morínigo's approach falls apart quickly and Guevara's rebels begin mobilizing against him.
• Cultural Posturing: Morínigo puts down the Spanish languages spoken in the rest of Latin America, instead promoting the native language of Guaraní as superior to them.
• A Lighter Shade of Black: Despite being a fascist dictator, Morínigo isn't even close to being the worst potential leader of Paraguay; his government and the military are filled with people even more hardline and unhinged than him, and his main general Alfredo Stroessner is easily the most violent individual in Paraguay, despite being far less ideological.
• Short-Lived Leadership: Morínigo gets couped by either another or his own faction after a crisis brought by the German Civil War.

Juan Natalicio González

Role: Head of Government (Morínigo cabinet), Head of State (Coup)

Party: Asociación Nacional Republicana - Guión Rojo^note National Republican Association - Red Banner

Ideology: Revolutionary Nationalism^note Fascism

In-Game Biography (Head of Government)^{Click to Show}There is perhaps nobody more responsible for modern Paraguay than Juan Natalicio González, not even Morínigo himself- for Morínigo is merely the brutish strongman keeping Paraguay on its present course, while Natalicio is the man who decided that course.

Natalicio is a vaunted poet and essayist of the Generación del 900, who has for his entire career advocated for the nobility of what he calls the "Guaraní Race", and argued for its propensity to thrive under authoritarianism. He founded the cultural magazine Guarania to spread his ideas, and the Guardia Urbana paramilitary group to defend them; and now as the brains to Morínigo's brawn, Natalicio will guide Paraguay towards his vision of a new golden age.

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• Brains and Brawn: As his own description says, he is the brains to Morínigo's brawn. He is a respected intellectual, the ideologue behind the beliefs of the current Paraguayan government and the man who decides Morínigo's government course.
• The Coup: After the German Civil War starts, Natalicio can lead Morínigo's own faction against him and unceremoniously force him out of the government or he will possibly lead a countercoup in case the Democráticos took power.
• Meet the New Boss: Even though he can coup Morínigo, Natalicio has no plans of implementing any major reforms to his government.
• The Starscream: Natalicio is the head of the cultural and ideological side of Morínigo's regime and when the crisis hits at the start he can quickly betray him and gain power.
• The Story Teller: Natalicio as the head of the cultural side of Morínigo's regime is credited with creating myths surrounding Paraguayan despot Francisco Solano López and the War of the Triple Alliance in the in order to downgrade López's brutality and portray him as a victim instead of the instigator of the war.

Mutshuito Villasboa

Role: Head of State (Coup)

Party: Asociación Nacional Republicana - Frente de Guerra^note National Republican Association - War Front

Ideology: National Socialism

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• Absolute Xenophobe: Villasboa is very pro-Nazi and far more xenophobic than even Morínigo.
• The Coup: After societal and political stability disintegrates due to the German Civil War, he will seize control of the government from Morínigo.
• General Ripper: Villasboa is a ruthless general who can brutally crack down on the FULNA insurgency on a level unseen from the previous Morínigo dictatorship.
• Hero-Worshipper: Villasboa worships Adolf Hitler like a hero, to the point of naming his son Adolfo Hirohito.
• Master Race: Villasboa believes that the Guaraní are the master race of the world.

Federico Chávez

Role: Head of State (Coup)

Party: Asociación Nacional Republicana - Democráticos^note National Republican Association- Democrats

Ideology: Christian Conservatism^note Conservatism (façade), National Conservatism^note Paternalism (actual)

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• The Coup: Chávez can depose Morínigo by a coup after the government loses stability due to the German Civil War.
• Full-Circle Revolution: If Chávez holds onto power, he will begin launching crackdowns against perceived enemies to his administration, continuing the cycle of repression in Paraguay.
• Internal Reformist: Chávez and his faction of "democrats" desire to change the Colorado's policies from Morínigo's fascism to moderate conservatism.
• A Lighter Shade of Gray: Chávez is small potatoes compared to the other successors from the Colorados, whose "second-best" leader, Juan Natalicio González, is a fascist.

Alfredo Stroessner

Role: Head of State (Counter-coup)

Party: El Stronato^note The Stronate

Ideology: Military Junta^note Despotism

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• Ax-Crazy: Stroessner is vicious in a more personal manner than most, and much of the brutality involved in his regime is not because it's needed to keep the regime going or because he ideologically thinks it's right, but because he simply wanted it.
• The Caligula: In contrast to Morínigo and Villasboa, who are sane (if evil), Stroessner is violently sadistic and likes to gore people to death. It's especially remarkable because so many of Paraguay's dangerous potential leaders are driven deeply by their brand of ideology, but Stroessner flatly doesn't care and just has nightmarishly brutal acts carried out because he enjoys it. Of all the Paraguayan leaders, Stroessner is considered worse than actual fascists.
• The Coup: If Chávez takes over Paraguay, Stroessner can launch a counter-coup to take power for himself.
• Would Hurt a Child: It's a well known fact that Stroessner is a pedophile.

Ernesto 'Che' Guevara

Role: Head of State (FULNA victory)

Party: Junta Provisional de Frente Unido de Libertación Nacional^note Provisional Junta of the United Front for National Liberation

Ideology: Guevarism^note Socialism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show}Ernesto 'Che' Guevara's life has been defined by a love for revolution - a love supplied by a voracious curiosity that has ferried him across capitalist nations and Marxist ideologies, old friendships, and new wars. Once a radical youth hopeful for a peaceful transition to Communism, Che's revolutionary beliefs took root amid the shed blood of the Colombian Civil War, when Communist sectarianism trapped millions in years of cyclical violence. Che left Colombia a changed man: one who would live and breathe his ideology.

After training in the jungles of Yucatán, Che accompanied Fidel Castro from initial defeat at the Granma to final victory in Havana. In Cuba, he became famous for his energetic, ruthless dedication to the communist cause, often calling votes among his fellow revolutionaries to decide upon a captive's execution, and never failing to stare into the eyes of the men judged for death by the vanguard of the people.

Since leaving Cuba, Che has traveled South America as a wandering guerrilla, offering instruction to budding revolutionaries and forging them into the bones of stout liberation movements, as with the FULNA. Now, having endured imprisonment in Chile and the violence of the Paraguayan takeover, Che refuses to abandon his fractious, volatile revolution for fear that it will deviate as Cuba's did. Certainly, this itinerant revolutionary still has much to do.

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• Affectionate Nickname: Che gets nicknamed "Señor Paraguay" by his troops.
• The Alliance: Guevara leads a wide coalition of various rebel groups, including liberals, communists, social democrats, and disgruntled Paraguayan ex-soldiers. The only things that unite them are their opposition to the Paraguayan government and their admiration of Guevara.
• Cincinnatus: If Guevara consolidates his power in Paraguay he will pass his duties to someone else even if they are not communists.
• Cigar Chomper: Guevara is shown smoking a big cigar in his portrait.
• Curb-Stomp Battle: If he stands out victorious and both Argentina and Brazil have become a military dictatorship they will invade Paraguay in order to stop communism, needless to say such a war is heavily one-sided.
• Developer's Foresight: It is realistically impossible for Guevara to win the Second War of the Triple Alliance. However, if Guevara can somehow repel the Triple Alliance's invasion, a special news event fires about the extraordinary event, while the invaders are sent home packing, completely humiliated.
  What kind of man is Guevara?!
• The Dreaded: Upon escaping Argentina, Guevara becomes this for many governments in South America, especially as he becomes a beacon and potential leader for various communist revolutionaries across the continent. The fear of him is so strong that when he's revealed to the true leader of FULNA and wins the power struggle, Argentina, Brazil and a reluctant Uruguay reform the Triple Alliance to successfully invade the newly communist Paraguay.
• Rebel Leader: Guevara has been leading a guerrilla war to dismantle the fascist regime of Paraguay. If he wins but gets deposed by the Triple Alliance's invasion, Guevara will retreat back to the jungle, vowing to liberate Paraguay again.
• Short-Lived Leadership: Almost immediately after Guevara takes over, Paraguay can be invaded and divided in three by Brazil and Argentina. Even if this doesn't happen, he will step down and hand power to a civilian government after he secures communist rule.
• Small Role, Big Impact: Outside of Paraguay, more specifically. Guevara's sheer charisma and publicity, combined with his errant travels across Latin America and the fluidity and decentralization of his ideas, mean that Guevarism can take root practically anywhere in the Western Hemisphere. Guevarist governments can take control of Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, Italy, and even the Armeeverband "Freies Europa", which is based in Eastern Europe and is led by Willy Brandt, of all people, can adopt it.
• Your Terrorists Are Our Freedom Fighters: Guevara's allies include some leaders who are wanted criminals in their home countries, many parties that are banned in their home countries, and he himself is considered the most dangerous terrorist in all of the Americas by practically all South American governments. But to the communist world, he and his allies are heroes and liberators.
• War Hawk: Although not interested in conquering and espousing powerful humanist ideals, Guevara is ideologically hawkish as he was in real life, being open about wanting to militarily aid the overthrow of elected and illiberal governments around him to install similar regimes. This rhetoric is one of the reasons that make the militaries of the surrouding countries declare war on Paraguay in order to end the threat.

Rafael Franco

Role: Head of State (Election)

Party: Partido Revolucionario Febrerista^note Februarist Revolutionary Party

Ideology: Left-Wing Populism^note Progressivism (façade), Left-Wing Corporatism^note Paternalism (actual)

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• My Greatest Second Chance: Previously holding office in 1936 before being couped by right-wing sympathisers in the army, after his election, he vows not to fail the people of Paraguay again.

José Félix Estibagarra

Role: Head of State (Election)

Party: Partido Liberal^note Liberal Party

Ideology: National Liberalism^note Liberalism (façade), Aristocratic Conservatism^note Despotism (actual)

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• Defector from Decadence: Once the Paraguayan Bush War starts Field Marshall Estibagarra gets tired of defending Morínigo's regime and declares his alliegance to the Liberal Party and the resistance.
• Military Coup: If the Paraguayan Bush War lasts for several weaks, Estagarriba will launch a coup against Morínigo and give power to Guevara's FULNA.
• War Hero: Estibagarra is a popular Chaco War hero.

Miguel Ángel Soler

Role: Head of State (Election)

Party: Partido Comunista Paraguayo^note Paraguayan Communist Party

Ideology: Communism

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• Short-Lived Leadership: Shortly after taking power, he will be invaded by the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, ending his reign in most normal games.

Marcos Fúster

Role: N/A

Party: Anillo de Sacrificio^note Ring of Sacrifice

Ideology: Esoteric Nazism^note National Socialism

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• Torture Technician: Under Morínigo's regime, Fúster has set up an intricate web of prisons and concentration camps where anti-fascists are arrested and tortured to death.

Uruguay

Official Name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay

Ruling Party: Partido Nacional (Herrerismo-Ruralismo)^note National Party (Herrerism-Ruralism)

Ideology: Herrerism^note Paternalism

For its tropes, see the dedicated Oriental Republic of Uruguay subpage.

Gobernación de Tierra del Fuego

^{Flag of the Gobernación de Tierra del Fuego (Anchorena-led Argentina)}

Official Name: Gobernación Marítima de Tierra del Fuego

Ruling Party: Armada Argentine^note Argentine Navy

Ideology: Colonial Government^note Despotism

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• The Migration: The goal of the Gobernación is to bring in settlers to the Tierra del Fuego and assert Argentina's control of the territory over Chile and Canada.
• Repressive, but Efficient: In spite of its dictatorial style of governance, the Gobernación has proven to be a stable territory that successfully encourages Argentine colonization to the island.

José María Guzmán

Role: Head of State, Comandante Base Naval Ushuaia^note Security Minister (Guzmán cabinet)

Party: Armada Argentine^note Argentine Navy

Ideology: Colonial Government^note Despotism

In-Game Biography ^{Click to Show} The lack of scruples and agitated nature of Argentine politics sometimes open the gates of power to men who in no normal situation would ever find themselves in a position to accede to them. Such is the case of Rear-Admiral José María Guzmán, a naval hydrographer who occupied a bureaucratic post at the recently provincialized Patagonia Province in 1956.

When news that Peron had been toppled in Buenos Aires reached Tierra del Fuego, the then-Captain Guzmán rushed to secure the local power vacuum by performing a coup of his own, and declaring himself governor of the restored Maritime Territory. Somewhat ignored by Buenos Aires in the convoluted months that followed, Guzmán was confirmed at his post by Admiral Hartung, and survived the change in government after 1958 when Hartung vetoed Frondizi's plan to abolish the naval territory.

With oversight over the delicate southern frontier, and nominal jurisdiction over the disputed islands under Canadian administration and Argentine Antarctica, Guzmán, who rules with the sum of public power, has spent most of his time desperately attempting to bring in settlers to the barren island, and preparing for the eventuality of conflict with either Chile or Canada. His surprisingly stable rule over the territory, shared only with the minister of government appointed by the President, has remained relatively popular, albeit dampened by the continued, active persecution of Peronists, in trials often presided over by Guzmán himself.

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• Blood Knight: Controlling a highly disputed territory by other countries, Guzmán and the navy have no interest in giving up the island to Argentina's rivals and promotes hawkish resolutions to the problem over more peaceful means.
• Military Coup: Upon hearing of Perón's ousting in Argentina, Guzmán wasted no time to launch a coup of his own in the Tierra del Fuego and his position was later confirmed by Admiral Hartung.

Paraguayan Occupation Zones

Argentine Occupational Zone

^{Flag of the Argentine Occupation Zone in Paraguay (Anchorena-led Argentina)}

Official Name: Argentine Occupation Zone in Paraguay

Ruling Party: Administración Aliada de Paraguay - Fuerzas Armadas Argentinas^note Allied Administration of Paraguay - Argentine Armed Forces

Ideology: Military Mandate^note Paternalism

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• Let No Crisis Go to Waste: Unlike the other members of the Triple Alliance who see the invasion of Paraguay as a means to an end, the Argentinian representatives see the occupation as a perfect opportunity to own more land and they push negotiations to own the country's major population centers.
• Satellite Character: The Argentine Occupational Zone solely represents the territories owned by Argentina after invading Paraguay.
• Warhawk: The Argentine generals in charge of invading Paraguay are more than eager to do so, being the first to jump at the opportunity from the Triple Alliance.

Benjamín Rattenbach

Role: Secretary of War^note Security Minister (Martínez Cabinet), Head of State

Ideology: National Catholicism^note Despotism, Military Mandate^note Paternalism (Argentine Occupational Zone)

See his entry on the Argentine Republic subpage.

Brazilian Occupational Zone

Official Name: Brazilian Occupation Zone in Paraguay

Ruling Party: Administração Aliada do Paraguai - Forças Armadas do Brasil^note Allied Administration of Paraguay - Armed Forces of Brazil

Ideology: Military Mandate^note Paternalism

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• Cincinnatus: The Brazilian colonels in charge of the occupation wish to eventually leave Paraguay and restore independence to them.
• Everyone Has Standards: Though a participant in the Triple Alliance's invasion, the Brazilian Armed Forces are unnerved by the hawkish enthusiasm of Argentine general Eduardo "Bocha" Uriburu". They almost consider backing out of meetings to partition Paraguay, until the strict, anti-communist General, Afonso Augusto de Albuquerque-Lima, shows up.
• Know When to Fold 'Em: The Brazilian occupation is intended to be temporary because they know that staying in the long-term to fight a guerrilla war will be extremely unpopular and restoring their independence is the cheapest way to resolve the whole debacle.
• Satellite Character: The Brazilian Occupational Zone solely represents the territories owned by Brazil after invading Paraguay.

Carlos de Meira Mattos

Role: Head of State

Party: Administração Aliada do Paraguai - Forças Armadas do Brasil^note Allied Administration of Paraguay - Armed Forces of Brazil

Ideology: Military Mandate^note Paternalism

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• Enemy Mine: Mattos shares Brazil's rivalry with Argentina and Uruguay, but when it comes to preventing the rise of communism in Paraguay, he begrudgingly joins forces with them.

Uruguayan Occupational Zone

Official Name: Uruguayan Occupation Zone in Paraguay

Ruling Party: Administración Aliada de Paraguay - Fuerzas Armadas del Uruguay^note Allied Administration of Paraguay - Armed Forces of Uruguay

Ideology: Military Mandate^note Paternalism

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• Land of One City: After the Triple Alliance's victory, the only part of Paraguay that Uruguay gets to occupy is the capital Asunción.
• Satellite Character: The Uruguayan Occupational Zone solely represents the territories owned by Uruguay after invading Paraguay.
• Stealing the Credit: Subverted. The Nationalist generals try to take all the credit for the Triple Alliance's victory, but the Liberals, led by Tiribocchi, stop this so that they won't be further motivated to take over the Armed Forces.
• We ARE Struggling Together: The Uruguayan diplomatic and military staff are deeply divided over invading Paraguay, with the Nationalists viewing it as a chance to earn personal glory and the Liberals grumbling over having to fight a pointless war.

Hugo Tiribocchi

Role: Head of State

Party: Administración Aliada de Paraguay - Fuerzas Armadas del Uruguay^note Allied Administration of Paraguay - Armed Forces of Uruguay

Ideology: Military Mandate^note Paternalism

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• Everyone Has Standards: Despite being a military man, Tiribocchi is among the participating generals in the Triple Alliance to voice reservations about the justness of invading Paraguay.

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