Among other things, Carol's actions in the aftermath of the first film — i.e. destroying the Supreme Intelligence just like she'd vowed to Yon-Rogg — re-contextualizes the Kree's depiction in previous installments of the MCU (while at the same time confirming longstanding Fridge theories from Captain Marvel):
With their civilization-guiding AI gone, the Kree were thrown into chaos and became caught up in a decades-long Enemy Civil War. Between this and Carol remaining a thorn in their sides, it explains why the Kree had to end their longtime conflict with Xandar; they couldn't afford to fight the Nova Corps, Skrulls, and their own people at the same time.
The Supreme Intelligence's death also reconciles the Plot Hole of a Kree Emperor ruling the Kree in that film despite his absence from Captain Marvel: he was the eventual leader in the wake of the SI's death (or alternately, a previously ceremonial head of state that was forced to take over).
It also adds more context to Ronan defying the Kree Emperor and going rogue following the peace treaty. If the Supreme Intelligence had still been alive and calling the shots, that would've been one thing. Ronan might have heeded the chain of command (at the very least, his fanaticism would have been in direct conflict with his loyalty to Kree law and tradition — like obeying the Supreme Intelligence). But with the AI dead and Hala's government unstable over the ensuing years, Ronan would have no personal loyalty to the politicians; if anything, their failure with the Civil War would've deepened his contempt and hatred. Signing the peace treaty with Xandar was simply the last straw.
It also offers an alternate interpretation of the hostile diplomatic conference call between Nova Prime and the Kree Ambassador. There, the Kree refusing Prime's pleas to publicly condemn Ronan's campaign of genocide or even go after him themselves came off as petty spite. Given the hardliners in the Kree government, it was even possible they were privately hoping Ronan would succeed and that his status as a renegade would give Hala plausible deniability. But knowing now the Kree were then-embroiled in the middle of a civil war, the conference call indicates that with the Kree Empire so fractured and their homeworld barely being able to survive, the Ambassador literally didn't have the clout or manpower and resources to stop one rogue Accuser from carrying out his megalomaniacal agenda. Taken in that interpretation, the Ambassador's obstinacy was less about petty spite and more about keeping up appearances, so their rivals wouldn't realize how bad things had actually gotten inside the Kree's borders.
On a minor note; when the Nova Corps first arrest the then-soon-to-be Guardians, they don't seem particularly impressed with Peter's human (or in their words, terran) heritage. Carol having a name for herself and killing the Supreme Intelligence by then might have given the Corps (and possibly the galaxy as a whole) a pretty grand mental image of humanity, and were disappointed that Quill was nothing like the Captain.
The unpopularity of the peace treaty with the Nova Empire would’ve rallied citizens behind Ronan (hence the existence of a faction of Purist Kree in the second film). However, Ronan’s fundamentalist ideology is at odds with Dar-Benn’s pragmatic stance as the former would run Hala to the ground faster, meaning he jeopardized Dar-Benn’s support while he was alive. All the Guardians succeeded in doing was removing one of her biggest rivals, tipping the civil war in Dar-Benn’s favor and allowing her to have the following she has in the film.
Vin-Tak's determination to keep anyone on Hala from learning of the reemergence of Inhumans takes on a much darker tone. It is not just because he wants to keep the Kree from using the Inhumans as weapons against their enemies, it’s because they would be used as weapons against other Kree by any of the factions in the Kree Civil War.
The depiction in later seasons of the Kree merely as members of the Confederacy when none of its other member species have been shown to be major players in the Cosmic side of things in the MCU. A civil war that has been going on for decades by the time of the Battle of New York accounts for how the House of Kasius can get away with making its own separate foreign alliances and even join a multi-species confederation without the central government in Hala doing anything about it.
For Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, the fact that there are elements of the Kree openly putting out bounties on the Guardians for saving Xandar without eliciting any response from the Kree central government. Because they have much bigger fish to fry.
In a way, Carol's destruction of the Supreme Intelligence explains why Thanos's variant from 2014 considered her a viable threat to the point of having the Sanctuary II fire every gun at its disposal at her when she reappears on Earth. Hearing news that an Infinity Stone-empowered woman severely crippled such a powerful galactic empire without so much as breaking a sweat would understandably make even someone as powerful as Thanos wary of her.
We learn here that S.W.O.R.D. has dossiers of new superheroes. While Fury likely learned about Kamala from Damage Control, Kate Bishop's dossier clearly came from Clint Barton and Kamala's mention of Cassie Lang means Scott or the Pyms likely informed Fury about it. It's also probable that they also had dossiers of Jennifer Walters/She-Hulk, Marc Spector/Steven Grant as Moon Knight/Mr. Knight, Layla El-Faouly/Scarlet Scarab, Matt Murdock/Daredevil, Shang-Chi, etc.
The way S.W.O.R.D. would learn about the Moon Knight system and Scarlet Scarab? The battle between Ammit and Khonshu would draw their attention to the area, and then they'd use any surveillance systems in the area to figure out why it happened. And even if they didn't physically see both gods, Ammit's followers caused enough problems in Cairo to get their attention. For everyone else, it'd be interactions with heroes S.W.O.R.D. was already aware of (Kate Bishop, Shang-Chi, America Chavez), being related to them (Cassie Lang, She-Hulk) and/or having footage of them doing superhero stuff (everyone else).
While Carol's fury during her fight with Thanos at the end of Avengers: Endgame was perfectly understandable at the time, as we see just how angry she is in that specific scene, we also see here through flashbacks that Maria told Carol that she knew Monica would come back. It reveals that Carol didn't just lose Fury and Monica to Thanos, he took away Maria and Monica ever having a chance at saying goodbye.
The song that plays when the trio are testing out the switching powers on Carol's ship is "Intergalactic" by Beastie Boys. Part of the opening lyric of that song is "don't you tell me to smile", a likely Fandom Nod about the criticism of Carol not smiling much in the first movie.
Considering how much of an Avengers fangirl she is, Kamala's homage to Fury recruiting Tony with how she spoke in recruiting Kate wasn't just a nod for the fans, but something that likely has been reported in the media and she decided to take it.
Why is Kamala the only one enjoying herself during the musical interlude in Aladna? Because as a fan of Bollywood movies, she is used to watching people suddenly break into song and dance.
Fury's interactions with Kamala show how much better he is at interacting with younger heroes than Talos was in Spider-Man: Far From Home. While Talos believed that trying to replicate Fury's stoic and no-nonsense exterior would give Peter the Tough Love he needs to rise up to the task, Fury himself understands the need to be patient and understanding with Ms. Marvel despite her Ascended Fangirl behavior, as he gets that she's Just a Kid who got sucked into a situation she had no way to prepare for.
Fury's insistence that Aamir continue his Muslim prayer under the justification of needing "all the help we can get" as they're tumbling down to Earth is most certainly a funny moment, but it also completely makes sense. After all, Fury is aware that at least the Norse gods exist (the Asgardians are currently living on Earth, after all), so it's not unreasonable for him to assume that Allah might also exist and offer his own version of divine intervention.
As a Black American, Fury was likely raised as a Christian, and many Black Americans are sympathetic to Muslims due to the role of converts in the Civil Rights movement. Since they are both Abrahamic religions that worship the same god, Fury is probably counting on ecumenical brownie points as well.
It's pretty odd to see Monica and Fury working as part of S.A.B.E.R. rather than S.W.O.R.D., the organization Maria Rambeau founded in The '90s and was previously seen in Spider-Man: Far From Home and WandaVision. However, it makes sense if one considers how the latter series revealed that the head of the organization turned out to be a corrupt Obstructive Bureaucrat who illegally claimed an Avenger as his property amongst his other crimes, culminating in his arrest by the FBI. With a big scandal as that plaguing S.W.O.R.D. as an organization, it's more than likely that it was either shut down and/or rebranded as S.A.B.E.R. under Fury's command, which he would be quick to do given what previously happened with S.H.I.E.L.D. years prior.
One can very briefly see the other bangle on Carol when they're sitting in the bi-plane. Fridge sets in when you realize that Kamala and her new bestie now have friendship bracelets!
The method that the Kree use to steal the air from target worlds appears to be the same way that the Chitauri breached Earth's atmosphere in The Avengers (2012), although in that film the wormhole was in deep space and did not result in the air being sucked away.
The revelation that Hala has been a dying planet for well over 30 years recontextualizes how horrifying Ego's attempt to assimilate the planet as part of his expansion was in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Bad enough that the oceans are gone and the sun was dying, but they also had to deal with an insane Celestial trying to terraform the planet and likely killed thousands in the process. Worse enough, this is followed by Thanos' Snap killing half of the remaining population. Thankfully, that half got revived by Bruce Banner.
Considering that after Secret Invasion, all non-Earth natives were declared enemy combatants by President Ritson, New Asgard might not be a very safe place for the Skrull survivors, even though it was Carol's only option.
However, between Ritson being replaced by Secretary Ross by Captain America: Brave New World, and the more than likely backlash from countries not wanting an intergalactic war, the U.S.'s political enemies, or private sectors now invested in intergalactic resources, Ritson's manhunt could've not been that problematic.
Moreover, New Asgard is located in Norway, a country that Ritson and the USA have no legal authority over. They could have just flat-out ignored the call for extermination of extraterrestrials, especially because the Asgardians are the inspiration behind Norse gods, and by extension at least some Skrulls would be fine there, especially if they shifted their appearances to look like a few more Asgardians for a while.
Fridge Sadness: Even over 30 years later, Carol is still lacking in a lot of her pre-1989 memories, which truly shows what the Supreme Intelligence and Yon-Rogg did to her.
Kamala watching the destruction of Tarnax, having to save as many people as they could, knowing that they would have no choice but to leave many behind to die. It's much worse when you remember that this is fresh off her trip through time in which she watched her own people endure the same thing during the partition of India and Pakistan.
The flerkens who rescued everyone from S.A.B.E.R. are now free to spread across the Earth and reproduce. It took thirty years, but Goose had about thirty kittens at once without (as far as we are shown) needing a partner.
Monica is stuck in a different universe. Going by the rules Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness set, she's going to need to get out fast or else she'll cause an incursion.
By those rules, the more impact she has on that universe, the more probable an incursion becomes.
Of course, there's the fact that the Masters of the Mystic Arts possess sling ring technology, which has been shown to easily allow passage between different dimensions and realities... so getting Monica back home isn't as difficult as might be expected. Also, America Chavez is living among them.
What even happened to Aladna after Carol, Monica and Kamala leave? They were in the midst of a pitched battle with Dar-Benn's portal siphoning their oceans away to Hala. Maybe they survived because water is just that abundant on their planet, but maybe not.
