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This makes it tough to quantify and evaluate communism, due to the enormous discrepancy between the theoretical ideal and the ''de facto'' mode of operations in authoritarian historical examples of communism. The lists below will try to quantify communism ''as originally intended'' by its inventors, the class-free society. It needs to be emphasized again that this state has ''almost never been successfully realized'' (there are actually a few exceptions to this, see anarchism below).
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This makes it tough to quantify and evaluate communism, due to the enormous discrepancy between the theoretical ideal and the ''de facto'' mode of operations in authoritarian historical examples of communism. The lists below will try to quantify communism ''as originally intended'' by its inventors, the class-free society. It needs to be emphasized again that this state has ''almost never been successfully realized'' (there are actually a few exceptions to this, see anarchism below). The historical humanitarian costs of failed authoritarian attempts to realize this model are well known.
These virtues are particularly emphasized by communism:
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These virtues are particularly emphasized by communism:
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This makes it tough to quantify and evaluate communism, due to the enormous discrepancy between the theoretical ideal and the ''de facto'' mode of operations in authoritarian historical examples of communism.
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This makes it tough to quantify and evaluate communism, due to the enormous discrepancy between the theoretical ideal and the ''de facto'' mode of operations in authoritarian historical examples of communism. The lists below will try to quantify communism ''as originally intended'' by its inventors, the class-free society. It needs to be emphasized again that this state has ''almost never been successfully realized'' (there are actually a few exceptions to this, see anarchism below).
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Communism, a theory of economics in many ways diametrically opposed to libertarianism, is based on one simple doctrine: "From each according to ability, to each according to need". This describes a very ambitious, perhaps utopian, moral view that implies that citizens should be motivated to work ''only'' by patriotic duty and solidarity. Harder work is not rewarded with greater wealth (although there may be other institutions with the explicit goal of rewarding diligence), but perhaps with a better conscience. In return, society will not only supply for everyone's basic needs, but also equally distribute the surplus equally among the populace. Everyone gains from a single citizen working harder, but the inverse also applies. This leads to incredible collective pressure, but also a very strong sense of duty and solidarity.
The communist notion of fairness is a positive, economical one. Unequal distribution of wealth is unfair, according to communism. Personal property, with the possible exception of food, is not acknowledged; everything is regarded as owned collectively and only under temporary stewardship of a certain individual or societal organ.
This describes the ''ideal'' communist society, however. In reality, very few historical examples exist where this model has been successfully employed. Rather more noteworthy are the failed attempts, those that got as far as to establish "dictatorship of the workers", but were unable to progress past this stage into the truly class-free society.
This makes it tough to quantify and evaluate communism, due to the enormous discrepancy between the theoretical ideal and the ''de facto'' mode of operations in authoritarian historical examples of communism.
The communist notion of fairness is a positive, economical one. Unequal distribution of wealth is unfair, according to communism. Personal property, with the possible exception of food, is not acknowledged; everything is regarded as owned collectively and only under temporary stewardship of a certain individual or societal organ.
This describes the ''ideal'' communist society, however. In reality, very few historical examples exist where this model has been successfully employed. Rather more noteworthy are the failed attempts, those that got as far as to establish "dictatorship of the workers", but were unable to progress past this stage into the truly class-free society.
This makes it tough to quantify and evaluate communism, due to the enormous discrepancy between the theoretical ideal and the ''de facto'' mode of operations in authoritarian historical examples of communism.
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* Cheer. Social liberal cultures tend to be significantly less permissive of controversial forms of entertainment, like drug consumption (including alcohol, which is rather strictly regulated in many social democracies). This can be seen as inhibitive, but has the benefit of added safety for those prone to overconsumption.
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* Cheer. Social liberal cultures tend to be significantly less permissive of controversial potentially dangerous forms of entertainment, like drug consumption (including alcohol, which is rather strictly regulated in many social democracies). This can be seen as inhibitive, but has the benefit of added safety for those prone to overconsumption.
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These virtues often end up suppressed or overlooked in social liberal societies (again, drawbacks inherited from capitalism or value liberalism will not be repeated):
* Ambition. The tax pressure in social liberal societies can be seen as inhibitive to entrepreneurship, sometimes even leading entrepreneurs to move their ventures offshore to a libertarian culture in order to avoid taxes.
* Cheer. Social liberal cultures tend to be significantly less permissive of controversial forms of entertainment, like drug consumption (including alcohol, which is rather strictly regulated in many social democracies). This can be seen as inhibitive, but has the benefit of added safety for those prone to overconsumption.
* Independence. Some more impoverished citizens may become overly reliant on the social safety mechanisms, and start to "play the system" rather than find meaningful work that contributes to public interests.
* Industriousness. In relation to libertarianism, anyway. See ambition.
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Social liberalism intermingles elements from value liberalism and capitalism with elements from communism. What distinguishes social liberalism from these ideologies is that social liberalism allows intervention from the state, particularly in matters of economy, to a much higher degree. The management and ownership of a significant sector of the industry that is deemed to be of particular importance to basic common needs, the "public sector", is more or less entrusted to the state. Areas of the market that are usually managed by the state in these societies include public transport, care for the sick and elderly, and education.
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Social liberalism intermingles elements from value liberalism and capitalism with elements from communism.capitalism. What distinguishes social liberalism from these ideologies is that social liberalism allows intervention from the state, particularly in matters of economy, to a much higher degree. The management and ownership of a significant sector of the industry that is deemed to be of particular importance to basic common needs, the "public sector", is more or less entrusted to the state. Areas of the market that are usually managed by the state in these societies include public transport, care for the sick and elderly, and education.
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Social liberalism intermingles elements from value liberalism and capitalism. What distinguishes social liberalism from these ideologies is that social liberalism allows intervention from the state, particularly in matters of economy, to a much higher degree. The management and ownership of a significant sector of the industry that is deemed to be of particular importance to basic common needs, the "public sector", is more or less entrusted to the state. Areas of the market that are usually managed by the state in these societies include public transport, care for the sick and elderly, and education.
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Social liberalism intermingles elements from value liberalism and capitalism.capitalism with elements from communism. What distinguishes social liberalism from these ideologies is that social liberalism allows intervention from the state, particularly in matters of economy, to a much higher degree. The management and ownership of a significant sector of the industry that is deemed to be of particular importance to basic common needs, the "public sector", is more or less entrusted to the state. Areas of the market that are usually managed by the state in these societies include public transport, care for the sick and elderly, and education.
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* Compassion. Social liberal societies generally place a much higher emphasis on "soft values" like compassion and charity than libertarian ones.
* Duty. Borrowed from communism, social liberal societies place a stronger emphasis on patriotic duty than libertarian ones. This is necessary to meet the increased tax pressure.
* Fairness. The social liberal notion of fairness is rather schizofrenic, as it is inspired by the "equal opportunity" style of fairness of capitalism, as well as the "equal wealth" version from communism. Both definitions are valid, and relevant.
* Duty. Borrowed from communism, social liberal societies place a stronger emphasis on patriotic duty than libertarian ones. This is necessary to meet the increased tax pressure.
* Fairness. The social liberal notion of fairness is rather schizofrenic, as it is inspired by the "equal opportunity" style of fairness of capitalism, as well as the "equal wealth" version from communism. Both definitions are valid, and relevant.
* Helpfulness. Institutionalized particularly by the higher taxes directed towards quality education and mental health care.
* Kindness. Institutionalized, to a degree. See helpfulness and mercy.
* Kindness. Institutionalized, to a degree. See helpfulness and mercy.
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* Solidarity. The social liberal brand of solidarity has elements borrowed from capitalistic corporatism as well as communism. Solidarity towards the state and all citizens is expected to a much higher degree in social liberal societies than in purely capitalistic ones, but the strong capitalistic elements place a heavy emphasis on corporate cooperation for mutual gain as well.
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* Selflessness. The higher taxes require society to promote this value to a higher degree. This can be regarded as a form of patriotic duty.
* Solidarity. The social liberal brand of solidarityhas includes elements borrowed from capitalistic corporatism as well as communism. Solidarity towards the state and all citizens is expected to a much higher degree in social liberal societies than in purely capitalistic ones, but the strong capitalistic elements place a heavy emphasis on corporate cooperation for mutual gain as well.well.
* Understanding. Tends to flourish alongside other "soft values" like charity and compassion.
* Solidarity. The social liberal brand of solidarity
* Understanding. Tends to flourish alongside other "soft values" like charity and compassion.
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These virtues are particularly emphasized in social liberal societies (since it borrows elements from liberalism and capitalism, this causes some cultural impacts to be carried over from these ideologies; they are not listed again here):
* Charity. In social liberal society this is systemized through taxpaying and the public sector. A significant part of the taxes are used to finance basic security and dignity for society's least privileged individuals.
* Chastity. See frugality. This also has implications for chastity.
* Frugality. This is emphasized to a higher degree due to the cost of the public sector and the increased tax pressure.
* Mercy. Social liberal societies are generally ''much'' better at accommodating basic human needs for even its most impoverished citizens than purely libertarian ones.
* Solidarity. The social liberal brand of solidarity has elements borrowed from capitalistic corporatism as well as communism. Solidarity towards the state and all citizens is expected to a much higher degree in social liberal societies than in purely capitalistic ones, but the strong capitalistic elements place a heavy emphasis on corporate cooperation for mutual gain as well.
* Charity. In social liberal society this is systemized through taxpaying and the public sector. A significant part of the taxes are used to finance basic security and dignity for society's least privileged individuals.
* Chastity. See frugality. This also has implications for chastity.
* Frugality. This is emphasized to a higher degree due to the cost of the public sector and the increased tax pressure.
* Mercy. Social liberal societies are generally ''much'' better at accommodating basic human needs for even its most impoverished citizens than purely libertarian ones.
* Solidarity. The social liberal brand of solidarity has elements borrowed from capitalistic corporatism as well as communism. Solidarity towards the state and all citizens is expected to a much higher degree in social liberal societies than in purely capitalistic ones, but the strong capitalistic elements place a heavy emphasis on corporate cooperation for mutual gain as well.
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[[folder:Social democracy/Social liberalism]]
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[[folder:Social democracy/Social liberalism]]
liberalism/Social democracy]]
Social liberalism intermingles elements from value liberalism and capitalism. What distinguishes social liberalism from these ideologies is that social liberalism allows intervention from the state, particularly in matters of economy, to a much higher degree. The management and ownership of a significant sector of the industry that is deemed to be of particular importance to basic common needs, the "public sector", is more or less entrusted to the state. Areas of the market that are usually managed by the state in these societies include public transport, care for the sick and elderly, and education.
The reasoning behind this is that the normal motivator of the private market, profit, can have a destructive effect in these areas of critical public interest. Social liberal society places a heavy emphasis on human rights, and the general view in this culture is that all citizens have the right to quality health care and education (even at higher academic levels), so these services tend to be free of charge and financed by taxes. This leads to a higher tax pressure on the citizenry, obviously, and has been criticized by more radical capitalists as an example of unjust redistribution of wealth.
Social democracy, unlike social liberalism, evolved from ideological socialism/communism. Where the political schools today associated with communism, like bolshevism, leninism and stalinism decided to pursue a revolutionary agenda, social democracy instead chose a reformationist path, but the end goal was the same: the complete abolishment of capitalism and realization of a class-free society. Contemporary social democracy has abandoned this goal in all but name, however, and is these days more or less ideologically identical with social liberalism.
Social liberalism intermingles elements from value liberalism and capitalism. What distinguishes social liberalism from these ideologies is that social liberalism allows intervention from the state, particularly in matters of economy, to a much higher degree. The management and ownership of a significant sector of the industry that is deemed to be of particular importance to basic common needs, the "public sector", is more or less entrusted to the state. Areas of the market that are usually managed by the state in these societies include public transport, care for the sick and elderly, and education.
The reasoning behind this is that the normal motivator of the private market, profit, can have a destructive effect in these areas of critical public interest. Social liberal society places a heavy emphasis on human rights, and the general view in this culture is that all citizens have the right to quality health care and education (even at higher academic levels), so these services tend to be free of charge and financed by taxes. This leads to a higher tax pressure on the citizenry, obviously, and has been criticized by more radical capitalists as an example of unjust redistribution of wealth.
Social democracy, unlike social liberalism, evolved from ideological socialism/communism. Where the political schools today associated with communism, like bolshevism, leninism and stalinism decided to pursue a revolutionary agenda, social democracy instead chose a reformationist path, but the end goal was the same: the complete abolishment of capitalism and realization of a class-free society. Contemporary social democracy has abandoned this goal in all but name, however, and is these days more or less ideologically identical with social liberalism.
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* Honesty. Completely chucked out the window. You don't have to be honest about a product to sell it. Often quite the contrary. All [[WeaselWords marketing professionals understand this very well]]. Slightly mitigated by the fact that market actors need to uphold a guise of trustworthiness, but since this can be simulated, this is far from enough to compensate for the damage.
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* Honesty. Completely chucked out the window. You don't have to be honest about a product to sell it. Often quite Quite often the contrary. All [[WeaselWords marketing professionals understand this very well]]. Slightly mitigated by the fact that market actors need to uphold a guise of trustworthiness, but since this can be simulated, this is far from enough to compensate for the damage.
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[[folder:Democratic leftism/Social Democracy/Social Liberalism]]
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[[folder:Democratic leftism/Social-democracy]]
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[[folder:Democratic leftism/Social-democracy]]leftism/Social Democracy/Social Liberalism]]
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* Mirth. Capitalism can be pretty conducive to this, for citizens who are not trapped in poverty. Consumption can certainly improve both individual and collective moods. This even tends to give rise to a whole separate segment of the market - the entertainment industry. Some have observed that the cheer and mirth attained from consumption of entertainment seems rather short-lived, however, particularly if partaken in solitude.
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* Mirth. Capitalism can be pretty conducive to this, for citizens who are not trapped in poverty. Consumption can certainly improve both individual and collective moods. This even tends to give rise to a whole separate segment of the market - the entertainment industry. Some have observed that the cheer and mirth attained from consumption of entertainment seems rather short-lived, however, particularly if partaken of in solitude.
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* Patience. Any stock market trader can tell you all about the merits of patience.
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* Responsibility. See humility and duty.
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* Sincerity. This often comes away with the short straw due to the general lack of focus of honesty in capitalistic culture. When dishonesty permeates society it becomes exceedingly hard to be truly honest with ones self.
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* Mirth. Capitalism can be pretty conducive to this, for citizens who are not trapped in poverty. Consumption can certainly improve both individual and collective moods. This even tends to give rise to a whole separate segment of the market - the entertainment industry. Some have observed that the cheer and mirth attained from consumption of entertainment seems rather short-lived, however, particularly if partaken in solitude.
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* Camaraderie. While true friendship is certainly allowed and commonplace in capitalist culture, ''simulation'' of friendship for profit is probably even more commonplace. As a rule, simulation of something is not conducive to growth of the real thing.
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* Camaraderie. While true friendship is certainly allowed and commonplace in capitalist culture, ''simulation'' of friendship for profit is probably even more commonplace. As a rule, simulation of something is not conducive to growth of the real thing. In this case, it raises the question of who's friendship you truly can rely on as genuine.
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* Humility. Capitalism is all about what humanity can do. While certainly inspiring, the notion that this lust for power might draw us into domains of activity better left alone (at least for the time being) is far from unrealistic. Genetic engineering provides one example of an industry where the possible consequences are notoriously hard to analyze and predict beforehand, but profit is still possible. This may well prove to be capitalism's single most fatal deficiency.
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* Respect. As an ideology founded on the notion of liberty, respect is important in libertarianism.
* Camaraderie. While true friendship is certainly allowed and commonplace in capitalist culture, ''simulation'' of friendship for profit is probably even more commonplace. As a rule, simulation of something is not conducive to growth of the real thing.
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* Honesty. Completely chucked out the window. You don't have to be honest about a product to sell it. Often quite the contrary. All [[WeaselWords marketing professionals understand this very well]].
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* Honesty. Completely chucked out the window. You don't have to be honest about a product to sell it. Often quite the contrary. All [[WeaselWords marketing professionals understand this very well]]. Slightly mitigated by the fact that market actors need to uphold a guise of trustworthiness, but since this can be simulated, this is far from enough to compensate for the damage.
* Peacefulness. Life in capitalistic societies is generally rather stressful. This can make it harder to deal with negative emotions.
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* Selflessness. Actually discouraged in capitalist culture, since the desire for personal profit is regarded as the main driving force behing the financial system.
* Self-sacrifice. See selflessness.
* Understanding. Suffers from capitalism's lack of focus on other "soft" values like compassion, kindness and friendliness.
* Self-sacrifice. See selflessness.
* Understanding. Suffers from capitalism's lack of focus on other "soft" values like compassion, kindness and friendliness.
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* Loyalty. See duty.
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* Kindness. Suffers from capitalism's generally strained relationship with values like charity and compassion.
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* Charity. Generosity in general is not encouraged in capitalistic cultures. In fact, it is sometimes even seen as a threat, or an attempt at socialistic wealth redistribution. To the small extent that capitalism tolerates aid, the emphasis is placed on immaterial aid, see helpfulness.
* Compassion. Problematic, because sometimes immaterial aid is just not enough, see mercy below.
* Fairness. (Partially) See fairness in the list of advantages above.
* Friendliness. Often simulated in capitalistic culture. Trade is carried out under the guise of friendship, but underneath the surface lies a rivalry.
* Honesty. Completely chucked out the window. You don't have to be honest about a product to sell it. Often quite the contrary. All [[WeaselWords marketing professionals understand this very well]].
* Fairness. (Partially) See fairness in the list of advantages above.
* Friendliness. Often simulated in capitalistic culture. Trade is carried out under the guise of friendship, but underneath the surface lies a rivalry.
* Honesty. Completely chucked out the window. You don't have to be honest about a product to sell it. Often quite the contrary. All [[WeaselWords marketing professionals understand this very well]].
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* Reverence. Capitalism's notion that "everything has a price" carries unfortunate implications for this virtue. To the capitalist, truly nothing is sacred (except capitalism itself, in some cases).
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* Reverence. Capitalism's notion that "everything has a price" carries unfortunate implications for this virtue. To the capitalist, truly nothing is sacred (except capitalism itself, in some cases).
cases). This often causes a great deal of strain between capitalistic cultures and value conservative (for example, theocratic) ones.
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* Hope. In many ways a winning point of capitalism. Capitalism ''works'', to put it simply. And extremely well, at that. No other political system has generated as rapid scientific advancement and financial growth as capitalism (particularly in conjunction with value liberalism). This usually has a positive effect on the average citizen's outlook, except in periods of financial stagnation or recession.
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These virtues often end up suppressed or overlooked in strongly capitalistic societies:
* Chastity. Capitalism not only tolerates greedy hoarding, but actually encourages it.
* Mercy. Unrestrained capitalism has no mechanism for guaranteeing its citizens satisfaction of basic needs and dignity. This can lead to extreme symptoms of poverty like homelessness and downright starvation, even in rich countries.
* Modesty. Modesty is counter-productive to profit and career advancement.
* Reverence. Capitalism's notion that "everything has a price" carries unfortunate implications for this virtue. To the capitalist, truly nothing is sacred (except capitalism itself, in some cases).
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* Duty. This is emphasized, and most often discussed in terms of "work morals".
* Fairness. (Partially) Capitalism affords its citizens a measure a fairness, although this is rather limited in scope. Fairness is seen as ''equal opportunity'', in the sense that anyone can, with exertion, rise out of poverty and attain wealth. Unrestrained capitalism has no mechanism for guaranteeing its citizens satisfaction of basic needs and dignity, however, and in reality, rising out of poverty when such needs are unmet is exceedingly difficult, bordering on the impossible. The number of homeless people and deaths resulting from poverty even in rich capitalistic nations can certainly attest to this.
* Fairness. (Partially) Capitalism affords its citizens a measure a fairness, although this is rather limited in scope. Fairness is seen as ''equal opportunity'', in the sense that anyone can, with exertion, rise out of poverty and attain wealth. Unrestrained capitalism has no mechanism for guaranteeing its citizens satisfaction of basic needs and dignity, however, and in reality, rising out of poverty when such needs are unmet is exceedingly difficult, bordering on the impossible. The number of homeless people and deaths resulting from poverty even in rich capitalistic nations can certainly attest to this.
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* Helpfulness. To the extent that capitalism encourages any form of charity at all, it places the emphasis on immaterial aid. "Help others help themselves" is a common capitalist mantra.
* Impartiality. See fairness.
* Impartiality. See fairness.
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* Patience. Any stock market trader can tell you all about the merits of patience.
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* Purpose. Of central significance. This is the driving force that leads to the birth of new ventures.
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* Reciprocity. Principles of reciprocity tend to be rather strong in capitalistic society, perhaps because the notion of the mutual contract is so central.
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* Responsibility. (Partially) Ignoring the consequences of one's actions is very seldom profitable in the long run. CEO:s take great care to plan for the future, albeit usually only out of narrow self-interest. This can allow serious consequences that lie outside of this narrow scope to be overlooked.
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* Trustworthiness. Capitalistic acteurs try to ''simulate'' this, at the very least. Blatantly untrustworthy agents are quickly filtered away from the open market, by trading partners or end consumers.
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* Vigilance. The entrepreneur's view is that threats to one's ventures must be monitored and planned for beforehand.
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* Vigilance. The entrepreneur's view is that threats to one's ventures must be monitored and planned for beforehand. In entrepreneurial terms this is referred to as "risk-management".
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* Solidarity. Capitalism understands very well the value of cooperation in order to achieve common goals. This is the fundamental principle behind the concept of the corporation.
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* Solidarity. Capitalism understands very well the value of cooperation in order to achieve common goals.for mutual gain. This is the fundamental principle behind the concept of the corporation.
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* Courage. Delving into previously unexplored areas of industry is frequently rewarded in capitalist society, as each new venture potentially creates a fresh niche in the market. This motivates many budding entrepreneurs to deviate from their comfort zone.
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* Courage. Delving into previously unexplored areas of industry is frequently rewarded in capitalist society, as each new venture potentially creates a fresh niche in the market. This motivates many budding and veteran entrepreneurs to deviate from their comfort zone.zone of comfort.
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* Beauty. The more aesthetically pleasing a product is, the higher its worth. This is a principle well understood by professional marketers.
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* Beauty. The more aesthetically pleasing a product is, the higher its worth. This is a principle well understood by professional marketers.marketing professionals.
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This process is seen as largely self-regulating, and capitalistic ideologies tend to advocate minimal interference in matters of economy from the authorities. Capitalism is often coupled with value libertarianism, but can function equally well in conservative cultures.
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This process is seen as largely self-regulating, and capitalistic ideologies tend to advocate minimal interference in matters of economy from the authorities. Capitalism is often coupled with value libertarianism, liberalism, but can function equally well in conservative cultures.
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[[folder:"Laissez-faire" libertarianism]]
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[[folder:"Laissez-faire" libertarianism]]capitalism/Libertarianism]]
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Capitalism tends to place extremely heavy emphasis on the utilitarian virtues, seeing as how these have a direct impact on personal and collective productivity. Since [[MenActWomenAre these virtues are classically associated with the male identity]], capitalist cultures may be subject to chauvinist tendencies.
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Capitalism tends to place extremely heavy emphasis on the utilitarian virtues, seeing as how these have a direct impact on personal and collective productivity. Since [[MenActWomenAre these virtues are classically associated with the male identity]], capitalist cultures may be subject to chauvinist [[GenderDynamicsIndex chauvinist]] tendencies.
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Capitalism tends to place extremely heavy emphasis on the utilitarian virtues, seeing as how these have a direct impact on personal and collective productivity. Since these virtues are classically associated with the male identity, capitalist cultures may be subject to chauvinist tendencies.
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Capitalism tends to place extremely heavy emphasis on the utilitarian virtues, seeing as how these have a direct impact on personal and collective productivity. Since [[MenActWomenAre these virtues are classically associated with the male identity, identity]], capitalist cultures may be subject to chauvinist tendencies.
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Libertarianism, or as it shall henceforth be called, capitalism, places a heavy emphasis on the uninhibited right to personal possession. In capitalism, agents lay claim to resources that have not already be claimed by another agent, and from that point onward regard themselves as the rightful owners of those resources. Said resources are then often refined into more complex products, generating an even greater worth, and facilitating trade between parties.
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Libertarianism, or as it shall henceforth be called, capitalism, places a heavy emphasis on the uninhibited right to personal possession. In capitalism, agents lay claim to resources that have not already be been claimed by another agent, and from that point onward regard themselves as the rightful owners of those resources. Said resources are then often refined into more complex products, generating an even greater worth, and facilitating trade between parties.
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These virtues are commonly emphasized capitalist societies:
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These virtues are commonly emphasized capitalist in capitalistic societies:
