Ballistic missiles with a range of over 5,500 km.
The Soviets specialised in their ICBM capability quite considerably- Russia still does. Remember that they put satellites into space before the US- and many of their space launchers are modified ICBM designs. In fact, like the US, some satellites are actually old missiles.
The Soviets also developed something the US didn't- "heavy ICBMs" with lots of big warheads on. There were also plans for "monster ICBMs" with warheads of over 100 megatons.
Acronyms:
- R- "Rocket"
- UR- "Universal Rocket"
R-7 Semyorka/SS-6 "Sapwood"
"Semyorka" is like "fiver" (the P-5 Pyatyorka/SS-N-3's name means "fiver", the Russian equivalent to an A-grade) but with seven instead, if such a thing can be conceived of.
Anyway, this was the very first Soviet ICBM and in fact the very first ICBM anywhere in the world. The Soviets tested in 1957 and probably more famously, used it to orbit Sputnik I just a few months later, making the R-7, or at least a close derivative, the first real space launcher anywhere, too. It was much larger than its American counterparts and had a much greater throw-weight, because the Soviets weren't very good in the miniaturization department and had bigger, more massive nukes. It was also less accurate and rather less practical. It needed huge above-ground launch complexes, like at a spaceport and it took a long while to fuel. Once fuelled, it could only be kept on alert for 24 hours, and it was slow to launch. It could have easily been destroyed on the pad in a first strike. However, once off the ground, it was essentially unstoppable, and its impact was revolutionary. It ushered in a new era. Let's not forget the implications of the R-7 for space exploration. Later, derivatives were used (and are, in fact, still used in a much upgraded form) in the Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz programs, putting astronauts cosmonauts into orbit. But that's another trope. Notable for its distinctive skirt-like boosters and unusual 1.5-stage launch sequence. Both side boosters and central core ignited at launch, but after the boosters expended their fuel and were jettisoned, the core continued to burn, being in effect first and second stage simultaneously.
R-9 Desna/SS-8 "Sasin"
Another early Soviet ICBM design. It had improved range and accuracy. The best bit was that despite the cryogenic propellants, it was 20 minutes between the order being given and launch (it takes about half an hour for an ICBM to travel from the US to Russia).
R-16/SS-7 "Saddler"
Well-known for blowing up spectacularly during a test in 1960, killing about a hundred top Soviet scientists and engineers in a toxic fireball, all because of some silly absent-minded mistake. Chief desiner, Yangel, was saved, because he left the blast radius before the disaster to enjoy a cigarette. Next day he had birthday - the launch was supposed to be a present. Still turned out to be a pretty solid design after all the kinks were ironed out. One of the first practical Soviet ICBMs; eventually, ~200 were deployed. Some were silo-based.
R-26
Only got to mock-up stage before Yangel was told to focus on the R-36. The USSR then stuck it in a parade in 1964, leading the West to think it was the R-9/SS-8.
R-36/SS-9 "Scarp"
Yangel's heavyweight ICBM. Seriously heavyweight. Largest ICBM ever to enter service, the Pentagon made it into a nuclear bogeyman, dubbing it the "city buster". This along with the UR-100, were the first "ampulised" Soviet missiles. They would be fueled, stuck in a silo and left, on constant readiness for 5 years- unlike earlier missiles that needed to be readied first (the R-16 could be only kept on readiness for 30 days- and that was one of the better ones). Had counter-measures on board as well.
Succeeded by the R-36M/SS-18.
UR-100/SS-11 "Sego"
Best described as the Soviet equivalent to the LGM-30 Minuteman series, developed by Chelomei. Silo-based; later MIRV-equipped. It should be noted that the Soviets stuck with liquid propellants in their ICBMs far longer than the US did, for whatever reason.note This had its disadvantages, but they managed to get very long storage times out of liquid-fuelled missiles and gained a lot of expertise in the field of liquid-fuelled engines (more useful for space flight).
RT-2/SS-13 "Savage"
The first solid-fuel Soviet ICBM. Korolev and his successor worked on this one, their preoccupation could be a factor in the loss of the race to the Moon. Only 60 were deployed- with a 600 or 1,650 KT warhead.
RT-20P/SS-X-15 or SS-XZ "Scrooge"
The only attempt at a mixed-propulsion ICBM ever, with a solid first stage and a liquid second stage. Another Yangel one, this was intended to have mobile, silo and sub-based versions. Confused the West considerably (two designations for the same thing). Initially intended for ranges of 8,000 or 11,000 km with 1.5 MT or 550KT warheads respectively (CEP 2km and 4km), it was discovered that the ranges would only be 5,000 and 7,000 km. This meant that only targets in the north-eastern US could be hit from the north-west of the USSR (in strike range of NATO forces in Norway) and with 8 failures from 12 test launches, the military leadership cried "Bah, humbug!", stated they were uneasy about nukes roaming around the countryside and canceled the project in 1969 before it got anywhere close to deployment.
RT-21/No designation
A three stage solid-propellant ICBM. Never got beyond concept stage and was canceled in 1966.
Temp-2S/SS-16 "Sinner"
The world's first mobile ICBM. Deployed secretly, as it violated SALT II. Range 6,500 miles (10,500km).
MR-UR-100/SS-17 "Spanker"
So we've got a "Spanker" and a "Flogger"- wonder what other sex toys there are? Actually, the reporting name is a type of sail.
Another Yangel job, an attempt to succeed the "Sego", competing with the UR-100N/SS-19. The Soviets deadlocked on the decision and put both into production. 3.6 MT (first model) or 4 300 KT/550 KT (first and second types respectively). The first time was withdrawn early due to accuracy problems and replaced by the MR-UR-100U/SS-17 Mod 3. These were being replaced from the mid-1980s, but the death knell was the collapse of the USSR. Yangel ended up a Ukrainian company, the Russian Federation deemed that having a strategic weapon maintained by a foreign company was unacceptable and the missiles went by 1994.
- In The Third World War, an SS-17 carrying a single 1-MT warhead nukes Birmingham. The Bull Ring may have been a architectural monstrosity, but that's just overkill.
R-36M "Voevoda"/SS-18 "Satan"
The one in the picture
The ominous reporting name is deliberate. The Americans were seriously scared of this one, because it was the largest ICBM in the world. Could carry 10 warheads of 550 to 750-kT yield or one 20 megaton warhead. To give you an idea of the power of that one, if it hit the intersection of Lafayette and Delancy in Manhattan, everything up to the middle of Central Park would be totally destroyed (and you wouldn't stand much of a chance for quite a distance outside that- if you were 13 miles away and in the open, you would be very, very dead). Theoretically, it could have carried up to 30 (yes, that's right, THIRTY) 100 kiloton warheads, but the number of MIRVs on a single missile were capped by treaty. The Other Wiki suggests potential for first-strike use, if the Soviets had been inclined that way.
One variant (also with the R-36/SS-9) was something called a "FOBS," or "Fractional Orbit Bombardment System." The thing would orbit a nuclear warhead in a special little spacecraft. It would orbit over a target somewhere in the US and then deorbit and detonate. The idea was that they could approach from directions not covered by the US early-warning radar network and so allow for a surprise decapitation strike. There were several problems with this. First, the was poor accuracy. Second, it was less efficient than a simple ICBM. Third, the US soon extended radar coverage and deployed early-warning satellites, which removed any possibility of a surprise attack. And last but not least, the amount of response time to a nuclear warhead which had already been lofted into orbit, which measured in less then five minutes, would put major pressure on the American nuclear launch authority and thereby represented a serious escalation threat in a crisis situation. They remained in service until 1983, when the treaty loophole which allowed them (originally, since they wouldn't stay in orbit for a full orbit, it was completely legal, despite nuclear weapons in space nominally being banned by the 1967 Outer Space Treaty) was closed.
In recent years, surplus R-36M missiles have been used to launch satellites, using the name Dnepr-1.
- Counter-Strike: Condition Zero- Deleted Scenes features an SS-18 (referred to by a Russian with that name) in one of its missions- you have to stop terrorists from launching one.
UR-100N/SS-19 "Stiletto"
A "Sego" successor by Chelomei. 6 550-KT warheads or one 5 MT one. 9,650 km (5,990 mi) range. Still in Russian service with The Other Wiki suggesting 2030 is a likely retirement date.
The UR-100N is also used for space launches as the Rokot rocket.note
UR-500/No designation given
A Chelomei design for a monster ICBM, it never entered service (just too big and silo-incompatible), but became the basis for the Proton/SL-12 and SL-13 space launchers - which launched the Salyut and Mir space station components. The Protons are still being used today as a heavy lift vehicle, having launched every space station designed by the Soviets and Russians, including each of Russia's components for the International Space Station.
Kol'tso/No designation given
A Yuzhnoye ICBM, cancelled with the collapse of the USSR. No further info known.
RT-23 Molodets/SS-24 "Scalpel"
A rail-mobile or silo based missile, with 10 warheads. The American LGM-118A Peacekeeper missile was also planned to be rail-mobile, but the end of the Cold War and that great constraint on the US military- money- lead to that not happening). Now retired, but was a real-life Cool Train.
RT-2PM Topol (Poplar)/SS-25 "Sickle"
This is a road-mobile missile. One recently featured in the 2008 Red Square Parade.
RT-2UTTKh Topol-M/SS-27
The second most recent type of intercontinental strategic missile, currently in the process of being re-equipped with MIRV warheads (as the RS-24) and scheduled for deployment with those from 2010. Like the Topol, it is road-mobile. The range is 11,000 kilometers, and the circular error probable is 200 meters. Featured in the 2010 Victory Day Parade
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- This type of missile features prominently at the climax of the FPS Call of Duty 4.
- In the last episode of Alias this or the Topol are the two missiles acquired by Irina Derevko and Sark with the intention of nuking Washington, DC and London. Let's ignore the nuclear error involved here.
RS-24 Yars
The newest land missile, a MIRVed upgrade to Topol-M, with somewhat enlarged dimensions allowing it to carry at least 4 separate warheads with countermeasures (Topol-M is reportedly capable to carry MIRVs without them). Still rather compact and uses basically the same TEL vehicle as Topol and Topol-M. There is considerable confusion about its real capabilities, how much warheads it is able to carry and what throwing weight it really has, which is understandable, given that it's still largely a secret design. In deployment since 2009, but the production is still rather slow. Reportedly, is one of the first missiles capable of independently targeting its warheads, as opposed to simply scattering or limited aiming by controlled separation as in MIRV design.noteRS-26 Rubezh
Under developement to supplement Topol and Yars - and possibly simply a Yars-M - this multiple warhead ICBM (with warheads aimed at defeating missile defense system) has been accused by US commentators of breaching the INF treaty due to being tested at below 5,500km distance. The Russians argue back that since it's max range is 5,700 km, which is the longest range it has been tested at and 200 km over the treaty limit, it isn't a breach. Whether that's a legitimate point or a piece of loophole abuse is best left for the reader to decide.
Sarmat
A missile with even less information available about it, the Sarmat is thus far, by appearances, a super-Satan, with up to 15 MIRVs. Some of its descriptions have sparked fears of a redeployment of FOBS as well.
Other Intercontinental Missiles
Tu-130 KR (winged rocket)
A seriously weird proposal, being a boost-glide intercontinental missile. This would mean it would have been launched like a missile, reach a certain height, then glide to its target. Work began in 1957, but was axed after a year in favour of something just as crazy. . .
