Storm: I propose a game of strategy. Galactus:I accept. Ant-Man: Aw, man. I know where this is going. Storm: Knight Ant-Man, move to King's Bishop 4. Ant-Man: I knew we were going to be used as pieces.
Apos in Mnemosyne is frequently shown playing chess with rather... kinky pieces. It is later revealed that he wasn't so much playing, as tracking down the Immortals' movements throughout the series.
Weiss Kreuz had an episode where the villain/target of the episode was responsible for running what were referred to as "human chess games" for entertainment purposes. However, it wasn't so much actual human chess as it was one-on-one combat on a chessboard-patterned floor.
Umineko no Naku Koro ni has an incredibly elaborate version of human chess. The entirety of Rokkenjima on Oct 4-5, 1986 is the chess board, and the pieces include members of the Ushiromiya family and servants, and demons summoned straight from heaven and hell. The players exist in the meta-world and are witches and sorcerers. As to exactly who is what kind of piece, beyond piece Battler being white king, no one's really sure...
There are some theories. Maria is the Black King, and the third arc suggests Eva, and maybe the other siblings as well, are pawns.
The anime version even comes with a chess motif, and both the anime and visual novels are filled with chess references.
A variation appears on a recent cover of New Mutants with Cyclops looming over the chessboard.
An older comic involved a witch capturing a mermaid's friends and family, turning them into statues, making those statues chess pieces, and then challenging the protagonist to a game chess with the pieces. Unlike a lot of examples, it showed that the pieces were very heavy.
The pornographic version occurs in Alan Moore's Lost Girls.
A non-villainous version appears as a one-page gag in The Smurfs comic book story "Smurfery".
Film
In the Mel Brooks movie History of the World Part I, Louis XVI of France is shown playing this, although it rapidly degenerates into an orgy.
Billy and the Bubbleship had a regular chessboard - with frozen people mirroring the actions on the larger board. As lost pieces (for one side) are used as food for the monster, Billy wanted to complete the game without losing any pieces, and figured the Queen of Mordra played against an opponent who just let her win. The solution was the four-move scholar's mate.
The first Harry Potter book uses something like this, where Harry and friends direct the pieces and it's not clear while they're playing what happens if the pieces they control lose.
In the book, the "eaten" pieces (and Ron) were dragged out of the board, unconscious. In the movie they were destroyed. The ones left simply left the board after the game was over.
Played seriously in the Lymond Chronicles novel Pawn in Frankincense where the hero is forced to play such a game with both his friends and enemies being pieces.
The Emperor in Interesting Times used live chess pieces. Less pieces were live at the end of a game.
The Star Trek novel The Final Reflection, by John M. Ford, starts with Klingon children preparing to take part in live klin zha. And since we're talking Klingons, you've already guessed that this is a gladiatorial version.
The second Gentleman Bastard novel Red Seas Under Red Skies featured a cartoonishly evil scene, with nobles playing a Variant Chess with people. The catch was that whenever a player lost a piece, the opposing player could inflict ANY punishment besides death on the piece.
All the King's Horses by Kurt Vonnegut. Also adapted for TV in a SF anthology series with a twist that made the villain more sympathetic. He didn't really execute the lost pieces, just pretended to to make a point. The Sadistic Choice he faced still cost the hero his family.
Carrion Comfort, by Dan Simmons. The mind vampires (pretty much in name only, they are simply people who can control minds) in the novel are seen doing this on several occasions. In the first instance, holocaust victims are used as pieces (to the death, naturally). The plot of novel runs like this as well, as the two puppet master villains play a game corresponding to the events of the plot. The book is even divided into "beginnings" "middle game" and "end game".
Adam Wiśniewski-Snerg's short story "Anioł Przemocy" ("Angel of Death") involves a woman forced to take part in one of these. It's a game played by two computers where the pieces are mind-controlled humans that kill each other. (It turns out to be a virtual reality simulation, though.)
The Land Of The Giants episode "Deadly Pawn". The castaways are forced to play the pieces in a game of chess for their lives.
A fourth season episode of Lexx involved a human chess match between Kai and Prince.
True Jackson, where Max challenges his fashion rival to a game.
Tabletop RPG
Judges Guild Revised Guide to the City State. In the Bloody Tusk Banquet Hall the PCs can hear a rumor about Bandares the Thinker, a sorcerer who plays chess with real fighters.
This may be based on a popular Warcraft III campaign (a recreation of Warcraft I), which had a chess piece encounter within Karazhan, where you were required to keep the two sides as equal as possible so that when one side won and attacked you, you'd have as little fighting as possible to do.
He cheats very badly, it should be noted. He'll frequently set fire to squares occupied by his own pieces.
Mortal Kombat: Deception has a chess mode, where even if you get "captured" you can fight back, to the death.
Devil May Cry 3 has you fighting a demonic chessboard at one point. You can destroy the entire board at one go by killing the king, but until you destroy the rooks he'll switch places with them when hit (a nod to castling).
Mentioning "a nod to castling," all of the pieces have nods to their actual chess counterparts. The Pawns take small steps (though they can change direction) and attack not only to the front, but to the back diagonally (as a reference to how a pawn attacks diagonally and the move "en passant." They can also be promoted. Knights can jump over the pieces and attack by landing on Dante (other pieces will try and fail to move through other pieces). The King can only attack in his immediate area. And the Queen can move diagonally and horizontally the full length of the board (though, ironically, this, along with the cackle she makes when she moves, allows her to be the most easily avoidable). Rooks and Bishops also only move and attack along their normal counterparts' paths.
On one level of Durlag's tower in the Baldur's Gate expansion Tales of the Sword Coast you end up on a large chess board with a full set of hostile chess pieces bearing down on you. Since The Computer Is a Cheating Bastard, they all move at once. Although they adhere to some appropriate rules; any pawns that manage to cross the board without getting killed (and the pieces are tough) will turn into queens... with spellcasting ability.
The computer even cheats double: the other pieces scurry about like crazy, but if your characters don't stick to the apropriate movement (and there's no reminder of who's 'playing' what piece) they get zapped by columns of fire from the ceiling.
The old Battle Chess computer game was a comedic version of this, with animated scenes when one piece took another: The elderly king pulled out a gun and shot the knight, the rook turned into a stone-golem and ate the pawn, and so on.
Archon was a fantasy version of this, with pieces like dragons, genies, goblins, and knights, who fought over the squares.
One battle in the Sega Genesis RPG Shining Force 2 takes place on a chess board against chess pieces, though it's rather unconventional because the pieces can move however they like and are quite hard to defeat. It's one of the hardest battles in the game.
Web Comics
In one Spiky Haired Dragon Worthless Knight, the titular knight saw an ad for "knight". He answered it, but found out that it involved being the chess piece. He took the job anyway, as he really needed money.
One episode of The Simpsons has a gag where Mr. Burns goes away and part of his human chessboard escapes... and then the opposing pieces beat up the now-unguarded king.
In Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?, Carmen Sandiego challenges the two detectives to a game of Human Chess in which she's the black king, and the detectives are the white king and white queen. (The other pieces are priceless artifacts that she stole during the episode.) She promises to turn herself in if they checkmate her. Zack takes her up on it, but Ivy only plays along until she's in a position to take a more direct approach.
In Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light, the series Evil Overlord Darkstorm plays with on an oversized board with actual humans. When "captured", the person is dunked by trapdoor into the moat. (This becomes an escape route later on.)
The Smurfs episode "The Grouchiest Game In Town", which had a villain who forced people to do this in a game similar to chess. Losing meant being turned into a piece for his ever-growing collection.
Real Life
Often a (pre-choreographed) feature at Renaissance Faires.
Shows up at all sorts of other conventions, often with thematic house rules.
Ocassionally public parks will have chessboards drawn into the ground for this purpose; usually not the fatal version, though.
A typical feature at anime conventions is "cosplay chess" in which cosplayers become chess pieces on the board and act out fight scenes when one piece has to take another.
