Timeline / United States

Pre Colonial Times: 10000 BC to 1492

• circa 10,000 BC: The first people would cross over the United States in the "Bering Strait". Ancestors of Native Americans hunt large mammals, catch fish, and gather fruits and nuts. The Unangan (Aleut) people settle the island chain stretching south and west from the Alaskan Peninsula.
• c. 9000 BC: Celilo, a village on what is now called the Columbia River, bustles during salmon runs. Each year, salmon swimming upstream to spawn turn the river, between present-day Washington and Oregon, silver with fish. Fishermen standing on rocks spear or net fish that can weigh 40 to 50 pounds each. Women dry the catch for storage and trade, and Celilo becomes a market with exotic goods from hundreds of miles away for sale.
• c. 4500 BC: The first mound builders would emerge in what is known as Watson Brake in northeastern Louisiana.
• c. 3000 BC: People occupy large settlements in an area now known as Santa Barbara, California, hunting rabbits and deer on land, and waterfowl, seals, and sea lions in the Pacific Ocean, as well as crushing hard seeds and acorns.
• c. 2600 BC: Gulf Coast peoples make canoes and pottery for trade.
• c. 1000 BC: The Adena and Hopewell build large earthwork mounds at the center of their cities and community gardens. The Great Serpent Mound, in what is now Adams County, Ohio, stretches 4 football fields in length and is 20 feet high in some places.
• c. 200 BC: Arctic Hunters in Alaska make sophisticated boats and gear to hunt animals.
• c. 400 AD: The first people came to Hawaii.
• 800 to 1500: The Mississippian culture emerges as a series of urban settlements and satellite villages (suburbs) linked together by a loose trading network, the largest city being Cahokia, believed to be a major religious center.
• 900 to 1350: Ancestral Pueblans travel to the southwestern part of the United States and establish Pueblo culture. Chaco Canyon and Pueblo Bonito becomes major centers of culture for the Ancestral Puebloans
• 1000 AD: Norse seaman Leif Ericsson lands in Newfoundland, which he calls Vinland. But the settlement was small and did not last as long.
• 1200: Led by chief-priest Pa‘ao, Tahitian settlers in the Hawaiian Islands set up a stratified society of ali‘i (chiefs), kahuna (priests), koa (warriors), maka‘ainana (workers), and kaua (servants). The chiefdoms enforce kapu (taboos) and begin to extend their authority across the Hawaiian Islands.
• 1400: Tahitians, sailing double-hulled canoes, take over the oceanic trade routes between Hawai‘i and Tahiti.
• 1492: Christopher Columbus, financed by Spain, makes the first of four voyages to the New World. He lands in the Bahamas.

Colonial America 1492 to 1776

• 1513: Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León lands on the coast of Florida.
• 1565: Saint Augustine, Florida, settled by the Spanish, becomes the first permanent European colony in North America after raiding it from French Huguenots.
• 1607: Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in America, is established by the London Company in southeast Virginia.
• 1619: The House of Burgesses, the first representative assembly in America, meets for the first time in Virginia. The first African slaves are brought to Jamestown.
• 1620: The Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts is established by Pilgrims from England.
• 1614 to 1667: New Netherland is established by the Dutch, conceived by the Dutch West India Company (GWC) in 1621 to capitalize on the North American fur trade. The English would seize New Amsterdam (city and colony) from the Dutch and rename it New York.
• 1754 to 1763: French and Indian War: Final conflict in the ongoing struggle between the British and French for control of eastern North America. The British win a decisive victory over the French on the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec. With the Treaty of Paris, the British formally gained control of Canada and all the French possessions east of the Mississippi.
• March 5, 1770: Boston Massacre: British troops fire into a mob, killing five men and leading to intense public protests.
• December 16, 1773: The Boston Tea Party: Group of colonial patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians board three ships in Boston harbor and dump more than 300 crates of tea overboard as a protest against the British tea tax.

1774: First Continental Congress meets in Philadelphia, with 56 delegates representing every colony except Georgia. Delegates include Patrick Henry, George Washington, and Samuel Adams.

• July 4, 1776: Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia.

Revolutionary War and Early Government 1776 to 1799

• 1777: Continental Congress approves the first official flag of the United States.
• December 19, 1777 - July 19, 1778: Battle-weary and destitute Continental army spends brutally cold winter and following spring at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
• April 20, 1778: John Paul Jones, in command of the Ranger, attacks Whitehaven in England, America's first naval engagement outside North America
• June 1778: A Whaleboat attack on Flatbush, Brooklyn done to kidnap New York Mayor David Mathews and other British and Loyalist figures partially succeeds in securing a future prisoner exchange.
• December 29, 1778: The British successfully capture Savannah.
• October 19, 1781: British General Charles Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia.
• September 3, 1783: Great Britain formally acknowledges American independence in the Treaty of Paris, which officially brings the war to a close.
• August 1786: Under the failed Articles Of Confederation, Shays's Rebellion erupts; farmers from New Hampshire to South Carolina take up arms to protest high state taxes and stiff penalties for failure to pay.
• 1787: Constitutional Convention, made up of delegates from 12 of the original 13 colonies, meets in Philadelphia to draft the U.S. Constitution.
• February 4, 1789: George Washington is unanimously elected president of the United States in a vote by state electors.
• April 30, 1789: Washington is inaugurated as president at Federal Hall in New York City.
• December 15, 1791: First ten amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, are ratified.
• February 13, 1793: George Washington was unanimously elected president again.
• March 4, 1793: Washington's second inauguration is held in Philadelphia.
• 1793: Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin greatly increases the demand for slave labor.
• March 4, 1797: John Adams is inaugurated as the second president.
• July 7, 1798, to September 30, 1800: The U.S. is in an undeclared naval war between the United States and the French First Republic, which ended in peaceful negotiations without a big giant war.

Antebellum Period 1800 to 1861

• 1800: The U.S. capital is moved from Philadelphia to Washington, DC and the U.S. Congress meets in Washington, D.C., for the first time. Gabriel Prosser, an enslaved African American blacksmith, organizes a slave revolt intending to march on Richmond, Virginia. The conspiracy is uncovered, and Prosser and a number of the rebels are hanged. Virginia's slave laws are consequently tightened.
• March 4, 1801: Thomas Jefferson is inaugurated as the third president in Washington, D.C.
• February 24, 1803: Marbury v. Madison: A landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that greatly expands the power of the Court by establishing its right to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
• May 2, 1803: Louisiana Purchase: The United States agrees to pay France $15 million for the Louisiana Territory. As a result, the U.S. nearly doubles in size.
• 1804: Following the United States doubling its territory with the Louisiana Purchase, an expedition is launched to explore the new land. President Thomas Jefferson commissioned private secretary Meriwether Lewis and military captain William Clark to lead a team of 33 men on a ‘Corps of Discovery’. Setting out from St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition to explore the West and find a route to the Pacific Ocean lasts more than two years.
• November 15, 1805: Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean.
• 1812 to 1815: The United States' declaration of war against the British follows long-standing tensions over territories, trade, and maritime rights. It marks the emergence of the U.S. as a military force on the world stage with much of the conflict focused on the British Empire's territory in Canada. The war ended with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. Lawyer Francis Scott Key is moved to write a poem after witnessing British forces bombarding Fort Mc Henry in Baltimore Harbor. This poem is later put to the tune of an English drinking song to become "The Star-Spangled Banner".
• 1817 to 1825: The Eric Canal is being built, linking the Hudson River to Lake Erie in New York.
• February 22, 1819: A treaty with Spain is agreed upon that cedes Florida to the United States to resolve previous border disputes between the two countries. Known as the Adams-Onis Treaty or the Florida Treaty, Spain ceded Florida in return for settling a border dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas.
• March 30, 1820: Missouri Compromise: In an effort to maintain the balance between free and slave states, Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) was admitted as a free state so that Missouri can be admitted as a slave state; except for Missouri, slavery is prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase lands north of latitude 36°30'. The law is an attempt to tackle rising tensions over the issue of slavery.
• 1822: Denmark Vesey, an enslaved African American carpenter who had purchased his freedom, plans a slave revolt with the intent to lay siege on Charleston, South Carolina. The plot is discovered with Vesey and 34 co-conspirators hanged. Vessey had been able to purchase his freedom after winning $600 in a street lottery.
• December 2, 1823: Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe declares that the American continents are henceforth off-limits for further colonization by European powers. It warned that any outside intervention in the Americas would be regarded as a potentially hostile act.
• 1828: The first stone is laid to commence construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), the first public railroad in the U.S.
• March 4, 1829: Andrew Jackson takes the oath of office to become the seventh President of the United States. A former general who took part in the War of 1812, he wins an overwhelming victory in the 1828 election. His inaugural speech includes a commitment to ensure the fair treatment of Native Americans.
• May 28, 1830: President Andrew Jackson signs the Indian Removal Act, which authorizes the forced removal of Native Americans living in the eastern part of the country to lands west of the Mississippi River. By the late 1830s, the Jackson administration has relocated nearly 50,000 Native Americans. The Cherokee were among the tribes to unsuccessfully challenge the legality of the act.
• 1831: Enslaved African American preacher, Nat Turner, leads the most significant slave uprising in American history. He and his band of around 80 followers launch a bloody, day-long rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia. The militia quells the rebellion, and Turner is eventually hanged. As a consequence, Virginia instituted much stricter slave laws. Anti-slavery "Liberator" newspaper is launched.
• March 1, 1836: The Texas Declaration of Independence was signed following the Texas Revolution. It declared Texas as being independent of Mexico, creating the Republic of Texas.
• 1836: The Battle of the Alamo takes place during the Texas Revolution with Mexican troops laying siege to Texas rebels camped out at the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Bexar. After 13 days, the Mexicans capture the fort and kill around 200 Texan defenders that include politician and soldier Davy Crockett.
• February 24 to March 6, 1836: Texan rebels continue to contest the territory with Mexican troops. The final and decisive battle takes place along the San Jacinto River with the Texan Army defeating the Mexican forces. It leads to the Mexican troops retreating from the area and ratifying the Independence of the newly formed republic.
• March 1, 1845: The Republic of Texas is annexed into the United States, making it the 28th state of the Union. The decision to accept Texas was controversial due to it being a slave state.
• June 15, 1846: The signing of the Oregon Treaty resolves a dispute between the United States and the United Kingdom over the territory around Oregon. After a negotiated settlement, the agreement fixes the U.S.-Canadian border along the 49th parallel of north latitude and the U.S. acquires the Oregon Territory.
• May 13, 1846, to February 2, 1848: The United States declares war on Mexico, triggering two years of conflict. The roots of the war are ongoing disputes over Texas and its recent annexation into the United States. It triggers the expansion west of the United States, adding states such as California, New Mexico, and Arizona.
• January 24, 1848: A carpenter from New Jersey, James Wilson Marshall, finds flakes of gold in a river near Coloma, California. Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill in California. As word of the discovery spreads, it sparks a frenzied response with prospectors flooding into the area. The Californian Gold Rush reaches its peak the following year.
• July 19 and 20, 1848: The first women's rights convention in the United States takes place in Seneca Falls, New York. The main organizer was Elizabeth Cady Stanton with around 300 attendees debating issues surrounding women's rights and opposition to slavery. It marks the start of a growing women’s suffrage movement.
• 1840s to 1860s: Harriet Tubman, along with her two brothers, escape from the Poplar Neck Plantation in Maryland where she has been kept as a slave. Working as part of the Underground Railroad network, she becomes a leading abolitionist who helps hundreds of slaves to find freedom.
• 1851: Moby-Dick; or, The Whale is published.
• 1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is published, widely praised by abolitionists, and condemned by slave owners. The book sells several hundred thousand copies in its first few years of publication.
• 1853: Gadsden Purchase gave away land that is located on the southern border of Arizona. One of the key reasons for the U.S. to acquire the lands of the Gadsden Purchase was to construct a transcontinental railroad.
• 1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act repeals the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and allows all territories to permit or prohibit slavery.
• 1854 to 1859: "Bleeding Kansas": A period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces.
• 1860: Abraham Lincoln is elected the 16th president of the United States.
• December 20, 1860: South Carolina secedes from the United States.

The American Civil War 1861 to 1865

• February 4, 1861: The Confederate States of America is formed.
• April 12, 1861: Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter. This is the start of The American Civil War.
• April 15, 1861: President Abraham Lincoln sends 75,000 troops to quell the insurrection.
• July 21, 1861: The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the Battle of First Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces) was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces.
• August 5, 1861: President Lincoln signs the Revenue Act of 1861 into law, creating the first national income tax in American history.
• August 12, 1861: Confederates were ambushed by Mescalero Apaches in Big Bend country south of Fort Davis, Texas.
• August 30, 1861: Acting without higher approval, Major General John C. Frémont issues an edict freeing the slaves of all Confederate sympathizers in Missouri.
• October 12, 1861: The first ironclad in the U.S. Navy, USS St. Louis, launched at Carondelet Missouri.
• November 8, 1861: The Confederate emissaries to England and France are removed from the British vessel RMS Trent, initiating the "Trent Affair" and endangering the United States' relationship with Great Britain.
• February 22, 1862: Jefferson Davis was inaugurated as President of the Confederate States of America. He was previously serving as the Confederacy's provisional president since February 1862.
• April 6 and 7, 1862: The Battle of Shiloh: Fighting took place in southwestern Tennessee, which was part of the war's Western Theater. The battlefield is located between a church named Shiloh and Pittsburg Landing, which is on the Tennessee River. Two Union armies combined to defeat the Confederate Army of Mississippi. The battle was the costliest engagement of the Civil War up to that point, and its nearly 24,000 casualties made it one of the bloodiest battles in the entire war.
• July 7, 1862: Lincoln's Second Confiscation Act, which emancipates slaves in the federal territory and forbids the return of fugitive slaves.
• August 27, 1862: General Stonewall Jackson captures and plunders Union supply depots at Manassas Junction, Virginia.
• September 17, 1862: The Battle of Antietam was fought between Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee and Union Gen. George B. McClellan as the bloodiest day in American history, with a combined tally of 22,727 dead, wounded, or missing.
• November 5, 1862: Lincoln orders that Major General George McClellan be replaced with Ambrose Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac.
• December 11 to 15, 1862: The Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia: One of the largest and deadliest battles of the Civil War. It featured the first opposed river crossing in American military history as well as the Civil War’s first instance of urban combat. Ended in Confederate victory.
• January 1, 1863: The Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect, freeing slaves in Confederate states.
• January 17, 1863: Lincoln approves a Congressional resolution authorizing the Treasury to issue $100,000,000 in new notes in order to pay Union soldiers and sailors. President Lincoln also calls for regulation of the national currency.
• February 18 to 21, 1863: The Cherokee National Council meets at Cowskin Prairie to disavow pro-Confederate factions and abolish slavery.
• February 26, 1863: Confederate guerrillas attack a freight train near Woodburn, Tennessee.
• March 3, 1863: Abraham Lincoln signs the Conscription Act, creating the first national military draft in American history.
• April 21, 1863: Confederates raid the B&O Railroad in Virginia (now West Virginia).
• May 10, 1863: Stonewall Jackson was accidentally shot by Confederate pickets. He lost his left arm to amputation; weakened by his wounds, he died of pneumonia eight days later.
• July 1 to 3, 1863: The Battle Of Gettysburg occurs, with more than 50,000 estimated casualties, the three-day engagement was the bloodiest single battle of the conflict.
• July to July 16, 1863: Draft riots in New York City. White rioters attacked black people, with violence throughout the city. The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals. Mobs had ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings, two Protestant churches, the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers, many black homes, and the Colored Orphan Asylum. A final confrontation occurred in the evening near Gramercy Park, where twelve people died in skirmishes between rioters, the police, and the Army.
• September 20, 1863: Union troops retreat to Chattanooga, Tennessee after the Battle of Chickamauga.
• November 19, 1863: President Lincoln delivers the "Gettysburg Address".
• February 2, 1864: Southern navy captures U.S. gunboat Underwriter but is forced to burn and flee.
• May 5 and 6, 1864: Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia, and General James Longstreet is seriously wounded in combat.
• May 7 to September 2, 1864: General William Tecumseh Sherman campaigns in Atlanta. Confederates withdrew from Atlanta in the face of successive flanking maneuvers by Sherman's group of armies. In July, Jefferson Davis used the more aggressive General John Bell Hood, who began challenging the Union Army in a series of costly frontal assaults. Hood's army was eventually besieged in Atlanta and the city fell.
• November 15 to December 21, 1864: General William T. Sherman led some 60,000 soldiers on a 285-mile march from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia. The purpose of Sherman’s March to the Sea was to frighten Georgia’s civilian population into abandoning the Confederate cause. Sherman’s soldiers did not destroy any of the towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned the houses and barns of people who tried to fight back.
• January 16, 1865: Field Order 15 redistributes 400,000 confiscated acres of land in Georgia and South Carolina to newly freed Black families ("40 acres and a mule").
• January 31, 1865: U.S. House passes 13th Amendment abolishing slavery.
• February 17, 1865: Columbia, South Carolina is burned. Civilians from Charleston, South Carolina were evacuated from the city.
• February 22, 1865: Wilmington, North Carolina is captured.
• April 8, 1865: Battle of Appomattox Station, where General Robert E. Lee's hope of finding food and supplies in the immediate area undoubtedly influenced his decision to surrender.
• April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
• April 14, 1865: President Lincoln is assassinated.

Reconstruction and Gilded Age 1865 to c. 1900

• May 29, 1865: President Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan returns confiscated property, excluding slaves, to southern Whites, and pardons them, in exchange for swearing loyalty to the Union.
• June 2, 1865: Confederate General Simon Bolivar Buckner surrenders the last of the Confederate Army, the Army of the Trans-Mississippi. This is the end of the Civil War.
• December 6, 1865: The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution abolishes slavery.
• April 9, 1866: The first Civil Rights Act is enacted to protect the civil rights of former slaves.
• March 2, 1867: The Reconstruction Act of 1867 outlines terms for rebel states to return to the Union.
• March 30, 1867: Alaska Purchase: Russia sells Alaska to the United States for $7,200,000.
• February 24, 1868: President Andrew Johnson is impeached by the House of Representatives.
• May 26, 1868: Johnson is acquitted at his trial in the Senate.
• July 9, 1868: The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution grants American citizenship to everyone born in the United States, including formerly enslaved persons, and guarantees due process to all citizens.
• November 3, 1868: A new presidential election is held. Ulysses S. Grant is elected president.
• December 25, 1868: Before Grant is inaugurated, President Johnson pardons all Civil War rebels.
• February 9, 1869: Authorities drop treason charges against Jefferson Davis.
• March 4, 1869: Ulysses S. Grant is inaugurated as the 18th president.
• January 26, 1870: Virginia rejoins the Union.
• February 3, 1870: The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution prohibits states from denying citizens the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
• March 30, 1870: Texas is readmitted to the Union.
• July 15, 1870: Georgia becomes the last state to rejoin the Union.
• April 20, 1871: President Grant signs the Ku Klux Klan Act, a congressional act allowing the suspension of Habeus Corpus in order to combat the Ku Klux Klan and other terrorist organizations.

October 8 to 10, 1871: The Great Chicago Fire kills 300, leaves 10,000 homeless, and destroys 17,000 buildings.

• May 22, 1872: President Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872, which restored full civil rights to most Confederate sympathizers.
• December 9, 1872: P.B.S. Pinchback, the first African American governor of Louisiana, takes office.
• 1872 to 1873: The Modoc War between the Modoc People of northeastern California and the U.S. Army. The war is started by the murder of General Edward Canby and Rev. Eleazer Thomas by the Modoc during a peace conference. The murderers are tried and imprisoned. The remaining Modoc people are moved to Indian Territory in Oklahoma and held prisoner until 1909.
• March 1, 1875: The Civil Rights Act guarantees African Americans equal rights in public transportation, public accommodations, and jury service. This would be overturned in 1883.
• April 24, 1877: "The Compromise". 12 years after the close of the Civil War, federal troops still occupied three southern states. These states disputed the election of President Rutherford B. Hayes. In exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops, the states accepted Hayes’s win. This was the end of Reconstruction.
• June to August 1878: The Bannock War: A two-month battle between Bannock warriors and the U.S. Military. An influx of aggressive settlers threatens this group of Native Americans living on the Snake River Plain in Idaho. They agree to move to a reservation near Boise. Terrible conditions on the reservation cause internal strife. A switch in U.S. policy toward closing reservation borders exacerbates tensions with the outside world. The murder of a federal agent by Fort Hill Indians sparks the violence that started the war.
• 1879: Thomas Edison creates the first lightbulb for commercial sale.
• 1880: Gold is discovered in Juneau, Alaska.
• July 2, 1881: President James Garfield is shot by Charles Guiteau in Washington, D.C.
• September 19, 1882: President Garfield dies from complications of his wounds in Elberon, New Jersey. His vice president, Chester Alan Arthur, succeeds him in office.

1873In 1873, a financial panic causes the Long Depression, a period of financial depression that will last 65 months. Wages will contract by 45 percent, and in the winter of 1873 to 1874, New York will have an unemployment rate of 25 percent. Tensions from this period would be one of the factors leading to the 1877 Railroad Strike.

March 4

President Grant is inaugurated for the second time.

March 22

Emancipation Day in Puerto Rico. Enslaved people are freed.

1875March 1

The second Civil Rights Act is passed. It prohibits racial discrimination in public accommodations and jury service.

March 3

The Page Act bans the immigration of Chinese women on the presumption that they will be used as prostitutes.

18761876-1877

The Great Sioux War. The discovery of gold in North Dakota’s Black Hills brings an influx of prospectors and settlers. Followers of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse mount a defense of the sacred hills. Several battles ensue, the most famous of which is the Battle of Little Big Horn, which sees the defeat of U.S. General Custer and his forces. The war ended in 1877, with the surrender of Crazy Horse.

Sitting Bull

March 5

Rutherford B. Hayes is inaugurated as the 19th president. At this time, three southern states are still occupied by federal troops. These states dispute Hayes’s election. A year later, these states will recognize the results of the election in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops. This is the end of Reconstruction.

1877

The Nez Perce War between U.S. forces and the Nez Perce and Palouse tribes. The war starts when the U.S., in violation of the 1855 Treaty of Walla Walla, attempt to remove the tribes to a reservation in the Idaho Territory. At the end of the war, 418 Nez Perce surrender, while others escape to Sitting Bull’s camp in Canada.

July 14

The Great Railroad Strike. In Martinsburg, West Virginia, Railroad workers strike for 52 days after their wages are cut. Railway workers in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Illinois, and Missouri also strike. Strikers burn down buildings and vehicles. The strikes are put down by militia, and around 100 people die.

September

The Crow War in Montana. The Crow medicine man, Sword Bearer, leads a retaliatory raid against the nearby Blackfoot tribe. The Indian Agent assigned to the Crow reservation misinterprets their celebration as an attack and wires the U.S. Army at Fort Custer for help. Sword Bearer and his group flee to the Big Horn Mountains. Armed conflict ensues. Many Crow surrender. Sword Bearer is murdered by police during the march out of Big Horn.

1878June to August

The Bannock War. A two-month battle between Bannock warriors and the U.S. Military. An influx of aggressive settlers threatens this group of Native Americans living on the Snake River Plain in Idaho. They agree to move to a reservation near Boise. Terrible conditions on the reservation cause internal strife. A switch in U.S. policy toward closing reservation borders exacerbates tensions with the outside world. The murder of a federal agent by Fort Hill Indians sparks the violence that started the war.

1879Thomas Edison creates the first lightbulb for commercial sale.

1880Gold is discovered in Juneau, Alaska. Over the next twenty years, discoveries in Nome, as well as in Klondike in neighboring Canada, would bring hordes of prospectors to Alaska.

March 4 1881

James A. Garfield is inaugurated as the 20th president.

July 2 1881 President Garfield is shot by Charles Guiteau in Washington, D.C.

September 19 1881: President Garfield dies from complications of his wounds in Elberon, New Jersey. His vice president, Chester Alan Arthur, succeeds him in office.

May 6 1882: President Arthur signs the Chinese Exclusion Act, prohibiting the immigration of Chinese laborers.

1883: Five civil rights cases, establish the legality of racial segregation, on the grounds that the 13th and 14th amendments do not prohibit acts of racial discrimination by private individuals.

October 28 1886: The Statue of Liberty is dedicated.

February 8 1887: The Dawes Act allows communal Native American lands on reservations to be subdivided into individual allotments and given to heads of household, in an attempt to force Native Americans to adopt a private property model of living.

September 18 1889: Activist Jane Adams founds Hull House, a community center for the poor, and a center for social reform, including the women’s suffrage movement.

July 2 1890:The Sherman Antitrust Act is signed into law, prohibiting commercial monopolies.

December 29 1890:The Wounded Knee Massacre: U.S. Army soldiers massacre some 300 Lakota Sioux men, women, and children. The U.S. Census Bureau announces that the West has been settled and the frontier is closed.

July 1 1892: The Homestead Strike: Steelworkers in Homestead, Pennsylvania, strike due to cuts in wages, and the company’s withdrawal of its previous recognition of the workers’ union. The company sends strikebreakers, and the Governor of Pennsylvania sends in the National Guard to protect the strikebreakers.

May to July 1894: The Pullman Strike against the Pullman Company, in response to layoffs and wage cuts. The strike and boycott would shut down rail traffic west of Detroit, Michigan, and would affect hundreds of towns and cities across the country. This would be another turning point in U.S. labor relations, and President Cleveland would designate Labor Day as a national holiday after the strike ends.

May 18 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: This landmark Supreme Court decision holds that racial segregation is constitutional, paving the way for the repressive Jim Crow laws in the South. Also during this year, Henry Ford builds his first automobile.

February 15 1898: The USS Maine is blown up in Havana harbor. A board of inquiry determines that the cause of the explosion is an underwater mine, but U.S. Navy officers instead believe that the cause was a spontaneous fire in a coal bunker. U.S. newspapers declare that Spain is responsible for the disaster.

April 21 to August 3 1898: The U.S. declares war on Spain, kicking off the Spanish-American War. The U.S. intervenes in the Cuban War of Independence and acquires Spain’s holdings in the Pacific. The war would also lead the U.S. to intervene in the Philippines Revolution, which would lead later to the Philippine-American War.

April 28 1898: The Teller Amendment establishes that the U.S. will withdraw its military from Cuba and help Cuba to become independent.

July 7 1898: The U.S. annexes Hawaii by an act of Congress.

December 10 1898: The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish-American War. Spain gives up control of Cuba, which becomes an independent republic, and cedes Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S., for $20 million.

February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902: The Philippine-American War: After the Philippines declare independence, the United States annexes it under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, rather than recognizing the declaration. The First Philippine Republic declares war against the U.S. In combination with famine and a cholera epidemic, at least 200,000 Filipino civilians die. Thousands more die in U.S. concentration camps. The Philippines would achieve independence after the Second World War.

July 18 to August 22 1899: The Newsboys Strike: Newspaper sellers in New York City strike, effectively stopping the circulation of the two major newspapers, run by William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. As a result, the Pulitzer and Hearst organizations change the way newspaper sellers are compensated, increasing the amount of money they earn.

December 2 1899: The U.S. acquires American Samoa by treaty with Great Britain and Germany.

September 6 to September 14 1901: President William McKinley is shot by anarchist Leon Czolgosz in Buffalo, N.Y. He later dies from his wounds and is succeeded by his vice president, Theodore Roosevelt.

Early 20th Century c. 1900 to 1918

1903: Wright brothers make the first controlled, sustained flight in heavier-than-air aircraft at Kitty Hawk, N.C.

May 4 1904: Construction of the Panama Canal begins

April 18 1906: San Francisco earthquake leaves 500 dead or missing and destroys about 4 sq mi of the city.

1909:80 Japanese cherry trees have been planted along the banks of the Potomac River.

April 8 1913: Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, providing for the direct election of U.S. senators by popular vote rather than by the state legislatures.

August 15 1914:Panama Canal opens to traffic.

January 25 1915:First long distance telephone service, between New York and San Francisco, is demonstrated.

May 7 1915: German submarine (U-boat) U-20 torpedoed and sank the Lusitania, a swift-moving British cruise liner traveling from New York to Liverpool, England killing many civilians including Americans.

November 7 1916:Jeannette Rankin of Montana is the first woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.

April 6 1917: U.S. enters World War I, declaring war on Germany

November 11 1918: Armistice ending World War I is signed.

1918:Worldwide influenza epidemic strikes; by 1920, nearly 20 million are dead. In U.S., 500,000 perish.

Mid 20th Century 1919 to 1945

January 16 1919: Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor.

August 18 1919: Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, granting women the right to vote.

November 19 1919: Treaty of Versailles, outlining terms for peace at the end of World War I, is rejected by the Senate.

July 2 1921: President Warren G Harding signs resolution declaring peace with Austria and Germany.

August 23 1923: President Harding dies suddenly. He is succeeded by his vice president, Calvin Coolidge.

October 1923:Teapot Dome scandal breaks, as Senate launches an investigation into improper leasing of naval oil reserves during Harding administration.

July 10–25 1925: The Monkey Scopes Trial:Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. John T. Scopes, a biology teacher, was tried for teaching Darwinism in a Dayton, Tenn., public school. Clarence Darrow was one of Scopes's attorneys, who argued that academic freedom was being violated and claimed that the legislature had indicated a religious preference, violating the separation of church and state. He also maintained that the evolutionary theory was consistent with certain interpretations of the Bible. Scopes was convicted, partly because of the defense, which refused to plead any of the technical defenses available, fearing an acquittal on a technical rather than a constitutional basis. Scopes was, however, later released by the state supreme court on a technicality.

May 20–21 1927: Charles Lindbergh makes the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in his plane The Spirit of St. Louis.

October 29 1929: Stock market crash precipitates the Great Depression.

March 3 1931:The Star-Spangled Banner is adopted as the national anthem.

January 12 1932:Hattie Wyatt Caraway of Arkansas is the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate

May 21 1932:Amelia Earhart completes first solo nonstop transatlantic flight by a woman.

January 23 1933: Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, moving the president's inauguration date from March 4 to Jan. 20.

March 9 to June 16 1933: New Deal recovery measures are enacted by Congress.

December 5 1933: Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, repealing Prohibition.

April 8 1935:Works Progress Administration is established.

August 14 1935: Social Security Act is passed.

1935: Bureau of Investigation (established 1908) becomes the Federal Bureau of Investigation under J. Edgar Hoover.

June 25 1938: Fair Labor Standards Act is passed, setting the first minimum wage in the U.S. at 25 cents per hour.

September 3 1939: World War II: U.S. declares its neutrality in European conflict.

December 7 1941: Japan attacks Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines. The U.S. declares war on Japan the next day.

December 11 1941:Germany and Italy declare war on the United States; U.S. reciprocates by declaring war on both countries.

October to December 1942: Allies invade North Africa.

September to December 1943: Allies invade Italy.

June 6 1944: Allies invade France on D-Day.

February 4 to 11: President Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Yalta in the USSR to discuss postwar occupation of Germany.

April 12 1945: President Roosevelt dies of a stroke and is succeeded by his vice president, Harry Truman.

May 7 1945: Germany surrenders unconditionally.

July 17 to August 2 1945: President Truman, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Potsdam, near Berlin, Germany, to demand Japan's unconditional surrender and to discuss plans for postwar Europe.

August 6 to 9 1945: U.S. drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.

August 14 1945: Japan agrees to unconditional surrender, ending World War II.

Late 20th Century 1945 to 2000

October 24 1945: United Nations in established, with The United States as a charter member and one of five permanent members of the UN Security Council.

July 18 1947: Presidential Succession Act is signed into law by President Truman. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is established.

April 2 1948: Congress passes foreign aid bill including the Marshall Plan, which provides for European postwar recovery.

June 24 1948: Soviets begin blockade of Berlin in the first major crisis of the cold war.

June 26 1948:In response, U.S. and Great Britain begin airlift of food and fuel to West Berlin.

1949: Soviets end blockade of Berlin (May 12), but airlift continues until Sept. 30.

April 4 1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is established.

1950 to 1953: Korean War: Cold war conflict between Communist and non-Communist forces on Korean Peninsula. An armistice agreement is signed.

May 1950: The Vietnam War begins: Prolonged conflict between Communist forces of North Vietnam, backed by China and the USSR, and non-Communist forces of South Vietnam, backed by the United States. President Truman authorizes $15 million in economic and military aid to the French, who are fighting to retain control of French Indochina, including Vietnam. As part of the aid package, Truman also sends 35 military advisers.

February 27 1951: Twenty-Second Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, limiting the president to two terms.

April 22 to June 17 1954: Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy accuses army officials, members of the media, and other public figures of being Communists during highly publicized hearings.

May 17 1954: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.: Landmark Supreme Court decision declares that racial segregation in schools is unconstitutional.

September 27 1957: President sends federal troops to Central High School in Little Rock, Ark., to enforce integration of black students.

January 31 1958: Explorer I, first American satellite, is launched.

January 1 1959: Alaska becomes the 49th state.

August 21 1959:Hawaii becomes the 50th state.

January 3 1961: U.S. breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba.

April 17 to 20 1961: Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba fails.

May 1961: A mixed-race group of volunteers sponsored by the Committee on Racial Equality—the so-called Freedom Riders—travel on buses through the South in order to protest racially segregated interstate bus facilities.

October 22 to November 20 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis: President Kennedy denounces Soviet Union for secretly installing missile bases on Cuba and initiates a naval blockade of the island.

August 28 1963: Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech before a crowd of 200,000 during the civil rights march on Washington, DC.

November 22 1963:President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas, Tex. He is succeeded in office by his vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson.

July 2 1964: President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act.

August 2 1964: North Vietnamese torpedo boats allegedly attack U.S. destroyer in Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam.

August 7 1964: Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures necessary to defend U.S. forces and prevent further aggression.

January 5 1965: In his annual state of the Union address, President Johnson proposes his Great Society program.

February 1965: U.S. planes begin bombing raids of North Vietnam.

March 7 1965: State troopers attack peaceful demonstrators led by Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., as they try to cross bridge in Selma, Alabama.

March 8 to 9 1965: First U.S. combat troops arrive in South Vietnam.

August 6 1965: President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act, which prohibits discriminatory voting practices.

August 11 to 16 1965: In six days of rioting in Watts, a black section of Los Angeles, 35 people are killed and 883 injured.

June 13 1966: Miranda v. Arizona: Landmark Supreme Court decision further defines due process clause of Fourteenth Amendment and establishes Miranda rights.

February 10 1967: Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, outlining the procedures for filling vacancies in the presidency and vice presidency.

January to February 1968: North Vietnamese army and Viet Cong launch Tet Offensive, attacking Saigon and other key cities in South Vietnam.

March 16, 1968: American soldiers kill 300 Vietnamese villagers in My Lai massacre.

April 4, 1968: Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

June 5 to 6 1968: Sen. Robert F. Kennedy is also assassinated in Los Angeles, California.

July 20, 1969: Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin Jr. become the first men to land on the Moon.

May 1, 1970: U.S. troops invade Cambodia. Four students are shot to death by National Guardsmen during an antiwar protest at Kent State University.

July 1, 1971: The Twenty-Sixth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, lowering the voting age from 21 to 18.

February 21 to 27, 1972: Nixon makes a historic visit to Communist China.

May 26, 1972: U.S. and Soviet Union sign strategic arms control agreement known as SALT I.

June 17, 1972: Five men, all employees of Nixon's reelection campaign, are caught breaking into rival Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington, DC.

• January 22, 1973: Roe v. Wade: Landmark Supreme Court decision legalizes abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy.
• January 27, 1973: Representatives of North and South Vietnam, the Viet Cong, and the U.S. sign a cease-fire agreement in Paris.
• March 29, 1973: Last U.S. troops leave Vietnam.
• May 17 to August 7, 1973: Senate Select Committee begins televised hearings to investigate the Watergate cover-up.
• October 10, 1973: Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigns over charges of corruption and income tax evasion.
• July 27 to 30, 1974: House Judiciary Committee recommends to full House that Nixon be impeached on grounds of obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress.
• August 9, 1974: Nixon resigns; he is succeeded in office by his new vice president, Gerald Ford.
• September 8, 1974: Nixon is granted an unconditional pardon by President Ford.
• October 15, 1974: Five former Nixon aides go on trial for their involvement in the Watergate cover-up; Three aides eventually serve time in prison.
• April 30, 1975: Fall Of Saigon: South Vietnamese government surrenders to North Vietnam; U.S. embassy Marine guards and last U.S. civilians are evacuated.
• September 7, 1977: President Carter signs a treaty agreeing to turn control of the Panama Canal over to Panama on December 31, 1999.
• September 6 to 17, 1978: President Carter meets with Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin at Camp David. Sadat and Begin sign Camp David Accord, ending the 30-year conflict between Egypt and Israel.
• January 7, 1979: The U.S. establishes diplomatic ties with mainland China for the first time since the Communist takeover in 1949.
• March 28, 1979: A malfunction at the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor in Pennsylvania causes a near meltdown.
• November 4, 1979: Iranian students storm the U.S. embassy in Teheran and hold 66 people hostage.
• January 20, 1980: President Carter announces that U.S. athletes will not attend the Summer Olympics in Moscow unless the Soviet Union withdraws from Afghanistan.
• February 2, 1980: FBI's undercover bribery investigation, codenamed Abscam, implicates a U.S. senator, seven members of the House, and 31 other public officials.
• January 20, 1981: U.S. hostages held in Iran are released after 444 days in captivity.
• March 30, 1981: President Reagan is shot in the chest by John Hinckley Jr., and survives.
• September 25, 1981: Sandra Day O'Connor is sworn in as the first woman Supreme Court justice.
• June 30, 1982: The deadline for ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution passes without the necessary votes.
• January 28, 1986: Space Shuttle Challenger explodes 73 seconds after liftoff, killing all seven crew members. It is the first in-flight fatal accident in the history of the U.S. space program.
• November 1986: Iran-Contra scandal breaks when White House is forced to reveal secret arms-for-hostages deals.
• May 5 to August 3, 1987: Congress holds public hearings in the Iran-Contra investigation.
• June 12, 1987: In a speech in Berlin, President Reagan challenges Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to “tear down this wall” and open Eastern Europe to political and economic reform.
• December 8, 1987: Reagan and Gorbachev sign the INF treaty, the first arms-control agreement to reduce the superpowers' nuclear weapons.
• March 24, 1989: Oil tanker Exxon Valdez spills more than 10 million gallons of oil. It is the largest oil spill in U.S. history.
• August 9, 1989: President Bush signs legislation to provide for a federal bailout of nearly 800 insolvent savings and loan institutions.
• August 2, 1990, to February 28, 1991: Iraqi troops invade Kuwait, leading to the Persian Gulf War. The U.S. leads an international coalition in a military operation (code-named "Operation Desert Storm") to drive Iraqis out of Kuwait. Iraq accepts the terms of the UN ceasefire, marking an end of the war.
• July 31, 1991: U.S. and Soviet Union sign START I treaty, agreeing to further reduce strategic nuclear arms.
• October 11 to 13, 1991: Senate Judiciary Committee conducts televised hearings to investigate allegations of past sexual harassment brought against Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas by Anita Hill, a law professor at the University of Oklahoma.
• December 26, 1991: Mikhail Gorbachev and President George H.W. Bush declared the end of the Cold War.
• April 29, 1992: The acquittal of four white police officers charged in the 1991 beating of black motorist Rodney King in Los Angeles sets off several days of rioting, leading to more than 50 deaths, thousands of injuries and arrests, and $1 billion in property damage.
• February 26, 1993: A bomb explodes in the basement garage of the World Trade Center, killing six, injuring 1,000, and causing more than $500 million in damage.
• December 8, 1993: President Clinton signs North American Free Trade Agreement into law.
• April 19, 1995: A federal office building in Oklahoma City is bombed by a domestic terrorist in retaliation for a siege in Waco, Texas exactly two years earlier, killing 168 people.
• December 1995: 8,000 of the first 20,000 U.S. troops are sent to Bosnia for a 12-month peacekeeping mission.
• January 17, 1998: President Clinton denies having had a sexual relationship with a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky.
• August 17, 1998: In a televised address, President Clinton admits having had a sexual relationship with Monica Lewinsky.
• December 19, 1999: House of Representatives votes to impeach President Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice.
• April 20, 1999: A school shooting at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado leaves fourteen students (including the two shooters) and one teacher dead and 23 others wounded.
• 2000: The Year 2000 problem ("Y2K") was perceived as a major concern in the lead-up to the year 2000.
• November 7, 2000: No clear winner is declared in the close presidential election contest between Vice President Al Gore and Texas Governor George W. Bush.
• December 12, 2000: More than a month after the presidential election, the U.S. Supreme Court rules against a manual recount of ballots in certain Florida counties, which it contends would violate the Constitution's equal protection and due process guarantees. The decision provokes enormous controversy, with critics maintaining that the court has in effect determined the outcome of the election.

21st Century (2000-present)

• September 11, 2001: al-Qaeda terrorists hijack planes and fly them into the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia (near Washington, D.C.), while a fourth hijacked plane crashes into a field in rural Pennsylvania after its passengers revolted and tried to take back control, resulting in the loss of thousands of innocent lives.
• September 18, 2001: President Bush signs the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists into law, beginning The War on Terror.
• February 1, 2003: Space Shuttle Columbia breaks up as it re-enters Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven crew members. An investigation would uncover that a piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank broke off and struck one of the heat-resistant tiles on the orbiter's left wing during liftoff, compromising its integrity.
• August 23 to 31, 2005: Hurricane Katrina, a Category 5 storm, strikes the Gulf Coast of the United States. Catastrophic flooding takes place in New Orleans due to the levees failing.
• November 4, 2008: Barack Obama is elected as the first black President of the United States.
• May 1, 2011: President Obama announces the success of Operation Neptune Spear: Osama bin Laden has been killed.
• December 14, 2012: A gunman kills 26 people at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conneticut, 20 of them being children.
• August 9, 2014: African-American man Michael Brown is shot and killed by Ferguson, MS police officer Darren Wilson, sparking great unrest in the city and across the nation. These tensions are exacerbated when on November 24, a grand jury decides not to indict Wilson. The militarized police response to the unrest and riots draws sharp criticism and sparks heated debate on police brutality.
• December 17, 2014: President Obama and Cuban leader Raul Castro announce the normalization of relations between the two countries, starting what would be called the Cuban Thaw.
• June 25, 2015: Obergefell v. Hodges: Landmark Supreme Court decision legalizes same-sex marriage.
• June 12, 2016: A gunman shoots and kills 49 people and wounds 53 at the Pulse gay nightclub; the hate crime, accompanied by Obergefell v. Hodges a year earlier, marks a notable turning point in American acceptance of gay marriage.
• November 9, 2016: Businessman Donald Trump is elected as the forty-fifth President of the United States, defeating former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in what is widely regarded as an upset victory.
• October 1, 2017: A gunman kills 60 people and wounds 413 at a concert in Las Vegas in what is, to date, the deadliest mass shooting in American history.
• December 18, 2019: House of Representatives votes to impeach President Trump on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.
• February 5, 2020: Senate votes to acquit Trump.
• March 11, 2020: The World Health Organization declares COVID-19 a pandemic. In the following days, regular life for the country is upended as the United States enacts numerous lockdowns and many businesses allow their employees to work from home.
• May 25, 2020: African-American man George Floyd is murdered by Minneapolis police while in handcuffs. The killing sparks worldwide protests against police brutality.
• November 3, 2020: No clear winner is declared in the presidential election contest between the incumbent President Trump and former Vice President Joe Biden due to the pandemic vastly increasing the amount of mail-in votes from citizens unwilling to risk exposure to COVID-19 by voting in person. Counting the mail-in votes lasts the remainder of the week.
• November 7, 2020: Biden is declared the winner of the 2020 election for the presidency. His running mate Kamala Harris will become the first female vice president. Trump refuses to concede and mounts numerous lawsuits aimed at overturning the results.
• December 11, 2020: The FDA approves the first COVID-19 vaccine to be made available to the general public, starting with the elderly and immunocompromised.
• January 6, 2021: Spurred on by Trump's rhetoric denying his loss, many of his supporters storm the Capitol to try to overturn the election in his favor. After they are routed, Trump finally concedes defeat in the election but soon returns to insisting he won the election and that it was rigged against him.
• January 13, 2021: House of Representatives votes to impeach President Trump for a second time, this time on charges of incitement of insurrection for his role in the January 6 insurrection.
• February 13, 2021: Senate votes to acquit now-former President Trump of his second impeachment, notably the first trial to be had for a non-incumbent.
• August 15, 2021: After the United States had completely pulled its troops out of Afghanistan as part of a peace treaty, Kabul falls to the Taliban solidifying their rule over Afghanistan.
• June 24, 2022: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization: Landmark Supreme Court decision overturns Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), making most state bans on abortion legal again and sparking a renewed flare-up on abortion rights.
• March 30, 2023: Former President Trump becomes the first president to be indicted when he is indicted for a scandal involving hush money paid to adult film actress Stormy Daniels prior to the 2016 election, and is left with 34 felony counts. He is indicted again on June 8 for mishandling of classified documents after leaving office with a further 37 felonies, now with the distinction of being the first president to be federally indicted; indicted a third time on August 1 for attempts to overturn the 2020 election and his involvement in the January 6 insurrection; and a fourth time on August 14 for his attempts to overturn the 2020 election results in Georgia.
• May 5, 2023: The World Health Organization declares the global health emergency of COVID-19 has ended.