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Our heroes are sent to a conference, retreat, or some other gathering with a group of colleagues they don't know personally. Only... one of these "colleagues" is not what they seem.

Our heroes soon learn that one of their party has been replaced by some manner of villain (typically The Mole, though a random escaped criminal is not unheard of), but, for various contrived reasons, that's all the information they're going to get. So it's up to them to work out which of their supposed colleagues is really The Mole before he can kill them all.

Often results in everyone being Locked In A Room. This can be self-imposed, as our heroes can't chance The Mole reporting back to headquarters. Circumstances will always contrive to prevent out heroes from getting in touch with the outside world to find out who The Mole is.

Non-recurring characters are subject to being killed off one-by-one by The Mole. The heroes are sometimes exempt, as The Mole needs them to get out of the Locked Room.

In a well-done example, the audience will work out who The Mole is only seconds before the heroes do, though they'll typically be led to an incorrect guess from early on.

Strictly speaking, no one is above suspicion, even our heroes, and at least one member of the group will panic, accuse the heroes, and run off to a certain demise. Of course, the audience (usually) knows better.

However, there are some rules to guide you in making your short-list of suspects:

• One person will seem to actively hinder the investigation. He'll drop the radio, breaking it just before a description of The Mole is broadcast. He'll have a panic attack at a critical moment endangering the group. He'll be suspiciously uninformed about whatever his job is supposed to be. This person is never The Mole. He's just an idiot. (See Hanlons Razor.)
• One person knows his job well, but he's a little high-strung. He accuses a lot of people of being The Mole on shaky grounds. He's cannon-fodder.
• One person is very competent and helpful. He'll even have some extra skills that are handy for just the room in which they are locked. He might even find clues as to The Mole's identity. At some point, he'll save the hero's life. He's The Mole, and he's really very good at it.

Common twists:

• The incompetent, actively-hindersome character isn't just not-The Mole: he's a spy for the good guys. He's been keeping it a secret since, like everyone else, he's not entirely sure that The Mole isn't one of the heroes. His apparent incompetence is a combination of the fact that he's really a spy, and not whatever cover he's adopted, and that he's trying to goad The Mole into tipping his hand through Obfuscating Stupidity.
• There's a second mole — perhaps even one that the first mole doesn't know about.

Uncommon twists:

• None of them are The Mole: the initial message was a fabrication by the bad guys to make the heroes turn on each other.
• None of them are The Mole: the hero has been hypnotized to act as mole without even his own knowledge.
• The Mole sucessfully frames someone else.

Compare Spot The Imposter, Zombie Infectee, And Then There Were None, Witch Hunt, and Red Herring Mole.

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Examples:

• Mac Gyver: "The Invisible Killer". Just as Mac determines which of the Phoenix employees on his wilderness stress-relief retreat is an imposter, we find out that not one but two of them are really escaped convicts.
• The Twilight Zone: "The Monsters Are Due On Maple Street". A street in a small town loses all power and use of their cars. Spurred on by a young boy's claims that this is a common comic book plot, they quickly suspect each other of being aliens. As riots break out, the audience learns that, no, none of the folks on Maple Street are aliens. The whole thing was set up by alien puppetmasters outside of town to trigger the riot, who comment on how easy conquering Earth this way is. Replace "aliens" with "terrorists" and "alien puppetmasters" with "US Army researchers", and you get the version used in the 2002 remake.
  • The episode "Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up?" had a diner full of suspicious patrons who suspect each other of being a possible alien hunted by the police. The twist here is after one of the patrons reveals himself to be an alien scouting for a Martian invasion, the cook at the diner turns out to be another alien, who informs him that his fellow Venusians have beaten the Martians to the punch.
• First Wave did this numerous times and in every variation. They added the further complication that the hero himself was usually also an imposter in the group, and had to spend much of the episode convincing the others to trust him.
• War of the Worlds also did a number of variations on this. The most straightforward instance was "The Last Supper", complete with the undercover spy who initially appears to be a shoo-in for The Mole.
• Arguably, the biblical Last Supper qualifies as well, what with its 13 people sitting at a table, one about betray the leader, making it one of the Oldest in the Book. However, the fact that, y'know, Jesus knows exactly what's up and chooses to do nothing kind of misses the point of the exercise.
• The Mole implemented this concept as a Reality-based Game Show.
• The '80s version of The Thing, and the short story both versions were based on, Who Goes There? both combined this trope with The Virus.
• Another alien-invasion movie example: The Faculty; the humans who have not (yet) been taken over by alien parasites regard each other with suspicion and must figure out who in their number has fallen under alien control... but more than that, they must determine which person has actually been an alien all along. Not really susprisingly, the one who is an alien rather than an alien-controlled human is the "new girl," who has been giving the other students a backstory they've had to take on faith, rather than having a known history in their community.
• Webcomic example: In Jack, the titular grim reaper takes the souls of 5 people killed in an explosion, and leaves it to them to find out who planted the bomb. It's never made clear precisely why he does this, although escorting souls to Judgement must get a little dull, so maybe this is how he entertains himself.
• This is the entire idea of the psychological party game Mafia (also known as Werewolf), although generally about a quarter of the players are The Mole.
• The second season of Who Wants To Be A Superhero included such a challenge. Given that there were two actors planted amidst the first season contestants (both The Mole and a scheduled Face Heel Turn), this was a believable threat for the heroes and the audience. But it turned out to be a false one; all the contestants were for real this time, and Stan just wanted to see if they'd go into witch-hunt mode.
• In Morrowind, a book titled A Game at Dinner tells the story of a sadistic ruler inviting his advisors to a feast, ending it with a large stew and a message: he's poisoned those he suspects to be spies in a way that the spy protagonist did not expect, and the antidote for the poison is in the stew. Each spy has a chance to drink the antidote and reveal himself while dooming the other spies. As it turns out, the ruler suspects that all the advisors are spies, they probably all are, the poison is actually in the stew, and the whole feast is just an example of what what happens to spies in the ruler's court.
  • In Oblivion, the sequel, there is actually a Dark Brotherhood mission where you are The Mole, tasked with killing a group of people alone in a house without them ever knowing who the killer is. Subverted a bit in that you can tell at least one character you are an assassin hired to kill her, and she likes you even more.
• Possibly the ultimate literary example; Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None, a.k.a. "10 Little Indians." The Mole is the only innocent character. And that's all you're getting. Read the book.
  • Also the plot of Christie's The Mousetrap and the play that was made from it.
• Yu Yu Hakusho has one of these just after the Dark Tournament arc, but Yusuke receives no tells to help him figure it out. The Mole can perfectly copy the appearance, personality, memory, etc. of whoever he touches, and he's impersonating Botan, Kuwabara, Kurama or Hiei. The only way to break his powers is to knock him out. Yusuke eliminates Hiei and Kurama because they are too skilled to be caught (which is ironic enough for Kurama to comment on, because Hiei had been caught earlier), then eliminates Botan because there's no way these Mooks would beat on the only non-combatant—but the clincher is really that Kuwabara's the only one he wouldn't feel guilty about if he knocked his lights out!
• Transformers Animated has this in the Flash Back filled episode "Autoboot Camp". Wasp was framed, and the real mole went on to become the head of Autobot intelligence while Wasp slowly went insane. Way to go, Bumblebee.
• Used in KateModern during the "Trouble in Paris" arc, in which the situation is complicated by several characters having their own secrets, and by the fact that, with one exception who ISN'T the mole, the characters are all friends and protagonists.
• The story of the tail section survivors on Lost: Nathan is the Red Herring Mole. Goodwin is The Mole. Then there's Cindy and Libby, and we still don't know what was up with either of them. Prevailing fan speculation is that Libby was The Mole, too, but for a different organization.
• I remember a Star Trek novel (probably Kobiyashi Maru) where this was a training scenario for Starfleet cadets. Several dozen cadets were dropped on an abandoned moonbase, and told that one of them was The Mole. Their teachers then sat back and watched what the cadets did. Typical behavior was to band together into small groups, and end up fighting against other groups because one of them could be The Mole. Kirk was the only one who came up with an actual solution (the scenario was designed to be "unwinnable"); he invited all groups to join his, but the condition for joining was that everyone would be disarmed. The exception were two guards selected by Kirk; if one of them happened to be The Mole, the other could just shoot the guy. Chekhov's solution was to simply kill EVERYONE (at the end of the training, all his victims assumed he was the Mole. He thought he was the winner. The teachers explained he was simply a very skilled assassin (and a bit of an idiot)). Turns out there was no Mole, the scenario was designed to emphasize the dangers of distrust and paranoia.
  • Picard found himself in a similar situation in the episode Allegiance, where he and three strangers are left in a cell with hints that one of them is working for their captors. In this case, not only was one of them the mole, but an impostor Picard was also placed on the Enterprise to run an experiment on the crew.
• Identity is a variation of this. 10 strangers meet in a remote hotel, where they start getting killed one by one by a killer, who is presumably one of them. At first the trope seems to be played straight, as the helpful, authority figure cop is revealed to really be a criminal and a killer. However, at the end, it's revealed that the killer who was actually killing the guests was the little boy.. This makes sense because the characters are all personalities inside the mind of a serial killer with multiple personality disorder; the little boy is the murderous personality, representing the abuse the killer experienced as a child.
• D-Tox was a film with this premise, starring Sylvester Stallone. Stallone was one of 9 cops being treated for psychological problems at a remote ranch in snowy Wyoming. However, one of the other patients was actually a serial killer who targets cops, having killed the real patient and assumed his identity. I forget the specific identity of the real killer, except that he turned out to be the character who was most apparently helpful and mature (as opposed to the cowardly guy or the violent alcoholic).
• Mindhunters was another film with this premise, about several FBI students being trained as criminal profilers at a remote training facility. One of them is actually a serial killer killing the other characters off one by one. Of course, the killer turns out to be the heroic, helpful, supportive Alpha Male of the group.
  • The killer was also a Self Made Orphan, a backstory detail which should have really tipped them off a lot sooner.
• In Maurice Leblanc's first published Arsène Lupin short story, L'arrestation d'Arsène Lupin, the passengers of a transatlantic liner learn by telegram that the famed Gentleman Thief is travelling in first class under an assumed name. All they know is he is blond and his fake name begins with R. The story deals with the idle young nobility on board trying to unmask him from those clues while various precious objects are stolen around them ; until the ship arrives and Lupin is revealed as the narrator, who was not blond and whose name did not begin with R, but who planted false clues to mislead the police.
• Used to some extent in Dune, with a letter throwing transparently false suspicion on Jessica. No one in House Atreides suspects Yueh of being The Mole at all, though he's already been identified as such in the narrative.

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