Follow TV Tropes

Following

History YMMV / HomageToCatalonia

Go To

OR

Added: 304

Changed: 498

Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:


* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published and sold poorly. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear. The events depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life (and also his commitments to democratic socialism). For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. The book's reputation began to build in TheFifties when it was republished with an introduction by Lionel Trilling, and these days it's common to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.

to:

* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped: {{Anvilicious}}: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published and sold poorly. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear. The events depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life (and also his commitments to democratic socialism). For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy.
* VindicatedByHistory:
The book's reputation began to build in TheFifties when it was republished with an introduction by Lionel Trilling, and these days it's common to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Another trivia trope


* MagnumOpusDissonance: Not for Orwell, but for the Spanish Civil War itself; historians generally regard the text as mostly accurate and informative but dislike how it has become ''the'' story of the war, noting that the May Days crisis was hardly the most important event of the war as Orwell makes out.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Trivia trope



* WriteWhoYouKnow: Orwell's commander in the POUM, Georges Kopp, possibly inspired the character of O'Brien in ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour''; see this [[https://books.google.com/books?id=eUQ1Z12trIEC&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22georges+kopp%22+poum+%22o%27brien%22&source=bl&ots=pyEvmjIKeB&sig=NVU-w9scZ7mXcezI7tIlJz3ihtc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGp8m34PjLAhWBSCYKHUu7A3cQ6AEIMzAD#v=onepage&q=%22georges%20kopp%22%20poum%20%22o%27brien%22&f=false biography excerpt]].
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None


* MagnusOpusDissonance: Not for Orwell, but for historians of the Spanish Civil War; they generally regard the text as accurate and informative but dislike how it has become ''the'' story of the war, noting that the May Days crisis was hardly the most important event of the war as Orwell makes out.

to:

* MagnusOpusDissonance: MagnumOpusDissonance: Not for Orwell, but for historians of the Spanish Civil War; they War itself; historians generally regard the text as mostly accurate and informative but dislike how it has become ''the'' story of the war, noting that the May Days crisis was hardly the most important event of the war as Orwell makes out.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None

Added DiffLines:

* MagnusOpusDissonance: Not for Orwell, but for historians of the Spanish Civil War; they generally regard the text as accurate and informative but dislike how it has become ''the'' story of the war, noting that the May Days crisis was hardly the most important event of the war as Orwell makes out.

Removed: 349

Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
By this logic, every allies ww2 story protagonist is a "designated hero" due to allied war crimes such as mass bombing civilian population or mass rapes in berlin. One could say that it was justified since the nazi did worse. Well, so did the natonalist faction in the spanish civil war. Most experts agreed that the white terror killed more people than red terror in spain. Also, orwell didnt describe utter joy at destroyed churches, one should wonder if the troper who write this even read the book at all. And finally, saying that trying to establish communism is a reason to use the "designated hero" trope is hillarious since not only orwell is a staunch opponent of totalitarianism like mao and stalin, it also violates the "Rule of cautius editing judgement".


* DesignatedHero: Orwell fought for men who raped and murdered priests and nuns, and killed thousands of Catholics for believing in God. He describes his utter joy at the sight of destroyed and burned churches. Not to mention the fact he was trying to help institute communism in Spain, which likely would've killed far more people in the long run.

Changed: 224

Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Irrelevant, Orwell in the book never tried to justify or attempted genocide. Even more so since orwell heavily crticized fellow communist in the revolution, so much so that so catholic and nationalist felt vindicated by it. To quote "The book did more to blacken the loyalist cause than any work written by enemies of the Second Republic.” If you have problems with spanish anarchist/communist, take it elsewhere.


* UnintentionallyUnsympathetic: Again, Orwell and the anarchists were anti-religious bigots that tried to commit a genocide. But we're supposed to root for Orwell because [[WouldBeRudeToSayGenocide the church deserved it.]]

to:

* UnintentionallyUnsympathetic: Again, Orwell and the anarchists were anti-religious bigots that tried to commit a genocide. But we're supposed to root for Orwell because [[WouldBeRudeToSayGenocide the church deserved it.]]

Changed: 401

Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Oh boy, where to begin. There's "YMMV" and then there's blatant historical revisionism and whitewashing. The fact that this troper put Orwell as "designated hero" for supposedly fighting for the side that kills and rapes innocent, yet said that the nationalist is a “designated villain” despite the fact that they did the same thing on an even larger scale, is just laughable and an obvious agenda pushing. Especially when the nationalist repression shocked even Himmler. (Source: Packer, George "The Spanish Prisoner" The New Yorker October 31, 2005) And his reasoning is completely absurd, lets break it down shall we? 1. “ The men he fought against meanwhile, ensured an era of peace and prosperity in Spain that lasted into the 1970s.” So what? Does making your country richer somehow justifies killing hundreds of thousand ? This is like saying tiananmen square is justified since china is entering an era of unprecedented economic growth and prosperity 2. “ The Nationalists respected religious freedom (although they did make Catholicism the state religion)” Saying that francoist spain respected religous freedom is like saying saudi arabia respected religious freedom. Just replace sunni islam with catholicism and it wouldnt be any different. “ During the Franco years, Roman Catholicism was the only religion to have legal status; other worship services could not be advertised, and no other religion could own property or publish books.” 3. “saved Jews from Nazi Germany” Deciding to not actively persecute Spanish Jews and the Jews fleeing Vichy France is not the same as saving them. Apathy is not altruism. While it is true that many thousands flooded over the Pyrenees when France fell, they did so in defiance of Franco's policy of exclusion. (When he came to power, Freemasons, foreign Jews, and political opponents were all banned from entering and/or passing through Spain.) When, for example, the Sephardic (Spanish) Jews of Salonica were heroically rescued, it was by a Spanish diplomat acting on his own steam, without prior authorization. Others were helped by other ambassadors. Crediting those action to the regime as a whole is absurd when Franco compiled a list of jews living in spain and sent them to himmler. (Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Archive_(Francoist_Spain)) Had the tides of war not turned to the allies, its doubtful if he wouldn’t hand over the jews to germany. 4. “ Some "fascists." (Although some did identify with the label, Franco did not allow any fascist political parties in Spain.)” Are you kidding me? The facist falangist party is THE ONLY party allowed in francoist spain. “The Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (English: Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx and that of the Councils of the National Syndicalist Offensive) was the sole legal party of the Francoist regime in Spain. It was created by General Francisco Franco in 1937 as merger of the monarchist neoabsolutist, ultracatholic Carlist Traditionalist Communion with the Fascist Falange Española de las JONS (FE de las JONS).”


* DesignatedVillain: The men he fought against meanwhile, ensured an era of peace and prosperity in Spain that lasted into the 1970s. The Nationalists respected religious freedom (although they did make Catholicism the state religion) and actually saved Jews from Nazi Germany. Some "fascists." (Although some did identify with the label, Franco did not allow any fascist political parties in Spain.)

to:

* DesignatedVillain: The men he fought against meanwhile, ensured an era of peace and prosperity in Spain that lasted into the 1970s. The Nationalists respected religious freedom (although they did make Catholicism the state religion) and actually saved Jews from Nazi Germany. Some "fascists." (Although some did identify with the label, Franco did not allow any fascist political parties in Spain.)
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Oh boy, where to begin. There's "YMMV" and then there's blatant historical revisionism and whitewashing. The fact that he put Orwell as "designated hero" for supposedly fighting for the side
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None

Added DiffLines:

* UnintentionallyUnsympathetic: Again, Orwell and the anarchists were anti-religious bigots that tried to commit a genocide. But we're supposed to root for Orwell because [[WouldBeRudeToSayGenocide the church deserved it.]]
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None

Added DiffLines:

* DesignatedVillain: The men he fought against meanwhile, ensured an era of peace and prosperity in Spain that lasted into the 1970s. The Nationalists respected religious freedom (although they did make Catholicism the state religion) and actually saved Jews from Nazi Germany. Some "fascists." (Although some did identify with the label, Franco did not allow any fascist political parties in Spain.)
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None

Added DiffLines:

* DesignatedHero: Orwell fought for men who raped and murdered priests and nuns, and killed thousands of Catholics for believing in God. He describes his utter joy at the sight of destroyed and burned churches. Not to mention the fact he was trying to help institute communism in Spain, which likely would've killed far more people in the long run.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
moving to the main page since the trope is objective and the wording seems based on what the author said


* MinionWithAnFInEvil: Near the end of the book, Orwell is in a hotel room with his wife when Nationalist soldiers enter the room and start searching through his belongings. His notes are saved because the men are too polite to search a woman. They also cut the shake-down short to take a nap.
** Orwell comments that the Nationalists weren't all that great at Fascism because the Spanish people were too friendly and easygoing to do it convincingly. He then ominously comments that the results might be very different if the ideology was tried elsewhere.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Removing Natter...Homage to Catalonia is widely criticized and deprecated by historians for obvious reasons in that it elevates a fairly minor event into something bigger than it is. Paul Preston in fact considers it to have damaged many people's understanding of the Spanish Civil War, so it is by no means a definitive account. It is undoubtedly a good and useful work for those who seek it as such, so keeping the rest in. And people had a right to criticize Orwell's Homage because well, Orwell was not a particularly nice person.


* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published and sold poorly, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday (references to Communism aside), and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The events depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life (and also his commitments to democratic socialism), and his account of what happened during the UsefulNotes/SpanishCivilWar now tends to be regarded as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. The book's reputation began to build in TheFifties when it was republished with an introduction by Lionel Trilling, and these days it's common to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.

to:

* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published and sold poorly, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. poorly. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday (references to Communism aside), and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. hear. The events depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life (and also his commitments to democratic socialism), and his account of what happened during the UsefulNotes/SpanishCivilWar now tends to be regarded as the definitive first-person source.socialism). For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. The book's reputation began to build in TheFifties when it was republished with an introduction by Lionel Trilling, and these days it's common to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None

Added DiffLines:

* MinionWithAnFInEvil: Near the end of the book, Orwell is in a hotel room with his wife when Nationalist soldiers enter the room and start searching through his belongings. His notes are saved because the men are too polite to search a woman. They also cut the shake-down short to take a nap.
** Orwell comments that the Nationalists weren't all that great at Fascism because the Spanish people were too friendly and easygoing to do it convincingly. He then ominously comments that the results might be very different if the ideology was tried elsewhere.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None


* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published and sold poorly, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday (references to Communism aside), and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The accounts depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life, and his account of what happened during the UsefulNotes/SpanishCivilWar now tends to be regarded as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. The book's reputation began to build in TheFifties when it was republished with an introduction by Lionel Trilling, and these days it's common to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.

to:

* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published and sold poorly, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday (references to Communism aside), and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The accounts events depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life, life (and also his commitments to democratic socialism), and his account of what happened during the UsefulNotes/SpanishCivilWar now tends to be regarded as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. The book's reputation began to build in TheFifties when it was republished with an introduction by Lionel Trilling, and these days it's common to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None


* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday (references to Communism aside), and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The accounts depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life, and his account of what happened during the UsefulNotes/SpanishCivilWar now tends to be regarded as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. These days it's common to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.

to:

* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published, published and sold poorly, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday (references to Communism aside), and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The accounts depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life, and his account of what happened during the UsefulNotes/SpanishCivilWar now tends to be regarded as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. These The book's reputation began to build in TheFifties when it was republished with an introduction by Lionel Trilling, and these days it's common to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None


* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday (references to Communism aside), and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The accounts depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life, and his account of what happened during the UsefulNotes/SpanishCivilWar now tends to be as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. These days you're likely to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.

to:

* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday (references to Communism aside), and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The accounts depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life, and his account of what happened during the UsefulNotes/SpanishCivilWar now tends to be regarded as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. These days you're likely it's common to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None


* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday, and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The accounts depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life, and his account of what happened during the Spanish Civil War now tends to be as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. These days you're likely to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.

to:

* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday, yesterday (references to Communism aside), and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The accounts depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life, and his account of what happened during the Spanish Civil War UsefulNotes/SpanishCivilWar now tends to be as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. These days you're likely to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None

Added DiffLines:

* SomeAnvilsNeedToBeDropped and VindicatedByHistory: Like most of Orwell's work, ''Homage'' is not the least bit subtle about what he thinks; as a result, the book received mixed reviews when it was published, since much of what he thought was not what his contemporaries wanted to hear. However, it was what they ''needed'' to hear, and it remains every bit as relevant today as it did when it was first published. In particular, his critique of the press often reads like it was written yesterday, and his depiction of Stalinism was something that most of his contemporaries had no desire to hear, but wound up being completely and utterly accurate. The accounts depicted in this book reinforced the anti-totalitarian views that would come to be Orwell's central focus for the remainder of his life, and his account of what happened during the Spanish Civil War now tends to be as the definitive first-person source. For [[UsefulNotes/{{Anarchism}} anarchists]] the "Need to Be Dropped" trope is doubly in effect, since the book is also regarded as a definitive account of a functional example of anarchy. These days you're likely to hear this cited in the same breath as ''Literature/AnimalFarm'' and ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour'' as Orwell's three greatest works.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None

Added DiffLines:

* WriteWhoYouKnow: Orwell's commander in the POUM, Georges Kopp, possibly inspired the character of O'Brien in ''Literature/NineteenEightyFour''; see this [[https://books.google.com/books?id=eUQ1Z12trIEC&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=%22georges+kopp%22+poum+%22o%27brien%22&source=bl&ots=pyEvmjIKeB&sig=NVU-w9scZ7mXcezI7tIlJz3ihtc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGp8m34PjLAhWBSCYKHUu7A3cQ6AEIMzAD#v=onepage&q=%22georges%20kopp%22%20poum%20%22o%27brien%22&f=false biography excerpt]].
----

Top