History UsefulNotes / VladimirLenin

Critics argued that there was continuity between Lenin and Stalin's policies, but the fact remains that of all of Russia's leaders, Lenin held office for the shortest time than any head of state of the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, and his involvement with the government he built was far shorter than that of other revolutionary founders such as UsefulNotes/FidelCastro and UsefulNotes/MaoZedong. His international reputation is strongest in post-colonial nations in Africa, South America and Asia, where he's still seen and admired as a heroic figure who modernized Russia and succeeded in transforming his country, and his sympathy to sparking revolution in 'developing' countries led him to endorse and create many Third Worldist viewpoints. It's possible to draw [[HistoryRepeats quite a few parallels]] between Lenin and UsefulNotes/MaximilienRobespierre, though Lenin, while he respected Robespierre, considered [[UsefulNotes/TheFrenchRevolutionMajorFigures Danton]] his true favorite of the French Revolutionaries. The principal difference aside from culture, time, place and age[[note]]Robespierre and Danton [[YoungAndInCharge were in their mid-30s when they died]], Lenin was in his late-40s when he took power and 54 when he died[[/note]], is that the French Revolutionaries were [[FromNobodyToNightmare mere nobodies]] who found careers within a spontaneous event they did not predict and rarely controlled, finally losing direction (and their heads). In contrast, Lenin was a professional revolutionary who dreamed, planned and achieved his vision through intelligence, passionate and lifelong devotion, iron will, unshakeable and dogmatic conviction in the [[KnightTemplar righteousness of his cause]], and a charisma that inspired many others to his ideals, and left behind a government that, for better and worse, lasted 74 years and decisively shaped the 20th Century.

* ''WesternAnimation/TheSimpsons'': One episode reveals The Soviet Union never disbanded for real. When they ended the masquerade, Lenin rose from his grave claiming he needed to crush capitalism.

Critics argued that there was continuity between Lenin and Stalin's policies, but the fact remains that of all of Russia's leaders, Lenin held office for the shortest time than any head of state of the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, and his involvement with the government he built was far shorter than that of other revolutionary founders such as UsefulNotes/FidelCastro and UsefulNotes/MaoZedong. His international reputation is strongest in post-colonial nations in Africa, South America and Asia, where he's still seen and admired as a heroic figure who modernized Russia and succeeded in transforming his country, and his sympathy to sparking revolution in 'developing' countries led him to endorse and create many Third Worldist viewpoints. It's possible to draw [[HistoryRepeats quite a few parallels]] between Lenin and UsefulNotes/MaximilienRobespierre, though Lenin, while he respected Robespierre considered [[UsefulNotes/TheFrenchRevolutionMajorFigures Danton]] his true favorite of the French Revolutionaries. The principal difference aside from culture, time, place and age[[note]]Robespierre and Danton [[YoungAndInCharge were in their mid-30s when they died]], Lenin was in his late-40s when he took power and 54 when he died[[/note]], is that the French Revolutionaries were [[FromNobodyToNightmare mere nobodies]] who found careers within a spontaneous event they did not predict and rarely controlled, finally losing direction (and their heads). In contrast, Lenin was a professional revolutionary who dreamed, planned and achieved his vision through intelligence, passionate and lifelong devotion, iron will, unshakeable and dogmatic conviction in the [[KnightTemplar righteousness of his cause]], and a charisma that inspired many others to his ideals, and left behind a government that, for better and worse, lasted 74 years and decisively shaped the 20th Century.

[[quoteright:313:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/vladimir_lenin.jpg]]
[[caption-width-right:313:''"Sometimes, history just needs a little push."'']]

[[caption-width-right:313:Sometimes, history just needs a little push.]]

Critics argued that there was continuity between Lenin and Stalin's policies, but the fact remains that of all of Russia's leaders, Lenin held office for the shortest time than any head of state of the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and the Russian Federation, and his involvement with the government he built was far shorter than that of other revolutionary founders such as UsefulNotes/FidelCastro and UsefulNotes/MaoZedong. His international reputation is strongest in post-colonial nations in Africa, South America and Asia, where he's still seen and admired as a heroic figure who modernized Russia and succeeded in transforming his country, and his sympathy to sparking revolution in 'developing' countries led him to endorse and create many Third Worldist viewpoints. It's possible to draw [[HistoryRepeats quite a few parallels]] between Lenin and UsefulNotes/MaximilienRobespierre, though Lenin, while he respected Robespierre considered [[UsefulNotes/TheFrenchRevolutionMajorFigures Danton]] his true favorite of the French Revolutionaries. The principal difference aside from culture, time, place and age[[note]]Robespierre and Danton [[YoungAndInCharge were in their mid-30s when they died]], Lenin was in his late-40s when he took power and 54 when he died[[/note]], is that the French Revolutionaries were [[FromNobodyToNightmare mere nobodies]] who found careers within a spontaneous event they did not predict, rarely controlled and finally lost direction (and their heads). In contrast, Lenin was a professional revolutionary who dreamed, planned and achieved his vision through intelligence, passionate and lifelong devotion, iron will, unshakeable and dogmatic conviction in the [[KnightTemplar righteousness of his cause]], and a charisma that inspired many others to his ideals, and left behind a government that, for better and worse, lasted 74 years and decisively shaped the 20th Century.

Partly because Lenin spent a good deal of his life outside Russia as an exile and a revolutionary, he stood slightly apart from Russia's traditional ways of operating, which was via an informal network of patronage, friendship and emotion-driven cliques that existed in Tsarist Russia and was still the way many in Russia and the former Russian Empire related to each other. This played a crucial part in the rise of Lenin's eventual successor. General Secretary of the Communist Party UsefulNotes/JosephStalin was a man of an entirely different disposition than Lenin: crude where Lenin was cultured, provincial where Lenin was cosmopolitan, and where Lenin insisted on professionalisation and merit-based leadership, Stalin was more keyed to the informal clique style of Russian bureaucracy. [[note]]Stalin had long experience in the underground of the Empire, in local seminaries and prisons, whereas Lenin had a lengthy international exile and only a brief stint in Russian prison, and furthermore grew up in a family of middle-class professionals and studied at university[[/note]] Lenin's insistence on professional discipline and maintenance of TheChainsOfCommanding meant that he was also reluctant to openly nominate a successor based on his preferences. 'Real' contenders for the leadership such as Kamyenev and UsefulNotes/LeonTrotsky were all critiqued by him, who rightly trusted that his thoughts on his successors would have a great influence on the election. His oncoming dementia which left him bedridden and bound at his Dacha (Partly because of the assassination and partly because he was a {{Workaholic}}) prevented him from being too involved with the Politburo's hidden factionalism. Like the rest of the top leadership, Lenin had disapproved of Stalin's vulgar, uncouth, and uncultured nature[[note]]Lenin took great personal offence when Stalin said something to the effect of 'Shitting in the same toilet as Lenin doesn't make his wife a politician!', and Lenin tried to get Stalin demoted for it. Stalin's supporters argued that Stalin had been very rude, but nobody thought that it would constitute a sound reason for removing such a competent manager[[/note]] but recognized the merit of his diligence and managerial competence all the same. Stalin used his position as secretary to develop a network of connections and patronage, and he successfully used Lenin's vague approval of his managerial abilities and specific criticisms of the other candidates to help win the election. Lenin's wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya, came to approve of Stalin's nomination and criticized Trotsky, Kamenev and the Left Opposition in later debates while supporting Bukharin at the same time.

On the other hand, Lenin emphasized the need for violence and terror to overthrow the old order, which resulted in the Red Terror. Many, many people were tortured and executed without proper trial, sent to labor camps, imprisoned or forcibly deported. The victims ranged from regular Whites to any left-wing 'revisionists' who disagreed with the idea of proletarian dictatorship and a vanguard party. In 1918, he passed the Decree on the Separation of Church and State, depriving many churches of their rights, and allowing for the seizure of their property. Clergy members and laypeople alike who resisted were arrested or killed. Lenin and his supporters justified this ruthless suppression of dissent with the ignominious end of the "Paris Commune", an abortive attempt to form a socialist state in the wake of the UsefulNotes/FrancoPrussianWar which Marx had famously argued was "too soft" on opponents and not disciplined enough, so Lenin and Co. tried to avoid ''that'' mistake, thereby making a dozen more of the opposite extreme.

Lenin (real name Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 22 April 1870 [10 April in the Julian calendar] – 21 January 1924) was a UsefulNotes/{{Russia}}n [[UsefulNotes/{{Socialism}} communist]] revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the [[ButNotTooForeign ethnically-mixed]] leader of the Bolsheviks, [[ComicallyMissingThePoint known for his stylish goatee]] and [[ForeheadOfDoom powerful forehead]].

* A good chunk of ''Film/GoldenEye'''s TitleSequence is statues of him and other Soviet/communist symbols being [[ToppledStatue toppled or smashed]], since it was with this film that the Film/JamesBond series truly said goodbye to the UsefulNotes/ColdWar. In the film itself, Bond has an important meeting taking place in a "cemetery" for Soviet statues, most of them being statues of Lenin.

* ToppledStatue: A visual shorthand for the end of the Soviet Union is usually statues of Lenin (or other Communist leaders, or Creator/KarlMarx, but primarily Lenin) being toppled or removed, especially in non-Russian former Soviet republics. At one point there were as much statues of Stalin as there were of Lenin, but those of Stalin tended to be removed much earlier than TheNineties, due to the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Stalinization De-Stalinization]] that started in 1953 after Stalin's death.

Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, he was, according to most accounts, actually relatively uninterested in politics until the day his brother was executed for participating in a failed plot to kill [[UsefulNotes/TsarTsarAutocrats Tsar Alexander III]]. This changed Lenin's life, and he devoted his life to the revolutionary cause. The authorities did not tolerate his anti-monarchist activity and he soon ended up in jail, then in Siberia, before finally fleeing the country and ending up living in Switzerland. His chance would finally come in 1917, when the [[UsefulNotes/ImperialGermany Germans]], hoping he'd cause havoc (but not thinking he'd actually succeed) allowed him to return to Russia. During UsefulNotes/RedOctober, Lenin led the insurrection that toppled the weak, vacillating and unpopular Provisional Government that was formed after the February Revolution ended UsefulNotes/TsaristRussia[[note]]The Bolshevik party, which he led, was not merely a case of a lucky opportunist (though it certainly played a part). It was, even compared to other revolutionary, social-democratic and anarchist parties (even the most radical ones) an unusually well-structured and efficient organization, that filled the power vacuum of the Petrograd (UsefulNotes/SaintPetersburg) capital swiftly and resolutely.[[/note]]. Whether or not he ordered the massacre of the Romanovs (deposed Tsar UsefulNotes/NicholasII, Tsarevich Alexei, [[UsefulNotes/AnastasiaNikolaevnaRomanova Anastasia Romanova]] and the others) remains a mystery concealed deep in Soviet archives.

Lenin (real name Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 22 April 1870 [10 April in the Julian calendar] – 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the [[ButNotTooForeign ethnically-mixed]] leader of the Bolsheviks, [[ComicallyMissingThePoint known for his stylish goatee]] and [[ForeheadOfDoom powerful forehead]].

Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, he was, according to most accounts, actually relatively uninterested in politics until the day his brother was executed for participating in a failed plot to kill [[UsefulNotes/TsarTsarAutocrats Tsar Alexander III]]. This changed Lenin's life, and he devoted his life to the revolutionary cause. The authorities did not tolerate his anti-monarchist activity and he soon ended up in jail, then in Siberia, before finally fleeing the country and ending up living in Switzerland. His chance would finally come in 1917, when the [[UsefulNotes/ImperialGermany Germans]], hoping he'd cause havoc (but not thinking he'd actually succeed) allowed him to return to Russia. During UsefulNotes/RedOctober, Lenin led the insurrection that toppled the weak, vacillating and unpopular Provisional Government that was formed after the February Revolution ended UsefulNotes/TsaristRussia[[note]]The Bolshevik party, which he led, was not merely a case of a lucky opportunist (though it certainly played a part). It was, even compared to other revolutionary, social-democratic and anarchist parties (even the most radical ones) an unusually well-structured and efficient organization, that filled the power vacuum of the Petrograd (UsefulNotes/SaintPetersburg) capital swiftly and resolutely.[[/note]]. A large part of Lenin's popularity came from his slogan "Peace, Land, Bread", which had great appeal for a population devastated by years of war and privation.

He pulled Russia out of UsefulNotes/WorldWarI and formed the world's first socialist state, which would become the [[UsefulNotes/SovietRussiaUkraineAndSoOn Soviet Union]]. This was not received well by many other rulers and governments, and a lot of people in Russia itself, which led to foreign intervention and the [[UsefulNotes/RedOctober Russian Civil War]]. Most of Lenin's time as leader was spent at war. An assassination attempt resulted in his health deteriorating rapidly, until he was finally paralyzed by a series of strokes and forced to withdraw from politics. He died shortly after and was, against his wishes and that of his wife, mummified and interred in a mausoleum on the Red Square in UsefulNotes/{{Moscow}}, where his body is still on display. While Lenin would've been the first to admit that he was a fallible human capable of making mistakes and that the ''cause'' was more important than any one ''person'' (including him), shortly after his death, a bizarre cult of personality ensued that endured to the end of the Soviet Union and was exploited and encouraged by his successors (particularly Stalin) for their own political ends.

Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, he was, according to most accounts, actually relatively uninterested in politics until the day his brother was executed for participating in a failed plot to kill the Tsar. This changed Lenin's life, and he devoted his life to the revolutionary cause. The authorities did not tolerate his anti-monarchist activity and he soon ended up in jail, then in Siberia, before finally fleeing the country and ending up living in Switzerland. His chance would finally come in 1917, when the [[UsefulNotes/ImperialGermany Germans]], hoping he'd cause havoc (but not thinking he'd actually succeed) allowed him to return to Russia. During UsefulNotes/RedOctober, Lenin led the insurrection that toppled the weak, vacillating and unpopular Provisional Government that was formed after the February Revolution ended UsefulNotes/TsaristRussia[[note]]The Bolshevik party, which he led, was not merely a case of a lucky opportunist (though it certainly played a part). It was, even compared to other revolutionary, social-democratic and anarchist parties (even the most radical ones) an unusually well-structured and efficient organization, that filled the power vacuum of the Petrograd (St. Petersburg) capital swiftly and resolutely.[[/note]]. A large part of Lenin's popularity came from his slogan "Peace, Land, Bread", which had great appeal for a population devastated by years of war and privation.

* HistoricalHeroUpgrade: In Soviet media, and to a lesser extent in modern Russian media. Not to mention the number of Russians who still like him. For much of the 20th century he was highly admired as a national liberator in China, India, Vietnam and other parts of the world, especially since he was far more sympathetic to what would become Third Worldism than Marx ever was, with communist revolutionaries such as Ho Chi Minh and UsefulNotes/FidelCastro and socialist ones such as Kwame Nkrumah finding their footing with his writings.

** It should be noted that, strangely enough, Lenin has been almost completely absent from the current Russian public discourse for years. Instead, the entirety of Russian reactionary, nationalist, and gung-ho media vehemently supports and glorifies Stalin as a figurehead for Russia's imperialistic ambitions, revanchism and USSR nostalgia wank; their opponents refrain from invoking Lenin's name as well. The oversimplified, conservative folk version of Lenin nowadays is a crafty, possibly Jewish or German saboteur [[note]]The German Empire did facilitate Lenin's return to Russia, along with a number of other political exiles. Lenin was an outspoken opponent of the War, considering it an imperialist war for bourgeoise interests, and Germany intended that he would destabilize the provisional government enough to knock the Russian Empire out of the war so Germany could concentrate on Britain and France of the Entente to the West. German general Erich Ludendorff summed it up: "Lenin will overthrow the patriots, and then I will strangle Lenin and his friends"[[/note]] who plunged the country into chaos, led it along the road paved with good intentions, and left the reeling nation to be saved and uplifted by Stalin. And also that Lenin is remembered for leading a revolution that toppled a government, which is not something Russia's current political leaders want implanted into the heads of the populace. Only among members of the Russian communist party is Lenin widely celebrated.

He pulled Russia out of UsefulNotes/WorldWarI and formed the world's first socialist state, which would become the [[UsefulNotes/SovietRussiaUkraineAndSoOn Soviet Union]]. This was not received well by many other rulers and governments, and a lot of people in Russia itself, which led to foreign intervention and the [[UsefulNotes/RedOctober Russian Civil War]]. Most of Lenin's time as leader was spent at war. An assassination attempt resulted in his health deteriorating rapidly, until he was finally paralyzed by a series of strokes and forced to withdraw from politics. He died shortly after and was, against his wishes and that of his wife, mummified and interred in a mausoleum on the Red Square in UsefulNotes/{{Moscow}}. While Lenin would've been the first to admit that he was a fallible human capable of making mistakes and that the ''cause'' was more important than any one ''person'' (including him), shortly after his death, a bizarre cult of personality ensued that endured to the end of the Soviet Union and was exploited and encouraged by his successors (particularly Stalin) for their own political ends.

* ToppledStatue: A visual shorthand for the end of the Soviet Union is usually statues of Lenin (or other Communist leaders, or Creator/KarlMarx, but primarily Lenin) being toppled or removed, especially in non-Russian former Soviet republics.

* A good chunk of ''Film/GoldenEye'''s TitleSequence is statues of him and other Soviet/communist symbols being [[ToppledStatue toppled or smashed]], since it was with this film that the Film/JamesBond series said goodbye to the UsefulNotes/ColdWar. In the film itself, Bond has an important meeting taking place in a "cemetery" for Soviet statues, most of them being statues of Lenin.

* OurFounder: Busts and statues of Lenin will regularly show up in prominent positions in just about any communist setting. Unless it's set after the end of the Soviet Union, which led to...
* ToppledStatue: A visual shorthand for the end of the Soviet Union is usually statues of him (or other Communist leaders, or Creator/KarlMarx) being toppled or removed, especially in non-Russian former Soviet republics.

* ToppledStatue: A visual shorthand for the end of the Soviet Union is usually statues of him (or other Communist leaders, or Creator/KarlMax) being toppled or removed.

* OurFounder: Busts and statues of Lenin will regularly show up in prominent positions in just about any communist setting.
----

* In general a huge number of Soviet movies and documentaries, too numerous to mention here. ]

* The German film ''Film/GoodByeLenin'' puts him in the title, although the film begins with the fall of the Berlin Wall. Later, we see a statue of him being carried off by a helicopter.

* ALighterShadeOfBlack: Even in media that portrays him in a negative manner, he is often portrayed in Western media as a far lesser evil than Stalin. There is definitely truth to this, as Stalin killed far more people than Lenin. Perhaps best summed up in a limerick by Robert Conquest:

He pulled Russia out of UsefulNotes/WorldWarI and formed the world's first socialist state, the [[UsefulNotes/SovietRussiaUkraineAndSoOn Soviet Union]]. This was not received well by many other rulers and governments, and a lot of people in Russia itself, which led to foreign intervention and the [[UsefulNotes/RedOctober Russian Civil War]]. Most of Lenin's time as leader was spent at war. An assassination attempt resulted in his health deteriorating rapidly, until he was finally paralyzed by a series of strokes and forced to withdraw from politics. He died shortly after and was, against his wishes and that of his wife, mummified and interred in a mausoleum on the Red Square in UsefulNotes/{{Moscow}}. While Lenin would've been the first to admit that he was a fallible human capable of making mistakes and that the ''cause'' was more important than any one ''person'' (including him), shortly after his death, a bizarre cult of personality ensued that endured to the end of the Soviet Union and was exploited and encouraged by his successors (particularly Stalin) for their own political ends.

Born to a wealthy middle-class family in Simbirsk, he was, according to most accounts, actually relatively uninterested in politics until the day his brother was executed for participating in a failed plot to kill the Tsar. This changed Lenin's life, and he devoted his life to the revolutionary cause. The authorities did not tolerate his anti-monarchist activity and he soon ended up in jail, then in Siberia, before finally fleeing the country and ending up living in Switzerland. His chance would finally come in 1917, when the Germans, hoping he'd cause havoc (but not thinking he'd actually succeed) allowed him to return to Russia. During UsefulNotes/RedOctober, Lenin led the insurrection that toppled the weak, vacillating and unpopular Provisional Government that was formed after the February Revolution toppled UsefulNotes/TsaristRussia[[note]]The Bolshevik party, which he led, was not merely a case of a lucky opportunist (though it certainly played a part). It was, even compared to other revolutionary, social-democratic and anarchist parties (even the most radical ones) an unusually well-structured and efficient organization, that filled the power vacuum of the Petrograd (St. Petersburg) capital swiftly and resolutely.[[/note]]. A large part of Lenin's popularity came from his slogan "Peace, Land, Bread", which had great appeal for a population devastated by years of war and privation.

He pulled Russia out of WWI and formed the world's first socialist state. This was not received well by many other rulers and governments, and a lot of people in Russia itself, which led to foreign intervention and the [[UsefulNotes/RedOctober Russian Civil War]]. Most of Lenin's time as leader was spent at war. An assassination attempt resulted in his health deteriorating rapidly, until he was finally paralyzed by a series of strokes and forced to withdraw from politics. He died shortly after and was, against his wishes and that of his wife, mummified and interred in a mausoleum. While Lenin would've been the first to admit that he was a fallible human capable of making mistakes and that the ''cause'' was more important than any one ''person'' (including him), shortly after his death, a bizarre cult of personality ensued that endured to the end of the Soviet Union and was exploited and encouraged by his successors (particularly Stalin) for their own political ends.

His social policies included considerable rights for Russia's minorities and an organized campaign to stamp out Antisemitism in the Soviet Union, which was the most extensive anti-racist policy mounted in Russia up to that point.[[note]]According to Jewish historian Zvi Gitelman: "Never before in Russian history - and never subsequently has a government made such an effort to uproot and stamp out Antisemitism"[[/note]] He supported minority religions such as Russian Muslims and also promoted a policy of affirmative actions in the aim of undoing the forced Russifications of regional cultures in the former empire and he supported the maintenance of national cultures across the Soviet Union. Internationally, he favored Communist engagement with democratic processes in developed nations and castigated the German Communist Party for not participating in Parliamentary elections. He also recommended British communists to ally with the Labour Party, backing away from his no-coalitions with wishy-washy-liberals philosophy.

Lenin transformed Marxism, which led "orthodox" Marxists, such as Georgy Plekhanov, to denounce him. Lenin argued, ''pace'' Marx, that a communist revolution can take place in a feudal nation without the bourgeois revolution and industrialization that Marx argued were the RequiredSecondaryPowers for the development of socialism, and later communism. Lenin justified this with his book, ''Imperialism: The Later Stage of Capitalism'' to explain that capitalism had advanced to a superior stage that Marx had not foreseen, in which capitalism could penetrate countries that had not made a bourgeois revolution and therefore created the conditions for a socialist revolution. As a revolutionary tactician, Lenin argued for the creation of a vanguard of professional revolutionaries to organize and lead the events, and his insistence on committed revolutionaries to serve in the vanguard rather than form coalitions led to the split between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, both terms that he invented. Given that "bolshoi" means big and thus the terms, while accurately reflecting ''one'' vote held at the party conference at which the split occurred never accurately reflected actual pre-1917 party membership numbers (and the "Mensheviks" never seriously fought being called the "minor faction"), Lenin proved then as in other instances his aptitude for framing things in a propagandistically advantageous way. As a revolutionary strategist, his utopian dream saw the Russian Revolution as a detonator for global movements; Red October would trigger a revolutionary wave in developed nations. But the suppression of attempts to establish Soviet-style revolutions in Germany, Hungary and other countries, and the devastation of the Russian Civil War halted this strategy. After the Civil War, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy (NEP) which allowed market forces to resume in the Soviet Union and became the first attempt at a mixed economy. While Lenin himself admitted that the NEP was a departure from what he had previously advocated, he justified it on pragmatic grounds as a "temporary" measure (whether that was his true intention must remain unknown as he died with the policy still in place) and Lenin was indeed willing to do ruthlessly pragmatic things if he thought those helped the cause. Lenin was also willing to excuse abhorrent personal behavior of fellow revolutionaries if it helped the cause (an issue over which he and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Martov Julius Martov]] split, something which Lenin regretted to his dying day) and perhaps his most striking act of ruthless pragmatism was accepting the "train ticket" the arch-reactionary German government - a country his native Russia was at war with - offered him in order to get to Russia in time for his planned revolution.