History UsefulNotes / SpanishAmericanWar

The Spanish-American War of [[TheGayNineties 1898]] was what happened when [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin the United States of America tried to conquer most of the Kingdom Of Spain's overseas territories]], i.e. Cuba and the UsefulNotes/{{Philippines}} (though not Spanish Morocco, the Spanish Oceany or Spain itself).

Not to be confused with the UsefulNotes/SpanishAmericanWarsOfIndependence

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba (though Cuban independence was not formally granted until 1902). The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the since re-established Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy[[/note]] while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The [[UsefulNotes/PhilippineInsurrection Philippine-American War]] (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") was officially declared to have ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1901, but there were still hostilities for years afterwards due to its remnant military forces and other resistance groups, and these goings-on were officially labeled as "banditry" or "brigandage". Meanwhile, the Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousand American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.[[note]]Before you laud these people as social progressives ahead of their time, keep in mind that one of the reasons they opposed expansion was because they didn't want more foreign peoples coming under US rule.[[/note]]

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba (though Cuban independence was not formally granted until 1902). The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the since re-established Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy[[/note]] while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The Philippine-American War (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") was officially declared to have ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1901, but there were still hostilities for years afterwards due to its remnant military forces and other resistance groups, and these goings-on were officially labeled as "banditry" or "brigandage". Meanwhile, the Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousand American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.[[note]]Before you laud these people as social progressives ahead of their time, keep in mind that one of the reasons they opposed expansion was because they didn't want more foreign peoples coming under US rule.[[/note]]

* Sidney Howard's play ''Yellow Jack'' (1934) is mainly set in 1900 at a U.S. Army barracks near Havana, where the Medical Corps, led by Major Walter Reed, is conducting experiments to prove that yellow fever is transmitted by certain mosquitos on human subjects, some of them [[UnwittingTestSubject unwitting]].

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the since re-established Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy[[/note]] while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The Philippine-American War (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") was officially declared to have ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1901, but there were still hostilities for years afterwards due to its remnant military forces and other resistance groups, and these goings-on were officially labeled as "banditry" or "brigandage". Meanwhile, the Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousand American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.[[note]]Before you laud these people as social progressives ahead of their time, keep in mind that one of the reasons they opposed expansion was because they didn't want more foreign peoples coming under US rule.[[/note]]

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the since re-established Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy[[/note]] while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The Philippine-American War (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") was officially declared to have ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1901, but there were still hostilities for years afterwards due to its remnant military forces and other resistance groups, and these goings-on were officially labeled as "banditry" or "brigandage". Meanwhile, the Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousands of American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.[[note]]Before you laud these people as social progressives ahead of their time, keep in mind that one of the reasons they opposed expansion was because they didn't want more foreign peoples coming under US rule.[[/note]]

The conclusion of the war marked a new height of US National Pride and also the zenith of belief in "Manifest Destiny" - the notion that the US was destined to rule over (all of the) Americas by virtue of its... well, innate virtue and (racial-moral) superiority. The USA's ability to project its influence into the Pacific and China; and Latin America; was of course enhanced by its newest conquests, leading to a period of 'imperialism' (in the bad sense) and events such as US involvement in the [[ImperialChina Qing Empire's 'Boxer Rebellion']] and ''The Banana Wars''.

Although most of the Spanish fleet was hopelessly obsolete in comparison to its antagonist, it did have a couple of tricks on the sleeve that might have changed things with a better naval command. The main of them was the uber-battleship ''Pelayo'', an ambitious attempt to catch up with foreign naval power that had been once considered AwesomeButImpractical and was now re-appreciated as a possible tide-turner.[[note]]The ship had been built on a design outdated by that point, but its sheer tonnage and firepower were still insane, surpassing by itself more than half of the American fleet besieging the Philippines, so it was considered worth a try.[[/note]] Assigned to a pack of similar cruisers, and hoping not to be too late to save at least the Philippines, they sailed off from Spain as a potentially fearsome relieving force... [[EpicFail only to be denied permission to load coal in Egypt]] because of the British and Egyptian neutrality, being delayed so long that meanwhile the islands became basically lost and the fleet had to be ordered back home. Another missed project was the submarine prototype built ten years earlier by UsefulNotes/IsaacPeral, a ship revolutionary for its time able to launch torpedoes while submerged, which was never properly developed in the first place due to international intrigues and instead turned into a perennial "what if" in the mind of military analysts had it taken part in the war.[[note]]The predominant view is that just a handful of those submarines might have effectively turned the American fleets into sitting ducks a la ''Literature/TwentyThousandLeaguesUnderTheSea'', but things rarely so smoothly for Spain, so you never know.[[/note]] Spanish brainpower became focused in protecting mainland from a possible naval invasion, with a third Spanish wonder-weapon being designed in the form of a submarine minelayer system, but as the invasion never happened, this was all rendered moot.

US naval power was employed to great effect, though the performance of the US Army, which had been underfunded in the post-Civil War Reconstruction and whose only experience for the past three decades had been assymetrical warfare against the Indians, was hampered by inexperience, hasty training, and inferior equipment - the Spanish troops carried Mauser repeating rifles employing modern ("smokeless") powder, while National Guard and volunteer units in the US Army largely still used Springfield "Trapdoor" single-shot black-powder rifles,[[note]]The United States had adopted two modern(ish) bolt-action rifles that used smokeless cartridges, the 6mm Lee Navy (otherwise known as the Remington-Lee) for the Navy and Marines, and the .30-40 Krag-Jorgensen M1895 for the Army, both of which were inferior to the Mauser in different ways. However the US Military received, at best, lackadaisical funding for most of the three decades between the Civil and Span-Am Wars, so actual procurement of these rifles hadn’t gone very far. Krag production picked up dramatically as a result of this conflict, but the Lee Navy remained a rare gun[[/note]] [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin which gave off dark clouds of gunpowder when fired]], and the US artillery was equipped with Civil war cannon converted to breechloaders. American and Cuban Revolutionary forces soon worked together to make good use of their numerical superiority over the Spanish loyalist and government forces, however. The infamous Charge at San Juan Hill[[note]]The Rough Riders actually assaulted adjacent Kettle Hill. San Juan Hill was taken by the Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry in a charge led by Black Jack Pershing[[/note]] (in which future US President UsefulNotes/TheodoreRoosevelt first attained national fame) and the Battle of Manila Bay,[[note]]It should be noted that the US Navy was praised for its seamanship, but regarded as a laughingstock for its [[ImperialStormtrooperMarksmanshipAcademy gunnery]]. The Spanish Royal Navy, however, was somehow even ''[[EpicFail worse]]''. American ships missed most of their shots. Spanish ships seemed to have a hard time hitting ''the ocean''. At Manila Bay, the only American fatality was due to heat stroke[[/note]] a CurbStompBattle if ever there was one, are good illustrations of the course of the war at large.

* In ''Film/{{Hardcase}}'', the protagonist Jack Rutherford is a veteran of the Spanish-American War who was declared missing in action. He was actually a prisoner-of-war, and by the time he is realeased and returns home, he finds his wife has sold their ranch and run off with a Mexican revolutionary. He goes after her and gets caught up in the early days of UsefulNotes/TheMexicanRevolution.

* In John Jakes' novel ''Homeland'', the patriarch of the Crown family becomes a general in Cuba and was wounded. His nephew serve as a photographer and filmographer as well, too.

US naval power was employed to great effect, though the performance of the US Army, which had been underfunded in the post-Civil War Reconstruction and whose only experience for the past three decades had been assymetrical warfare against the Indians, was hampered by inexperience, hasty training, and inferior equipment - the Spanish troops carried Mauser repeating rifles employing modern ("smokeless") powder, while National Guard and volunteer units in the US Army largely still used Springfield "Trapdoor" single-shot black-powder rifles,[[note]]The United States had adopted two modern(ish) bolt-action rifles that used smokeless cartridges, the 6mm Lee Navy (otherwise known as the Remington-Lee) for the Navy and Marines, and the .30-40 Krag-Jorgensen M1895 for the Army, both of which were inferior to the Mauser in different ways. However the US Military received, at best, lackadaisical funding for most of the three decades between the Civil and Span-Am Wars, so actual procurement of these rifles hadn’t gone very far. Krag production picked up dramatically as a result of this conflict, but the Lee Navy remained a RareGun[[/note]] [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin which gave off dark clouds of gunpowder when fired]], and the US artillery was equipped with Civil war cannon converted to breechloaders. American and Cuban Revolutionary forces soon worked together to make good use of their numerical superiority over the Spanish loyalist and government forces, however. The infamous Charge at San Juan Hill[[note]]The Rough Riders actually assaulted adjacent Kettle Hill. San Juan Hill was taken by the Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry in a charge led by Black Jack Pershing[[/note]] (in which future US President UsefulNotes/TheodoreRoosevelt first attained national fame) and the Battle of Manila Bay,[[note]]It should be noted that the US Navy was praised for its seamanship, but regarded as a laughingstock for its [[ImperialStormtrooperMarksmanshipAcademy gunnery]]. The Spanish Royal Navy, however, was somehow even ''[[EpicFail worse]]''. American ships missed most of their shots. Spanish ships seemed to have a hard time hitting ''the ocean''. At Manila Bay, the only American fatality was due to heat stroke[[/note]] a CurbStompBattle if ever there was one, are good illustrations of the course of the war at large.

Although most of the Spanish fleet was hopelessly obsolete in comparison to its antagonist, it did have a couple of tricks on the sleeve that might have changed things with a better naval command. The main of them was the uber-battleship ''Pelayo'', an ambitious attempt to catch up with foreign naval power that had been once considered AwesomeButImpractical and was now re-appreciated as a possible tide-changer.[[note]]The ship had been built on design outdated by that point, but its sheer tonnage and firepower were still insane, surpassing by itself more than half of the American fleet besieging the Philippines, so it was considered worth a try.[[/note]] Assigned to a pack of similar cruisers, and hoping not to be too late to save at least the Philippines, they sailed off from Spain as a potentially fearsome relieving force... [[EpicFail only to be denied permission to load coal in Egypt]] because of the British and Egyptian neutrality, being delayed so long that meanwhile the islands became basically lost and the fleet had to be ordered back home. Another missed project was the submarine prototype built ten years earlier UsefulNotes/IsaacPeral, a ship revolutionary for its time able to launch torpedoes while submerged, which was never properly developed in the first place due to international intrigues and instead turned into a perennial "what if" in the mind of military analysts had it taken part in the war.[[note]]The predominant view is that just a handful of those submarines might have effectively turned the American fleets into sitting ducks a la ''Literature/TwentyThousandLeaguesUnderTheSea'', but things rarely so smoothly for Spain, so you never know.[[/note]] Spanish brainpower became focused in protecting mainland from a possible naval invasion, with a third Spanish wonder-weapon being designed in the form of a submarine minelayer system, but as the invasion never happened, this was all rendered moot.

The Spanish-American War of [[TheGayNineties 1898]] was what happened when [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin the United States of America tried to conquer most of the Kingdom Of Spain's colonies]], i.e. Cuba and the UsefulNotes/{{Philippines}} but not Spanish Morocco or Spain itself.

Through the mid-to-late 19th century, Cuban nationalism and separatism was on the rise. The result, given Spain's utter reluctance to let the colony go, was inevitably violent. Uprisings were attempted, but they were all crushed with varying degrees of brutality. ''All'', that is, with the exception of the very last one; in 1898, with half the entire island in-revolt, it looked as if Cuba ''really would'' gain her independence. In the midst of this process, the USS ''Maine'' (an American armored cruiser sent to [[GunboatDiplomacy implicitly threaten Spain with war if they didn't hurry up and give Cuba to the USA]]) blew up and sank in Havana Harbor. The US quickly seized upon this opportunity to intervene in the war before the rebellion could throw the Spanish out entirely and declare independence, with the US's investigation into the incident implicating the Spanish - who were quite right to have stated that it was a tragic US Navy accident at best (probably due to a coal fire)[[note]] This theory has been vindicated by multiple investigations by the US Navy, from the initial inquiry to an exhaustive one commissioned by Admiral Hyman Rickover in the 1970s using modern analysis of eyewitness accounts and forensic evidence of ''Maine'''s salvaged wreckage. The only major point of contention is whether the coal fire was the result of operator error by the crew or an electrical short[[/note]] and a WoundedGazelleGambit at worst[[note]] This view is propagated by the [[UnreliableNarrator Castro regime]] with little, if any, supporting evidence[[/note]].

While US President UsefulNotes/WilliamMcKinley was personally reluctant to make a war of the matter, the US public were baying for Spanish blood and the USA's law-making body - Congress - passed a resolution which effectively forced him to demand that Spain give Cuba 'independence' in very short order. This proposal would mean that the USA would effectively run its government and economy just as it did every other nominally-independent country in Latin America bar Argentina. ''Or else''. Though a far weaker country, the Spaniards were a proud people who quietly hoped that the US would just give up on the idea if they put up a good fight; naturally they refused, and the US declared war upon them.

While Spain's giving up Cuba was the original ''casus belli'', the US ended up demanding the same deal for all of Spain's overseas colonies. The people of Puerto Rico also took the opportunity to demand independence, for instance, as did the peoples of the Philippines - who were already in open revolt, and the US negotiated with the Filipino provisional government-in-exile in Hong Kong, later ferrying their leader, General Emilio Aguinaldo, back to the Philippines to "resume" (more like, again take charge of) their revolution against Spain. US naval power was employed to great effect, though the performance of the US Army, which had been underfunded in the post-Civil War Reconstruction and whose only experience for the past three decades had been assymetrical warfare against the Indians, was hampered by inexperience, hasty training, and inferior equipment - the Spanish troops carried Mauser repeating rifles employing modern ("smokeless") powder, while National Guard and volunteer units in the US Army largely still used Springfield "Trapdoor" single-shot black-powder rifles [[note]] The United States had adopted two modern(ish) bolt-action rifles that used smokeless cartridges, the 6mm Lee Navy (otherwise known as the Remington-Lee) for the Navy and Marines, and the .30-40 Krag-Jorgensen M1895 for the Army, both of which were inferior to the Mauser in different ways. However the US Military received, at best, lackadaisical funding for most of the three decades between the Civil and Span-Am Wars, so actual procurement of these rifles hadn’t gone very far. Krag production picked up dramatically as a result of this conflict, but the Lee Navy remained a RareGun[[/note]], [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin which gave off dark clouds of gunpowder when fired]], and the US artillery was equipped with Civil war cannon converted to breechloaders. American and Cuban Revolutionary forces soon worked together to make good use of their numerical superiority over the Spanish loyalist and government forces, however. The infamous Charge at San Juan Hill[[note]] The Rough Riders actually assaulted adjacent Kettle Hill. San Juan Hill was taken by the Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry in a charge led by Black Jack Pershing[[/note]] (in which future US President UsefulNotes/TheodoreRoosevelt first attained national fame) and the Battle of Manila Bay[[note]] It should be noted that the US Navy was praised for its seamanship, but regarded as a laughingstock for its [[ImperialStormtrooperMarksmanshipAcademy gunnery]]. The Spanish Royal Navy, however, was even ''[[EpicFail worse]]''. American ships missed most of their shots. Spanish ships seemed to have a hard time hitting ''the ocean''. At Manila Bay, the only American fatality was due to heat stroke[[/note]], a CurbStompBattle if ever there was one, are good illustrations of the course of the war at large.

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the since re-established Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy[[/note]] while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The Philippine-American War (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") was officially declared to have ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1902, but there were still hostilities until 1913 due to its remnant military forces and other resistance groups, and these goings-on were officially labeled as "banditry" or "brigandage". Meanwhile, the Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousands of American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.

While Spain's giving up Cuba was the original ''casus belli'', the US ended up demanding the same deal for all of Spain's overseas colonies. The people of Puerto Rico also took the opportunity to demand independence, for instance, as did the peoples of the Philippines - who were already in open revolt, and the US negotiated with the Filipino provisional government-in-exile in Hong Kong, later ferrying their head honcho back to the Philippines to "resume" (more like, again take charge of) their revolution against Spain. US naval power was employed to great effect, though the performance of the US Army, which had been underfunded in the post-Civil War Reconstruction and whose only experience for the past three decades had been assymetrical warfare against the Indians, was hampered by inexperience, hasty training, and inferior equipment - the Spanish troops carried Mauser repeating rifles employing modern ("smokeless") powder, while National Guard and volunteer units in the US Army largely still used Springfield "Trapdoor" single-shot black-powder rifles [[note]] The United States had adopted two modern(ish) bolt-action rifles that used smokeless cartridges, the 6mm Lee Navy (otherwise known as the Remington-Lee) for the Navy and Marines, and the .30-40 Krag-Jorgensen M1895 for the Army, both of which were inferior to the Mauser in different ways. However the US Military received, at best, lackadaisical funding for most of the three decades between the Civil and Span-Am Wars, so actual procurement of these rifles hadn’t gone very far. Krag production picked up dramatically as a result of this conflict, but the Lee Navy remained a RareGun[[/note]], [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin which gave off dark clouds of gunpowder when fired]], and the US artillery was equipped with Civil war cannon converted to breechloaders. American and Cuban Revolutionary forces soon worked together to make good use of their numerical superiority over the Spanish loyalist and government forces, however. The infamous Charge at San Juan Hill[[note]] The Rough Riders actually assaulted adjacent Kettle Hill. San Juan Hill was taken by the Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry in a charge led by Black Jack Pershing[[/note]] (in which future US President UsefulNotes/TheodoreRoosevelt first attained national fame) and the Battle of Manila Bay[[note]] It should be noted that the US Navy was praised for its seamanship, but regarded as a laughingstock for its [[ImperialStormtrooperMarksmanshipAcademy gunnery]]. The Spanish Royal Navy, however, was even ''[[EpicFail worse]]''. American ships missed most of their shots. Spanish ships seemed to have a hard time hitting ''the ocean''. At Manila Bay, the only American fatality was due to heat stroke[[/note]], a CurbStompBattle if ever there was one, are good illustrations of the course of the war at large.

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the since re-established Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy[[/note]] while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The Philippine-American War (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") was officially declared to have ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1902, but there were still hostilities for years due to its remnant military forces and other resistance groups, and these goings-on were officially labeled as "banditry" or "brigandage". Meanwhile, the Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousands of American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.

Spain soon sued for peace, and a Treaty concluding the war was signed in Paris later in the year of '98. In what was termed domestically as 'the Great Disaster' they ceded Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States. It was a blow to the Spanish national psyche and pride, one which gave birth to a wave of Spanish writers called The Generation of '98. It didn't soften the blow much that the US agreed to pay Spain $20 million for seizing the Philippines after the armistice.

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the since re-established Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy[[/note]] while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The Philippine-American War (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") officially ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1902, but there were still hostilities for years due to its remnant military forces and other resistance groups which was officially labeled as "banditry" or "brigandage". The Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousands of American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the since re-established Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy[[/note]] while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The Philippine-American War (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") officially ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1902, but there were still hostilities for years due to its remnant military forces and other resistance groups, which was officially labeled as [[YourTerroristsAreOurFreedomFighters "banditry" or "brigandage"]].The Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousands of American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the since re-established Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy[[/note]] while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The Philippine-American War (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1902, but there were still incidents of hostilities for years. The Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousands of American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the Philippine Republic[[note]]Now called the First Philippine Republic, with the current Republic of the Philippines as the fifth, though there were predecessor governments with the same or much the same name headed by the same guy which are not counted in the numbering[[/note]] which had since re-established in 1899, while establishing their own colonial regime over the islands. The Philippine-American War (the older US-centric term is the "Philippine Insurrection") ended with the collapse of the Philippine Republic in 1902, but there were still incidents of hostilities for years. The Muslim Moro peoples of the southern Philippines,[[note]](from the Spanish word for Moor, long since applied by them to the local Muslims)[[/note]] who had never been completely conquered by the Spanish (and had never quite allied with the Philippine Republic, despite the latter claiming to include them), continued to resist American rule as well in what was called the "Moro Rebellion" until 1913. As a whole, the Philippine-American war is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousands of American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.

While Spain's giving up Cuba was the original ''casus belli'', the US ended up demanding the same deal for all of Spain's overseas colonies. The people of Puerto Rico also took the opportunity to demand independence, for instance, as did the peoples of the Philippines - who were already in open revolt and had established a provisional government which the US negotiated with. US naval power was employed to great effect, though the performance of the US Army, which had been underfunded in the post-Civil War Reconstruction and whose only experience for the past three decades had been assymetrical warfare against the Indians, was hampered by inexperience, hasty training, and inferior equipment - the Spanish troops carried Mauser repeating rifles employing modern ("smokeless") powder, while National Guard and volunteer units in the US Army largely still used Springfield "Trapdoor" single-shot black-powder rifles [[note]] The United States had adopted two modern(ish) bolt-action rifles that used smokeless cartridges, the 6mm Lee Navy (otherwise known as the Remington-Lee) for the Navy and Marines, and the .30-40 Krag-Jorgensen M1895 for the Army, both of which were inferior to the Mauser in different ways. However the US Military received, at best, lackadaisical funding for most of the three decades between the Civil and Span-Am Wars, so actual procurement of these rifles hadn’t gone very far. Krag production picked up dramatically as a result of this conflict, but the Lee Navy remained a RareGun[[/note]], [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin which gave off dark clouds of gunpowder when fired]], and the US artillery was equipped with Civil war cannon converted to breechloaders. American and Cuban Revolutionary forces soon worked together to make good use of their numerical superiority over the Spanish loyalist and government forces, however. The infamous Charge at San Juan Hill[[note]] The Rough Riders actually assaulted adjacent Kettle Hill. San Juan Hill was taken by the Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry in a charge led by Black Jack Pershing[[/note]] (in which future US President UsefulNotes/TheodoreRoosevelt first attained national fame) and the Battle of Manila Bay[[note]] It should be noted that the US Navy was praised for its seamanship, but regarded as a laughingstock for its [[ImperialStormtrooperMarksmanshipAcademy gunnery]]. The Spanish Royal Navy, however, was even ''[[EpicFail worse]]''. American ships missed most of their shots. Spanish ships seemed to have a hard time hitting ''the ocean''. At Manila Bay, the only American fatality was due to heat stroke[[/note]], a CurbStompBattle if ever there was one, are good illustrations of the course of the war at large.

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans clashed with the provisional Philippine Government and rooted out the rebels while establishing their own 'independent' regime over the islands. The uprising ended with the collapse of the Philippine Government in 1902, but there were still incidents for years, and is estimated to have killed up to 200,000 Filipinos (with some estimates going even higher) and several thousands of American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.

Meanwhile, despite [=McKinley=]'s promise of "benevolent assimilation," the Filipinos felt very left out of all this - the negotiations had been concluded without any reference to them or their representatives - and demanded the same independence terms as Cuba. The US refused and a second, more brutal guerilla war ensued as the Americans crushed the provisional Philippine Government and exterminated the rebels while establishing their own 'independent' regime over the islands. The brutal defeat of the uprising, which officially ended in 1902 but there were still incidents for years, is estimated to have killed at least 200,000 Filipinos (with some going much higher) and several thousands of American soldiers as well. Many Americans were actually very much against annexing all of these overseas territories, with the most prominent of them forming the Anti-Imperialist League and including the ranks of such figures as Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, William James, Jane Addams, UsefulNotes/GroverCleveland, and Creator/MarkTwain.

* ''Film/{{Amigo}}'' (2010) is an indie production about a "typical" battle of the Philippine-American war, featuring a village chief torn between collaborating with the American invaders and assisting his brother who has joined LaResistance.

* ''Film/{{Posse}}'' opens in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. Colonel Graham orders the 10th to rob Spanish gold shipmen; planning to use this as an excuse to brand them deserters and execute them. The 10th escape with the gold, and Graham and his men chase them across the WildWest.