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* [[FanNickname Double H, the PSA girls]], have a thing or two in common with the Shadow Girls from Utena.
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* [[FanNickname Double "Double H, the PSA girls]], girls", have a thing or two in common with the Shadow Girls from Utena.
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* In episode 5, the painting hanging behind Ringo in the restaurant is definitely a shout out to ''The Kiss'' by Gustav Klimt.
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* In episode 5, the painting hanging behind Ringo in the restaurant is definitely a shout out to ''The Kiss'' ''Art/{{The Kiss|Klimt}}'' by Gustav Klimt.Creator/GustavKlimt.
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* The fantasy Ringo has in Episode 4 has Tabuki sing 'Dazzling the stage!' as he made his entrance, just like Takuto in ''Anime/StarDriver''. This becomes HilariousInHindsight when you realize Tabuki's voice actor is Creator/AkiraIshida, who voiced Head in Star Driver, the antagonist and [[spoiler: Takuto's father.]]
** The style is also highly reminiscent of the Creator/TakarazukaRevue's ''Manga/TheRoseOfVersailles''.
** In another fantasy, Ringo talks to a tree who looks suspiciously like Wispy Woods from ''Kirby''.
* In episode 5, the painting hanging behind Ringo in the restaurant is definitely a shout out to ''The Kiss'' by Gustav Klimt.
* The whole show is filled with references to ''Anime/NightOnTheGalacticRailroad'': the conversation between two boys in the the first episode (and [[BookEnds the last]]), apples, trains, and the sacrificial scorpion... much of Penguindrum's symbolism builds off of this book and movie.
* During the "Rock Over Japan" sequence, Himari/Princess of the Crystal ''[[http://img135.imageshack.us/img135/8146/1310232955002.jpg strikes a pose]]'' identical to one used by Usagi in ''Anime/SailorMoon''. Note that Ikuhara started out directing ''Sailor Moon''.
** When we see the Goddess of Sanetoshi's story in episode 13, her body is wrapped in glowing red ribbons the same way Usagi is during the transformation sequence, especially in the ''Sailor Moon R'' movie, which Ikuhara directed.
* The scene where the possessed Himari places her hand on Kanba is a near shot-for-shot remake of the sword pulling scene from ''Anime/RevolutionaryGirlUtena''. Not surprising given the director, again.
** Two characters from the opening bear resemblances to Juri and Utena (right down to the black and white color scheme from her movie clothes).
** Also regarding Utena the scene in the opening where the lyrics mention the end of the world is similar to the Student Council elevator stock scene. The scenes that followed involved the council members discussing End of the World's plans.
** The scene in the hospital in ep 5 with Masako stroking Kuho's cheek is nearly an exact remake of Juri stroking Utena's cheek in ep 7. [[spoiler: Then it becomes MoodWhiplash when Masako erases Kuho's memories, similar to how the scene in ''Utena'' ended with Juri lashing out at Utena.]]
** And the scene where Masako fires her [[spoiler:memory erasing balls]] at the two women and they explode resembles the scene of [[spoiler:Anthy being impaled by the swords of hate]] in terms of composition and color scheme.
** Renjaku's ScaryShinyGlasses and way of standing invoke Anthy as well.
* ''Manga/TheRoseOfVersailles'' is mentioned in episode 4.
** Speaking of which, Yuri's costar, Tsubasa, is a dead-ringer for a certain cross-dressing swordswoman...
** In general, the all-female acting troupe Yuri belongs to is a very obvious SerialNumbersFiledOff version of the Creator/TakarazukaRevue. [[spoiler: Her affair with one of her costars is likely a reference to the lesbian overtones a lot of people have claimed are inherent to the Takarazuka concept.]]
* The boys' school uniforms seem to be modelled after the one worn by [[Anime/RevolutionaryGirlUtena Utena]], albeit with long trousers.
* [[FanNickname Double H, the PSA girls]], have a thing or two in common with the Shadow Girls from Utena.
* [[https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/Mawaru_Penguindrum_Freeze_Frame_Bonus_4622.jpg Ringo has a]] "[[Manga/DeathNote Deth Note]]" on her desk. Possibly a reference to the {{Defictionalization}} of the phenomenon.
* In Episode 9, Himari goes to the library to borrow a copy of [[Literature/AfterTheQuake Super-Frog Saves Tokyo]].
** In the same scene, she returns [[Creator/HarukiMurakami Sputnik Weirdo]] (''Sputnik Sweetheart''), as well as "Literature/{{Christine}}" by [[Creator/StephenKing Stephen Queen]].
* Later, in [[spoiler: Sanetoshi's hidden library]] Himari finds many books with titles of the form Super-Frog Saves X, e.g.
** X is Hiroki Azuma - a Japanese culture critic who wrote the book Otaku: Japanese Database Animals.
* The same episode has a ''different'' library scene with Himari and her friends looking up [[Manga/BarefootGen Barefoot Gon]] (by Ikeji Nawazaka).
* One half of Double H is named [[Music/UtadaHikaru Hikari Utada]]. The other half is [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibari_Misora Hibari Isora]].
* Most of the family names in the show are borrowed from the actors in the movie [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankyoku_Monogatari Nankyoku Monogatari]], about a 1958 Japanese scientific expedition to the South Pole.
** The name of one of Sanetoshi's two rabbits, Souya, was the name of the icebreaker used on the same expedition. The other rabbit, Shirase, is named after another icebreaker that was also used on Antarctic expeditions.
* The music in the musicbox in episode 10 is the New World Symphony by Antonín Dvořák.
** And the scene where Natsume watches Kanba with night vision goggles while he can't see a thing in the dark references the climactic scene of ''Film/TheSilenceOfTheLambs''.
** And "Ariadne's red thread" references the story of the Minotaur and the Labyrinth in Myth/GreekMythology.
* Most likely unintentional, but in Episode 16 Masako and her grandfather say, "My mornings begin with a cup of English tea." A reference to [[Manga/SoulEater Excalibur]], perhaps?
* In episode 11, Natsume told Kamba how [[Literature/ThePictureofDorianGray paintings are young forever]].
** The style is also highly reminiscent of the Creator/TakarazukaRevue's ''Manga/TheRoseOfVersailles''.
** In another fantasy, Ringo talks to a tree who looks suspiciously like Wispy Woods from ''Kirby''.
* In episode 5, the painting hanging behind Ringo in the restaurant is definitely a shout out to ''The Kiss'' by Gustav Klimt.
* The whole show is filled with references to ''Anime/NightOnTheGalacticRailroad'': the conversation between two boys in the the first episode (and [[BookEnds the last]]), apples, trains, and the sacrificial scorpion... much of Penguindrum's symbolism builds off of this book and movie.
* During the "Rock Over Japan" sequence, Himari/Princess of the Crystal ''[[http://img135.imageshack.us/img135/8146/1310232955002.jpg strikes a pose]]'' identical to one used by Usagi in ''Anime/SailorMoon''. Note that Ikuhara started out directing ''Sailor Moon''.
** When we see the Goddess of Sanetoshi's story in episode 13, her body is wrapped in glowing red ribbons the same way Usagi is during the transformation sequence, especially in the ''Sailor Moon R'' movie, which Ikuhara directed.
* The scene where the possessed Himari places her hand on Kanba is a near shot-for-shot remake of the sword pulling scene from ''Anime/RevolutionaryGirlUtena''. Not surprising given the director, again.
** Two characters from the opening bear resemblances to Juri and Utena (right down to the black and white color scheme from her movie clothes).
** Also regarding Utena the scene in the opening where the lyrics mention the end of the world is similar to the Student Council elevator stock scene. The scenes that followed involved the council members discussing End of the World's plans.
** The scene in the hospital in ep 5 with Masako stroking Kuho's cheek is nearly an exact remake of Juri stroking Utena's cheek in ep 7. [[spoiler: Then it becomes MoodWhiplash when Masako erases Kuho's memories, similar to how the scene in ''Utena'' ended with Juri lashing out at Utena.]]
** And the scene where Masako fires her [[spoiler:memory erasing balls]] at the two women and they explode resembles the scene of [[spoiler:Anthy being impaled by the swords of hate]] in terms of composition and color scheme.
** Renjaku's ScaryShinyGlasses and way of standing invoke Anthy as well.
* ''Manga/TheRoseOfVersailles'' is mentioned in episode 4.
** Speaking of which, Yuri's costar, Tsubasa, is a dead-ringer for a certain cross-dressing swordswoman...
** In general, the all-female acting troupe Yuri belongs to is a very obvious SerialNumbersFiledOff version of the Creator/TakarazukaRevue. [[spoiler: Her affair with one of her costars is likely a reference to the lesbian overtones a lot of people have claimed are inherent to the Takarazuka concept.]]
* The boys' school uniforms seem to be modelled after the one worn by [[Anime/RevolutionaryGirlUtena Utena]], albeit with long trousers.
* [[FanNickname Double H, the PSA girls]], have a thing or two in common with the Shadow Girls from Utena.
* [[https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/Mawaru_Penguindrum_Freeze_Frame_Bonus_4622.jpg Ringo has a]] "[[Manga/DeathNote Deth Note]]" on her desk. Possibly a reference to the {{Defictionalization}} of the phenomenon.
* In Episode 9, Himari goes to the library to borrow a copy of [[Literature/AfterTheQuake Super-Frog Saves Tokyo]].
** In the same scene, she returns [[Creator/HarukiMurakami Sputnik Weirdo]] (''Sputnik Sweetheart''), as well as "Literature/{{Christine}}" by [[Creator/StephenKing Stephen Queen]].
* Later, in [[spoiler: Sanetoshi's hidden library]] Himari finds many books with titles of the form Super-Frog Saves X, e.g.
** X is Hiroki Azuma - a Japanese culture critic who wrote the book Otaku: Japanese Database Animals.
* The same episode has a ''different'' library scene with Himari and her friends looking up [[Manga/BarefootGen Barefoot Gon]] (by Ikeji Nawazaka).
* One half of Double H is named [[Music/UtadaHikaru Hikari Utada]]. The other half is [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibari_Misora Hibari Isora]].
* Most of the family names in the show are borrowed from the actors in the movie [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankyoku_Monogatari Nankyoku Monogatari]], about a 1958 Japanese scientific expedition to the South Pole.
** The name of one of Sanetoshi's two rabbits, Souya, was the name of the icebreaker used on the same expedition. The other rabbit, Shirase, is named after another icebreaker that was also used on Antarctic expeditions.
* The music in the musicbox in episode 10 is the New World Symphony by Antonín Dvořák.
** And the scene where Natsume watches Kanba with night vision goggles while he can't see a thing in the dark references the climactic scene of ''Film/TheSilenceOfTheLambs''.
** And "Ariadne's red thread" references the story of the Minotaur and the Labyrinth in Myth/GreekMythology.
* Most likely unintentional, but in Episode 16 Masako and her grandfather say, "My mornings begin with a cup of English tea." A reference to [[Manga/SoulEater Excalibur]], perhaps?
* In episode 11, Natsume told Kamba how [[Literature/ThePictureofDorianGray paintings are young forever]].
