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These are all going to be different tropes.
In games, if the game allows you to try fighting but you have zero chance of winning, it's a Hopeless Boss Fight.
If the weak and inexperienced protagonist is assaulted by the villain unprovoked, and this serves as their motivation for getting stronger and having their revenge, you might have a case of The Call Knows Where You Live.
If a strong ally gets beaten up, like Gandalf getting beaten up by Saruman, that's The Worf Effect.
If a friend or ally ends up dying in such an early encounter, the dead person is probably a Sacrificial Lamb.
Third Time's The Charm if they encounter each other three times.
This happens a lot in video games, but I've also seen it in movies. Essentially whenever the protagonist meets up with the big bad guy in the beginning of the work, it is a horrible defeat to show how much growth the protagonist needs to succeed.
A few examples: Megaman X, the first stage you encounter the villain and he beats you up.
Lord of the Rings: Gandalf's first encounter with Saruman, he gets beat up to prove that he is not yet strong enough.
Many martial arts movies have this sort of thing. Kung-Pow, for example- chosen one meets up with Betty and loses badly in the first half of the movie.
Is there a trope for this?