First-Person Shooters are, well, games about shooting people. From the first-person point of view. You're seeing through the eyes of a killer, and no, they're not all psychos, and yes, sometimes it's more than justified. You think those zombies are gonna kill themselves?
People play FPS games mainly to blow off steam, or because the game play is really fun. It's a visceral experience that can be gummed up by adding too much of the wrong detail. Specifically: Don't let the story get in the way of the gameplay. As Yahtzee says in his review of Ninja Gaiden 2 (not an FPS, but...):
- "This all kicks off a story of some kind... but frankly, fuck you if you want a story. Here's your story: Demons over there, KILL THEY ASS."
Like Zero Punctuation, this page is here to help you cut through the fluff to understand the qualities that can make or break an FPS in the gaming market. Take the advice to heart and you just might wind up making the next (insert coolest FPS here).
Do get over to So You Want To Write A Story to look over similar genres and to get advice that crosses genre barriers.
Necessary Tropes
Well, you're probably going to need some sort of Death Tropes involved. While it's possible to make an FPS without killing anything, it rather defeats the point of the genre. If you have examples to the contrary, please post them down at the bottom of this page under Extra Credit.
One-Man Army: While multiplayer mode is usually the better option, any solo missions come down to One-Man Army. So far, the Artificial Intelligence behind NPC allies is, well, not exactly living up to its name. You could, of course, change all that... down in the Subversions category.
Choices, Choices
FPS works well in a variety of genres and settings, from The Wild West to modern warfare to futuristic Sci-Fi. You could probably make a caveman one where you throw rocks at things. So figure out what sort of feel you want.
Guns: Awesome guns are vital to the genre, and the most powerful possibilities come from Sci-Fi and Fantasy. Even if you wanted to do a Wild West shooter, you could borrow elements from Functional Magic or Steampunk (see Deadlands). Still, modern weaponry is getting pretty powerful, and it's not like firing off a bazooka makes you feel underpowered, so don't discount the possibilities. But, basically, your genre and setting are simply the background for the use of cool guns against various enemies.
Melee: If you're including a melee weapon or two, make sure that they are A) capable of taking down enough enemies to get ammo, and/or B) comparable to other weapons in your arsenal. Some FPS games, such as the Shadow Warrior series, place an equal emphasis on melee and ranged combat, and even allow you to specialize in one or the other.
Health Bars: Dying from a single bullet = not fun. Realistic damage = not easy to program. Invisible health bars = just one more thing for Yahtzee to complain about. But they're still choices. Consider health powerups, as well as the possibility of conserving hit points as a strategy (not getting hit too much early on in a level). Try to make the game fair yet tough.
Refuge in Audacity: Many modern shooters try to be serious, but really, just because the Media Watchdogs will call it a Murder Simulator doesn't mean that you can't have fun with it, mostly. You've got three basic routes here: standard military combat, sneaky spy missions, and over-the-top superspy / supersoldier empowerment. Because sometimes it's fun to cut loose and not worry about the casualties.
Pacing: How much a player has to stay in cover or keep on moving.
- Regenerating Health, cover system, majority of weapons being hitscan weapons, decreased weapon accuracy when moving, enemy AI being more realistic and having relatively little health encourage a slower pace and demanding players to stay in cover.
- On the flipside, numerous enemies but with a simple AI, lack of health regeneration, health pickups scattered everywhere, most of the weapons not being hitscan weapons, presence of bunnyhopping and other such tricks, being on a timed level and other factors encourage the player to be on the move and sometimes even fight out in the open.
Pitfalls
Watch the AI! One of the easiest ways to make players complain about your game is to have horrible AI, be it in allies or enemies. The two biggest offenders in AI are reactions (how they act when, say, someone is shooting at them), and interactions with the player character (running out into your line of fire = a bad thing unless it's an old-school-type shooter).
If you're going to include non-invincible friendlies, make sure you put some time and effort into making them intelligent. You're going to be walking on a cliff, with the chasm of "irritates the player" on the one side and "upstages the player" on the other. It may be best to leave them out altogether. Hint: If the player is ever standing to the side as the NPC's interact without him, you've got a big, big problem.
Definitely be wary of segments that change the way the game is played. Mainly, we're talking about Vehicle-driving sections. All too often, not enough attention is paid to making sure these control as well as the on-foot action. Players don't appreciate chores, and sloppy and unresponsive driving are certainly considered chores.
Press X to Not Die and cover-based shooting are boring. if a character is encased in six inches of superdense metal, he shouldn't die from two or three shots. Unless they're delivered to the face.
Potential Subversions
First of all, why would you want to subvert these tropes in the first place, you ask? After all, they do often work. And, in and of themselves, Tropes Are Not Bad. However, a well-done subversion will call attention to your game, and people who look at your game will, understandably, be far more willing to buy it.Again with the AI: Have the enemies react in a realistic manner to bodies lying around, to gunfire, etc. And give all the enemies a reason to be where they are. They're not standing there so you can shoot them. They're standing there to guard the door, or deliver crates to the inventory supply clerk, or to take out the command post, whatever. They have a life apart from their connection to you, the player.
Take it seriously: But run with it, have the players character really be an superhuman psychopath who slaughters hundreds of people. (Hey, it worked for Halo.) Of course, if you paint the player as the villain, you're unlikely to be very popular, so find a constructive use for your superhuman psycho.
Don't include the old standbys: Wait, this isn't a subversion, this is an aversion. Unless you call attention to it (e.g., with finding the standard guns but not using them, or having a gun look standard but act strangely). Anyway. The standard guns are ingrained into the genre; this gives you a golden chance to ignore them and try for unique and gimmicky weaponry. But remember to make them good: People complain about bad gimmicks but almost always praise good gimmicks. For a good example, look at Half-Life 2's gravity gun. Might be hard to do but if you get people to think in weird ways and jump through your silly hoops to use an arsenal of awesome gimmick guns it would be totally worth it. Alternatively, just pump the player character with Plasmids or have them become the host of a demon that likes the shade and have him or her shoot lightning or impale enemies without having to resorting to any type of gun!
Just listen to Yahtzee, in his review of Painkiller:
- But any criticism I find is immediately quashed when I remember that one of the guns shoots shurikens and lightning.
Instead of time-warping back to a checkpoint, add some Mook Horror Show. When you're ressurected at a checkpoint, have the group of enemies who killed you panick at the sight of you looting your own corpse for ammo. Bonus points if you're singing an amusing song about murder.
How about not shooting things? It's often useful to let the player walk around without shooting for a bit to let them immerse themselves in the world before they have to start murdering everyone, or to give them a breather between shooting sequences. Half-Life and its sequels did this extremely well, and in general the Black Mesa Commute is a good device for doing this.
Writers' Lounge
Suggested Themes and Aesops
...First-Person Shooters have Aesops?
More seriously: FPS's can have plots, though often the best plot is an Excuse Plot: A plot that is basically there to explain why you're shooting at these guys, and little else. War plots are very appropriate, though possibly overused.
It may be difficult to get the player to sympathize with the main character, more so if the main character is a faceless, nameless psychopath. And even if your main character is not a psychopath, the player may play him like one anyway. Be aware that anti-violence Aesops will probably come pre-broken (and given that the point of the game is to have fun via killing things, it'll be combined with a You Bastard! as well).
There's always the chance for an Aesop about appropriate violence. After all, with zombies, robots, StarfishAliens, genetically engineered monstrosities, crazed wild predators, and so forth, you can easily be shooting everything in sight without a hint of Values Dissonance. But what about innocent bystanders, or allies who have fulfilled their role in the game?
Potential Motifs
Killing... things?
More seriously, the main "motif" is going to be the genre/setting. It limits (in a good way) which kinds of guns and enemies you can include.
You should also put some thought into whether your characters can get bloody, muddy, dirty, scraped up, etc. It'll affect the whole feel of your game.
Departments
Set Designer / Location Scout
If you choose to go with an existing war, you're going to have to do some research, but then again, it'll be pretty easy to work out the look and feel of the scenery. Then again again, everybody's already done that.
On the other hand, if you choose to delve into a timeframe or location not already well represented in the market, you'll have the chance for a whole new look and feel, but you'll have to come up with a lot of stuff on your own.
Or you can follow God Hand's path and make the background dull, ugly and minimalist. No one will care if the game is filled with sufficient Awesome.
Props Department
Ah, the guns. There are, of course, the old standbys, but always consider ways to mix things up. You should put as much loving care into the design of the guns as you would a main character in any other game. Because let's be honest, in a First Person Shooter, especially one with a faceless protagonist, the guns are the real stars.
Other than guns (or weapons in general), there are secondary items to consider such as medikits, jet packs and such. These things should of course be useful (i.e., help you kill stuff), but they don't directly kill stuff, so there isn't a huge list of possibilities... but there are a good number of cool things you can do with items. These are of course completely optional, but expected by now.
You should also consider how many weapons and items the character can carry at once. Many games severely limit the inventory; while this adds a level of strategy, the more stuff the player can have at a time (and that you give him), the more options available to him, and the faster he can lay out the enemies. Depending on Sub-Genre, the speed at which the player can mow down enemies may be a very big factor in the amount of fun he has. Also, most of the shooters of the past decade have used a two gun limit, with maybe a pistol as a third (Halo, Call of Duty, FEAR, etc...). It could be fun to allow players to carry around a whole arsenal for a change, assuming you are willing to part with a bit of realism.
Another idea is to inject a little more realism, even to the standard weapons. Many weapons tend to follow certain tropes that aren't entirely accurate to how the weapon acts or is used in real life. You can inject some new life into the weapon(s), but be warned that this may play hell with multiplayer balance.
- Flamethrowers - Most games tend to show them as basically giant aerosol cans with a flame in front. Powerful, but only goes out about ten feet if you're lucky. Real flamethrowers spew burning liquid over a hundred feet away. Seems overpowered, but they're big and heavy (and thus harder to move around with), and when you shoot that big tank of jellied gasoline on their back... the tank is perforated and the fuel drains out. Jellied gasoline isn't exactly nitroglycerine in terms of instability, so you'd need something to set the fuel on fire before it would explode.
- Shotguns - Most games only have them use buckshot shells, with a ludicrously high spread. Try adding solid slugs to the mix, perhaps as a secondary fire mode.
- Gatling guns - Let's just say gatling guns don't rat-a-tat-tat. It's more like a buzzsaw with their rate of fire.
Costume Designer
Military outfits make everyone look the same, but may make it easier to tell who to shoot and who to spare (unless people start ignoring the Geneva Convention and putting on the wrong clothes and all).
However, colorful and interesting enemies are.... more interesting. Consider each enemy type as its own character and design it as such, with an interesting look that compliments its attacks and purpose.
Casting Director
Um... guys who like to shoot things. Guys who like to blow things up.
No, seriously, unless you're going to go with a Featureless Protagonist, then you'll need to have a character who's at least willing to kill people he's never met, even if under duress. And that's still a wide range of characterizations.
Alternately, you can not have a person willing to kill people he's never met. At least at first. Explore what happens to a person forced to do so anyway, and maybe even give the player a chance to not kill anyone.
Also, you can always make a female hero. How many FPS's have those? (No One Lives Forever, Medal Of Honor Underground, Mirror's Edge, Perfect Dark, Metroid Prime, and Clive Barker's Jericho (technically). Deus Ex: Invisible War also has a female main character as an option.)
Enemy-wise, you can have Nazis, aliens, zombies, lots of stuff. And since most enemies are going to be onscreen for all of three seconds, they should be distinct, colorful, and interesting.
Stunt Department
Besides people dying and Stuff Blowing Up, consider the game effect of falling from a high location, and whether or not characters recover their health over time if they get a breather.
Extra Credit
The Greats
- BioShock: Being a spiritual successor to the popular System Shock 2, BioShock makes use of similar gameplay that allows the player to utilize guns as well as customizable superpowers to defeat enemies. Although not new to video games, the game featured multiple endings but required the player to attain them in a very unorthodox way by deciding whether the player should save little mutant girls or kill them for more power.
- Battlefield: One of the first FPS franchises to make extensive use of vehicular combat and large maps with objective-oriented gameplay and class-based loadouts. It easily rivals Call of Duty when it comes to multiplayer. The more recent games also make use of the Frostbite engine which has an awesome degree of destructible environments and photorealistic effects.
- Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare: Takes the basics of Half-Life's first-person narrative and combines it with a War Is Hell story, creating an atmospheric and believable narrative, with bits of horror here and there. Also has an epic multiplayer.
- Doom 1-2: Solidified the first-person shooter genre started by Wolfenstein 3-D. Still widely played, modded, and enjoyed to this day. The weapons, enemies, and levels are iconic, influential, and endlessly imitated. Generic sound effects and the genre itself have been permanently associated with this game—for a while, games set in its preexisting genre were called Doom clones! A must-play for any FPS student. Look up Masters of Doom for the complete lowdown on its creation and design.
- Doom³: Just as Doom 1 and 2 defined the FPS, Doom 3 exemplified the changes in the genre over the years. The weapons are subdued, the enemies are more individually dangerous and attack in small groups, the levels make a pass at realism, and there's an honest-to-god story—excuse plot it may be. Still a polarizing game, even id Software is discarding much of Doom 3 while they're working on Doom 4. Still, it's a good contrast with the first two games.
- Doom (2016): A successful mix between old-school game design and new tech, as well as a much needed break from the waning run of modern shooters, DOOM pays great homage to the previous games by retaining classic FPS gameplay (no regenerating health or reloading) while having several modern elements (weapon upgrades, melee QT Es) added in, all leading to one massive fast-paced power trip that lasts to the finale. This game shows that id Software still knows how to make a great FPS after establishing the genre two decades ago, even if the original design team had already left.
- Duke Nukem 3D: Fleshed out the formerly silent FPS protagonist by giving him a voice and personality of his own, and added a lot more interactivity to the levels than Doom thanks to the Build Engine. Also has a modding community, though it isn't as big.
- System Shock could be called the first modern FPS, innovating things now taken for granted, such as a physics engine, complex texture mapping, a full 3D engine, relatively complex AI, an immersive, semi-realistic world, and advanced (for the time) mechanics like leaning around corners, crouching, jumping, and overall a huge amount of ahead-of-its-time technology and innovations that made it's contemporaries look downright primitive. Perhaps most importantly, it essentially created the story-driven shooter (predating Half-Life by several years and Marathon by a few months), as well as the RPG-shooter hybrid. Unfortunately, it sold so poorly (do to releasing at the height of the Doom craze) that it rarely gets the credit it deserves, with many of it's innovations being attributed to Half-Life, Marathon,BioShock, or its sequel (which is also widely hailed as one of the greatest shooters of all time. BioShock, Half-Life, Portal, Deus Ex, The Elder Scrolls series, Mass Effect, Dead Space, Halo, Doom³, and Batman: Arkham Asylum are just a few of the games influenced in some way by System Shock.
- F.E.A.R.: Considered to be one of the most atmospheric and most frightening FPS games, F.E.A.R. really pushed how visceral gunfights could be experienced, thanks in large part to its revolutionary AI, which is still considered to be one of the best examples of Artificial Brilliance in all of shooters. In addition, its superb mixing of horror and gunplay made it stand out amongst other games, and also helped to kickstart the creation of more atmospheric and story-driven shooters alongside the aforementioned Doom 3 and Half-Life 2
- GoldenEye N64: Called the first great console FPS (some still insist it's the only good console FPS). Goldeneye was a happy accident and a miracle for the early N64. Some of its innovations, like multiple objectives depending on mission difficulty, still haven't seen wide replication.
- Half-Life series: The most influential FPSes since Doom. Besides innovating storytelling, they also added an enormous injection of realism into gameplay. Reviewers marveled at how guns didn't float in mid-air, and powerups were placed logically within a seemingly-real setting. Half-Life had an enormous but functional arsenal, too. Half-Life 2 gutted the array of available weapons, which some critics still harp on it for, but nobody would trade the Gravity Gun for more traditional weaponry. Like Doom, these are must-plays, and perfect compliments to each other: Doom for pure arcade-style "gamist" shoot-'em-up action, level design, and difficulty, and Half-Life for an innovative, "narrativist" approach and immersion.
- Halo: While reviewer and internet opinions are split, Halo is one of the bestselling video game series ever. Even if you don't like the standard-issue (but well-written) sci-fi plot, Halo popularized a few odd game elements—limited weapons, seamless vehicle transition, a grenade button, and recharging health—in a massively entertaining package. If you scoff at Halo being innovative, recall that Half-Life 2 borrowed seamless vehicle transition from Halo—and nearly had "only two weapons + gravgun and crowbar" as its weapon inventory.
- Marathon: The first game to use mouselook properly, Marathon took the FPS genre into daring new story-based directions. Rather than an excuse plot or bare sketch—did you know Quake's story was written as an afterthought while composing the manual?—Marathon's story is the heart of the game, and it's no slouch. An affecting, truly epic science fiction adventure that still sports a sense of flippant black and self-mocking humor.
- Medal of Honor: The game that popularized the WWII-themed FPS. Asides from its realism, it also popularized the dual-analog control scheme in console FPSes. Spawned an enduring series.
- Metroid Prime: While at first controversial for switching a 2D Metroid Vania series into a first-person game, it received huge praise for its atmosphere and seamless integration of exploration and item-searching alongside combat, and has since been dubbed one of the first examples of a First Person Adventure. It may not have been the first shooter to incorporate this sort of gameplay, but it was the first to do so with a permeating feeling of isolation. Has since inspired other atmospheric and adventure driven shooters, including the third-person shooter Dead Space.
- Perfect Dark: The only game to use the exact same engine as GoldenEye. A Spiritual Successor that introduced several improvements (including an improved version of Goldeneye's multiplayer mode, several new multiplayer modes, secondary fire modes for almost all the guns and some very unique weapons) while still playing more or less the same as Goldeneye, and was almost universally praised, though it failed to sell as well as it's counterpart.
- Overwatch: Despite its recent introduction in 2016, this game is pretty much the MOBA FPS. Taking the best of both genres and combining them together, the game has amassed an impressively large fanbase, with its diverse and interesting cast of characters and fast-paced strategic gameplay.
- Quake: One of the most important, entertaining, and outlandish shooters in history. Doom popularized the FPS genre - Quake is what popularized multiplayer in shooters. It set a benchmark in pure atmosphere (helped along by Trent Reznor), and had some of the most grim, scary, and best levels and monsters ever designed. The gameplay was fast and engaging. To this day, there is a large community for modding, speedrunning, and playing Quake.
- Star Trek: Elite Force: One of the best examples of how to use the game genre as an adaptation of another property like a series like Star Trek: Voyager.
- Team Fortress 2: Not a huge innovator, but rather an example of what you get when you crank the standard FPS tropes up to eleven. An insane, over-the-top thrill ride with a perfect Excuse Plot that does nothing other than justify a bunch of quirky psychopaths brutalizing each other. The PCs are absurd parodies of stock FPS characters, but still rounded out and endearing. The game's humor is at least as important as the action.
- Unreal Tournament: Quake's rival and a key franchise in establishing the arena shooter subgenre. While its popularity has faded over the years, it's still played to this day, and the sound of the 'monster kill' announcer taunt is memorable to every 90's & 00's FPS player.
- Wolfenstein 3-D: While not as influential as the later Doom, Wolfenstein 3D is touted as the grandfather of first-person shooters, and pretty much started the whole genre altogether. Although the walls were square blocks and everything was on one plane, the fast-paced gameplay set a formula that would be resonated by many other shooters to come. Appropriately enough, it was also the first WWII-themed FPS, and managed to gain considerable controversy over its depictions of violence and Nazi imagery. The modding community is small compared to Doom or Quake, but a few impressive mods show how the engine still holds to this day.
The Epic Fails
Study the ones people mock or complain about in order to see what not to do. And these include...
- Call of Juarez: The Cartel has two lessons to teach. First, if you're going to write a story about current events, do plenty of research, carefully consider what messages you're sending, intentionally or not, and treat the topic with the respect it deserves. This is important in the FPS genre because it often involves gunning down loads of Faceless Goons without a second thought, which can easily raise some Unfortunate Implications if said goons are based on real groups of people. Second, don't skimp on teammate AI. It's fine to optimize for multiplayer, but any and all AI helpers should be up to the task. Nobody wants to end up with an Escort Mission due to poor programming.
- Daikatana: The first name in "bad FPS," it tried to bite off more than it could chew. In this case, the touted selling points—an RPG-like advancement system, sidekicks, and enormous variety of weapons and enemies—all worked against it, with useless character stats, Artificial Stupidity, and weapons that hurt you more than the enemies, along with a host of bugs (literal and metaphorical) and a nonsensical storyline. What further damned this one is the bombastic advertisement, "John Romero is about to make you his bitch.", the damage of all those bad things might be lessened if the advertisement was more low-key. Lessons learned? Don't be overdependent on your originally big namenote as the clutch of your game quality. If you want to make sure the new additions (that may be groundbreaking) to the genre can work, double check if it will still keep the FPS spirit together.
- Jurassic Park: Trespasser was one of the first, if not the first, FPS to make extensive use of semi-realistic physics. However, the game was buggy to hell and back, crashing for enormously arbitrary reasons. The game's innovations conflicted with each other in a violent way, resulting in most of the selling points being crippled, removed, or dumbed down enormously to get a semblance of playability. The game could be considered a stern warning against folk who try to innovate beyond the limits of current technology.
- Legendary (2008) takes an interesting premise and completely wastes it. The player battles mythical beasts, but these enemies are distinguished by gimmicks that only serve to annoy the player rather than keep them on their feet. Non-interactive set-pieces substitute for exciting gameplay, and these get old fast. The player can collect and use magic from slain monsters, but it is only used in healing and some scenario objectives, nothing else. Much of this stems from the developers refusing to listen to the testers
, so be sure to take QA's feedback to heart. You worked hard on the project so far, yes, but the testers are making sure that effort doesn't go to waste. You're all on the same team here.
