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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of August 2023, 27 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, Nebraska, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of August 2023, 27 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Missouri}}, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, Nebraska, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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** In California, how difficult it is to get a permit depends on which city or county you live in, as they are issued at the discretion of politically-appointed municipal police chiefs or county sheriffs in unincorporated areas. In the Los Angeles area or the Bay Area, where most of the state's population lives, unless you are rich, powerful, or know the right people, a concealed carry permit is out of the question. [[note]]As of 2015, Los Angeles County, population 10 million, had fewer than 500 concealed carry permits (less than 1 for every 20,000 people). San Francisco, population 870,000, had ''four'' (less than 1 for every 200,000 people).[[/note]] However, certain other counties, such as Sacramento County, are very nearly "shall-issue" in practice, due to tolerant local sheriffs.
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** In California, how difficult it is to get a permit depends on which city or county you live in, as they are issued at the discretion of politically-appointed municipal police chiefs or county sheriffs in unincorporated areas. In the Los Angeles area or the Bay Area, where most of the state's population lives, unless you are rich, powerful, or know the right people, a concealed carry permit is out of the question. [[note]]As of 2015, [[UsefulNotes/LosAngeles Los Angeles County, County]], population 10 million, had fewer than 500 concealed carry permits (less than 1 for every 20,000 people). San Francisco, UsefulNotes/SanFrancisco, population 870,000, had ''four'' (less than 1 for every 200,000 people).[[/note]] However, certain other counties, such as Sacramento County, are very nearly "shall-issue" in practice, due to tolerant local sheriffs.
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Civilians can own machine guns made before May 1986 (but such machine guns can no longer be imported, so only the ones that were already legally in the US as of May 1986 count). However, due to high demand and a very small and increasingly worn-out supply, they are more expensive than most cars.[[note]]In some cases, more expensive than a ''[[CoolCar Lamborghini]]''. For example, exactly ''one'' [[GunsOfFiction/MachineGuns M249 Squad Automatic Weapon]] was registered on the last day before the registry was closed. Despite there being tens of thousands just like it that the US Army and Marines bought for about $4,000 each, the fact that this is the only example that civilians can own boosted is price to a staggering $588,000 at auction in 2023.[[/note]] Obtaining one requires a substantial amount of paperwork, the same background check that purchasing a single shot rifle does, and a $200 tax stamp (this is not a permit, though it is mistaken for one a lot). The $200 tax stamp rule was started in the 1930s when $200 was cost-prohibitive to almost everybody and often exceeded the price of the actual gun. While the dollar amount has stayed the same since the '30s, owning a machine gun or assault rifle is still far too expensive for most Americans due to the aforementioned value of such weapons. The ATF also generally treats components that can be used to convert semiautomatic firearms into fully automatic firearms (e.g., "full-auto sears" for AR-15 rifles) as equivalent to machine guns (with the same registration, tax stamp, and date of manufacture requirements) if an individual possesses them and also happens to possess firearms which said components will fit. Federal courts routinely hand down criminal convictions for possession of unregistered machine guns of people who stumble into this particular trap.
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Civilians can own machine guns made before May 1986 (but such machine guns can no longer be imported, so only the ones that were already legally in the US as of May 1986 count). However, due to high demand and a very small and increasingly worn-out supply, they are more expensive than most cars.[[note]]In some cases, more expensive than a ''[[CoolCar Lamborghini]]''. For example, exactly ''one'' [[GunsOfFiction/MachineGuns M249 Squad Automatic Weapon]] was registered on the last day before the registry was closed. Despite there being tens of thousands just like it that the US Army and Marines bought for about $4,000 each, the fact that this is the only example that civilians can own boosted is price to a staggering $588,000 at auction in 2023. It was calculated that at the time of its sale, this particular machine gun was quite literally worth more than its weight in gold.[[/note]] Obtaining one requires a substantial amount of paperwork, the same background check that purchasing a single shot rifle does, and a $200 tax stamp (this is not a permit, though it is mistaken for one a lot). The $200 tax stamp rule was started in the 1930s when $200 was cost-prohibitive to almost everybody and often exceeded the price of the actual gun. While the dollar amount has stayed the same since the '30s, owning a machine gun or assault rifle is still far too expensive for most Americans due to the aforementioned value of such weapons. The ATF also generally treats components that can be used to convert semiautomatic firearms into fully automatic firearms (e.g., "full-auto sears" for AR-15 rifles) as equivalent to machine guns (with the same registration, tax stamp, and date of manufacture requirements) if an individual possesses them and also happens to possess firearms which said components will fit. Federal courts routinely hand down criminal convictions for possession of unregistered machine guns of people who stumble into this particular trap.
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* [[MoreDakka Machine Gun]]: Any weapon that fires more than one bullet at a time, regardless of what other categories it falls into, or whether or not it fits the actual definition of "[[MisidentifiedWeapons machine gun]]." This includes fully automatic (constant fire), burst (firing a mechanically regulated set number of rounds) and selective (possessing 2 or more user selected firing modes). Originally phrased as one bullet "[[ExactWords per trigger pull]]", but was [[ObviousRulePatch changed]] after people started making fully-automatic weapons [[LoopholeAbuse with no triggers]]. Does not include crank powered weapons such as the Gatling Gun. Technically legal, and costs $200 to transfer, but only for machine guns built or imported and registered prior to 1986, and the ATF will often at least try to prosecute you for owning one regardless of its legality anyway.[[note]]Gun dealers who are specifically licensed to sell machine guns can act as a middleman between the manufacturers and local government agencies such as police departments, and can own their own "sample" machine guns for the purpose of demonstration of the product. However, these "post 1986 samples" are the property of the company, not personal property of the business owner, and must be either destroyed or sold to another licensed dealer or government agency if the dealer goes out of business. The dealer is however allowed to ''use'' such "samples" for his own amusement or rent them out to civilians to fire at an in-store shooting range, which is often the real purpose for having them in the gun store. Some [[PrivateMilitaryContractors private security firms]] can also own post-1986 machine guns as corporate property.[[/note]]
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* [[MoreDakka Machine Gun]]: Any weapon that fires more than one bullet at a time, regardless of what other categories it falls into, or whether or not it fits the actual definition of "[[MisidentifiedWeapons machine gun]]." This includes fully automatic (constant fire), burst (firing a mechanically regulated set number of rounds) and selective (possessing 2 or more user selected firing modes). Originally phrased as one bullet "[[ExactWords per trigger pull]]", but was [[ObviousRulePatch changed]] after people started making fully-automatic weapons [[LoopholeAbuse with no triggers]]. Does not include crank powered weapons such as the Gatling Gun. Technically legal, and costs $200 to transfer, but only for machine guns built or imported and registered prior to 1986, 1986,[[note]]Registration of new machine guns was ended by the Hughes Amendment to the Firearm Owners Protection Act, which became law on May 19, 1986. Any machine gun not already on the registry by that date is banned from civilian ownership.[[/note]] and the ATF will often at least try to prosecute you for owning one regardless of its legality anyway.[[note]]Gun dealers who are specifically licensed to sell machine guns can act as a middleman between the manufacturers and local government agencies such as police departments, and can own their own "sample" machine guns for the purpose of demonstration of the product. However, these "post 1986 samples" are the property of the company, not personal property of the business owner, and must be either destroyed or sold to another licensed dealer or government agency if the dealer goes out of business. The dealer is however allowed to ''use'' such "samples" for his own amusement or rent them out to civilians to fire at an in-store shooting range, which is often the real purpose for having them in the gun store. Some dealers also specialize in renting out machine guns for use in movies and TV shows. Some [[PrivateMilitaryContractors private security firms]] can also own post-1986 machine guns as corporate property.[[/note]]
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Civilians can own machine guns made before May 1986 (but such machine guns can no longer be imported, so only the ones that were already legally in the US as of May 1986 count). However, due to high demand and a very small and increasingly worn-out supply, they are more expensive than most cars. Obtaining one requires a substantial amount of paperwork, the same background check that purchasing a single shot rifle does, and a $200 tax stamp (this is not a permit, though it is mistaken for one a lot). The $200 tax stamp rule was started in the 1930s when $200 was cost-prohibitive to almost everybody and often exceeded the price of the actual gun. While the dollar amount has stayed the same since the '30s, owning a machine gun or assault rifle is still far too expensive for most Americans due to the aforementioned value of such weapons. The ATF also generally treats components that can be used to convert semiautomatic firearms into fully automatic firearms (e.g., "full-auto sears" for AR-15 rifles) as equivalent to machine guns (with the same registration, tax stamp, and date of manufacture requirements) if an individual possesses them and also happens to possess firearms which said components will fit. Federal courts routinely hand down criminal convictions for possession of unregistered machine guns of people who stumble into this particular trap.
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Civilians can own machine guns made before May 1986 (but such machine guns can no longer be imported, so only the ones that were already legally in the US as of May 1986 count). However, due to high demand and a very small and increasingly worn-out supply, they are more expensive than most cars. [[note]]In some cases, more expensive than a ''[[CoolCar Lamborghini]]''. For example, exactly ''one'' [[GunsOfFiction/MachineGuns M249 Squad Automatic Weapon]] was registered on the last day before the registry was closed. Despite there being tens of thousands just like it that the US Army and Marines bought for about $4,000 each, the fact that this is the only example that civilians can own boosted is price to a staggering $588,000 at auction in 2023.[[/note]] Obtaining one requires a substantial amount of paperwork, the same background check that purchasing a single shot rifle does, and a $200 tax stamp (this is not a permit, though it is mistaken for one a lot). The $200 tax stamp rule was started in the 1930s when $200 was cost-prohibitive to almost everybody and often exceeded the price of the actual gun. While the dollar amount has stayed the same since the '30s, owning a machine gun or assault rifle is still far too expensive for most Americans due to the aforementioned value of such weapons. The ATF also generally treats components that can be used to convert semiautomatic firearms into fully automatic firearms (e.g., "full-auto sears" for AR-15 rifles) as equivalent to machine guns (with the same registration, tax stamp, and date of manufacture requirements) if an individual possesses them and also happens to possess firearms which said components will fit. Federal courts routinely hand down criminal convictions for possession of unregistered machine guns of people who stumble into this particular trap.
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Clarification: Nebraska is now officially a constitutional carry state.
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of August 2023, 26 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, Nebraska, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of August 2023, 26 27 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, Nebraska, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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Nebraska is now a shall-issue state.
Changed line(s) 111,112 (click to see context) from:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of August 2023, 26 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Nebraska will join this category on September 7th, 2023. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of August 2023, 26 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, Nebraska, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Nebraska will join this category on September 7th, 2023.UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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North Dakota's resident-only requirement for permitless carry is now officially repealed as of Aug 1, 2023.
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only [[note]] The state residents only requirement will be removed on August 1st, 2023 [[/note]]), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Nebraska will join this category on September 7th, 2023. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January August 2023, 25 26 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only [[note]] The state residents only requirement will be removed on August 1st, 2023 [[/note]]), (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Nebraska will join this category on September 7th, 2023. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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Florida's Constitutional Carry law is now in effect.
Changed line(s) 111,112 (click to see context) from:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only [[note]] The state residents only requirement will be removed on August 1st, 2023 [[/note]]), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing); Nebraska will follow suit on September 7th. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} (concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only [[note]] The state residents only requirement will be removed on August 1st, 2023 [[/note]]), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} Nebraska will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing); Nebraska will follow suit on September 7th.7th, 2023. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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The majority of states have reciprocity agreements with some other states, under which those states have mutually agreed to recognize each others' carry permits for holders traveling between those states. In such cases, these states recognize some out-of-state permits, but not all of them. Nationwide, there is utterly no rhyme or reason to this system as it currently exists, it's been built up entirely out of a hodgepodge of different state laws and agreements between different states over the years.[[note]] As examples, UsefulNotes/{{Pennsylvania}} only recognizes out-of-state permits from two of its six neighboring states — UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}} and West Virginia — but also recognize permits from a lot of other states as far away as UsefulNotes/{{Montana}} and UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, each nearly 1,500 miles away. Delaware doesn't recognize permits from any of its neighboring states at all, but does recognize ones from states including UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, roughly 2,000 miles away.[[/note]] Some states have reciprocity agreements with all states, some with a majority of states, and some with only a few. Some state permits that have particularly broad reciprocity benefits, honored in many states, and that are readily issued to non-residents, are frequently sought out, somewhat like a "flag of convenience", by concealed carriers who travel or expect to travel, especially if their home states have worse or no reciprocity. This is especially so if the issuing state has minimal application requirements (for example, if they accept applications and issue permits by mail to out-of-staters). Some states [[note]] i.e. Colorado, Michigan, Pennsylvania [[/note]] however will not recognize out-of-state permits that have been issued to non-residents of the issuing state, though these states may nonetheless issue non-residents their own permits if applied for.
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The majority of states have reciprocity agreements with some other states, under which those states have mutually agreed to recognize each others' carry permits for holders traveling between those states. In such cases, these states recognize some out-of-state permits, but not all of them. Nationwide, there is utterly no rhyme or reason to this system as it currently exists, it's been built up entirely out of a hodgepodge of different state laws and agreements between different states over the years.[[note]] As examples, UsefulNotes/{{Pennsylvania}} only recognizes out-of-state permits from two of its six neighboring states — UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}} and West Virginia — but also recognize permits from a lot of other states as far away as UsefulNotes/{{Montana}} and UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, each nearly 1,500 miles away. Delaware doesn't recognize permits from any of its neighboring states at all, but does recognize ones from states including UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, roughly 2,000 miles away.[[/note]] Some states have reciprocity agreements with all states, states [[note]] i.e. UsefulNotes/{{Michigan}}, UsefulNotes/NorthCarolina, UsefulNotes/{{Virginia}} [[/note]], some with a majority of states, and states [[note]] i.e. Louisiana, UsefulNotes/{{Pennsylvania}} [[/note]], some with only a few.few [[note]] i.e. UsefulNotes/{{Minnesota}}, UsefulNotes/{{Washington}} [[/note]], and some with no states at all [[note]] i.e. UsefulNotes/{{California}}, UsefulNotes/{{Hawaii}}, Illinois, UsefulNotes/{{New York|State}} [[/note]]. Some state permits that have particularly broad reciprocity benefits, honored in many states, and that are readily issued to non-residents, are frequently sought out, somewhat like a "flag of convenience", by concealed carriers who travel or expect to travel, especially if their home states have worse or no reciprocity. This is especially so if the issuing state has minimal application requirements (for example, if they accept applications and issue permits by mail to out-of-staters). Some states [[note]] i.e. Colorado, Michigan, Pennsylvania [[/note]] however UsefulNotes/{{Colorado}}, UsefulNotes/{{Michigan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Pennsylvania}} [[/note]], however, will not recognize out-of-state permits that have been issued to non-residents of the issuing state, though these states may nonetheless issue non-residents their own permits if applied for.
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Under current law, it is legally impossible for anyone (other than a current or former law enforcement officer who qualifies under LEOSA, see above) to be legally entitled to carry in all 50 states as a private citizen, because UsefulNotes/{{California}} and UsefulNotes/{{Colorado}} only issue permits to their own residents, neither recognizes each others' permits nor any other states' non-resident permits, and it is not possible to maintain legal domicile in more than one state.[[note]]The only people who ''can'' possibly be legally domiciled in more than one state are certain [[MilitaryBrat military dependents]], who can't legally buy firearms or qualify for permits anyway due to being underage. Under US law, a minor child has the domicile of the parent(s) with physical custody. However, under federal law, military members do not change their domicile when they move to a new posting; they must apply with the Department of Defense for a change of domicile. If two military members are married and have separate domiciles, their child(ren) will have both domiciles.[[/note]] It's also practically impossible for most people to be permitted to carry in more than about 35-40 or so states at a time, due to the limits and vagaries of state reciprocity arrangements and the complicated individual requirements and broad local discretion exercised in the nine may-issue states. As of 2022, the maximum number of states that a resident can have reciprocity with is 39; this is only possible with a Kansas Concealed Carry Handgun License, a UsefulNotes/{{Michigan}} Concealed Pistol License, an UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}} Enhanced Concealed Weapons License, and a UsefulNotes/NorthDakota Class 1 Concealed Weapons License.
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Under current law, it is legally impossible for anyone (other than a current or former law enforcement officer who qualifies under LEOSA, see above) to be legally entitled to carry in all 50 states as a private citizen, because UsefulNotes/{{California}} and UsefulNotes/{{Colorado}} only issue permits to their own residents, neither recognizes each others' permits nor any other states' non-resident permits, and it is not possible to maintain legal domicile in more than one state.[[note]]The only people who ''can'' possibly be legally domiciled in more than one state are certain [[MilitaryBrat military dependents]], who can't legally buy firearms or qualify for permits anyway due to being underage. Under US law, a minor child has the domicile of the parent(s) with physical custody. However, under federal law, military members do not change their domicile when they move to a new posting; they must apply with the Department of Defense for a change of domicile. If two military members are married and have separate domiciles, their child(ren) will have both domiciles.[[/note]] It's also practically impossible for most people to be permitted to carry in more than about 35-40 or so states at a time, due to the limits and vagaries of state reciprocity arrangements and the complicated individual requirements and broad local discretion exercised in the nine may-issue states. As of 2022, the maximum number of states that a resident can have reciprocity with one permit is 39; this is only possible with a Kansas Concealed Carry Handgun License, a UsefulNotes/{{Michigan}} Concealed Pistol License, an UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}} Enhanced Concealed Weapons License, and a UsefulNotes/NorthDakota Class 1 Concealed Weapons License.
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Changed line(s) 141,142 (click to see context) from:
The majority of states have reciprocity agreements with some other states, under which those states have mutually agreed to recognize each others' carry permits for holders traveling between those states. In such cases, these states recognize some out-of-state permits, but not all of them. Nationwide, there is utterly no rhyme or reason to this system as it currently exists, it's been built up entirely out of a hodgepodge of different state laws and agreements between different states over the years.[[note]] As examples, UsefulNotes/{{Pennsylvania}} only recognizes out-of-state permits from two of its six neighboring states — UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}} and West Virginia — but also recognize permits from a lot of other states as far away as UsefulNotes/{{Montana}} and UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, each nearly 1,500 miles away. Delaware doesn't recognize permits from any of its neighboring states at all, but does recognize ones from states including UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, roughly 2,000 miles away.[[/note]] Some states have reciprocity agreements with many other states, some with only a few. Some state permits that have particularly broad reciprocity benefits, honored in many states, and that are readily issued to non-residents, are frequently sought out, somewhat like a "flag of convenience", by concealed carriers who travel or expect to travel, especially if their home states have worse or no reciprocity. This is especially so if the issuing state has minimal application requirements (for example, if they accept applications and issue permits by mail to out-of-staters). Some states however will not recognize out-of-state permits that have been issued to non-residents of the issuing state, though these states may nonetheless issue non-residents their own permits if applied for.
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The majority of states have reciprocity agreements with some other states, under which those states have mutually agreed to recognize each others' carry permits for holders traveling between those states. In such cases, these states recognize some out-of-state permits, but not all of them. Nationwide, there is utterly no rhyme or reason to this system as it currently exists, it's been built up entirely out of a hodgepodge of different state laws and agreements between different states over the years.[[note]] As examples, UsefulNotes/{{Pennsylvania}} only recognizes out-of-state permits from two of its six neighboring states — UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}} and West Virginia — but also recognize permits from a lot of other states as far away as UsefulNotes/{{Montana}} and UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, each nearly 1,500 miles away. Delaware doesn't recognize permits from any of its neighboring states at all, but does recognize ones from states including UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, roughly 2,000 miles away.[[/note]] Some states have reciprocity agreements with many other all states, some with a majority of states, and some with only a few. Some state permits that have particularly broad reciprocity benefits, honored in many states, and that are readily issued to non-residents, are frequently sought out, somewhat like a "flag of convenience", by concealed carriers who travel or expect to travel, especially if their home states have worse or no reciprocity. This is especially so if the issuing state has minimal application requirements (for example, if they accept applications and issue permits by mail to out-of-staters). Some states [[note]] i.e. Colorado, Michigan, Pennsylvania [[/note]] however will not recognize out-of-state permits that have been issued to non-residents of the issuing state, though these states may nonetheless issue non-residents their own permits if applied for.
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All states have concealed-carry laws, allowing a person to carry a weapon in a concealed holster with a permit, at least on the books. The ease of obtaining these permits varies widely. The different legal carry regimes generally break down as follows:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only [[note]] The state residents only requirement will be removed on August 1st, 2023 [[/note]]), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing); Nebraska will follow suit on September 10th. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only [[note]] The state residents only requirement will be removed on August 1st, 2023 [[/note]]), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing); Nebraska will follow suit on September 10th. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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All states have concealed-carry laws, allowing a person to carry a weapon in a concealed holster with a permit, at least on the books.books [[note]] The exception to this is UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, which has never required permits to carry nor issued conceal carry permits in its history [[/note]]. The ease of obtaining these permits varies widely. The different legal carry regimes generally break down as follows:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only [[note]] The state residents only requirement will be removed on August 1st, 2023 [[/note]]), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing); Nebraska will follow suit on September10th. 7th. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, process in some cases, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only [[note]] The state residents only requirement will be removed on August 1st, 2023 [[/note]]), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing); Nebraska will follow suit on September
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Changed line(s) 135,136 (click to see context) from:
Each state has a list of particular locations where carrying even with a permit is prohibited, some of which can be quite long and complicated.[[note]]To cite one extreme, Illinois, technically a "shall-issue" state, prohibits carrying on public transportation, at any bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at any public gathering or special event that requires a permit, at any place where alcohol is sold for special events, on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it, at any school, college, university, preschool, daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, sports stadium or arena, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. Whew![[/note]] Expect all to prohibit carrying into courthouses, jails, psychiatric hospitals, or other sensitive locations. Some will prohibit carrying in bars and alcohol service areas of restaurants where minors are prohibited, some will allow it but will prohibit drinking, some (mostly in the South) will prohibit carrying into churches. Some will prohibit carrying anywhere a property owner has posted a "No Guns" sign, others won't make that technically illegal but may arrest you for trespassing (on a theory that the owner has denied permission to enter to armed individuals). Some [[note]] i.e. Texas, Nebraska, Michigan, Alaska [[/note]] will require you to immediately disclose if you are carrying in encounters with law enforcement officers, some [[note]] i.e. Indiana, Colorado, Georgia [[/note]] will not, some [[note]] i.e. Illinois, Alabama, Pennsylvania, Arizona [[note]] will only require you to disclose if the officer specifically asks if you possess a weapon, while two states [[note]] Maine and North Dakota [[/note]] don't require people carrying with a permit to disclose but do require people ''without'' a permit to disclose (though it's usually a healthy idea to let them know regardless of the law, rather than having them find out on their own that they're dealing with an armed individual). In any state, violating these laws, or being charged with most crimes other than a traffic infraction, or being caught under the influence of alcohol or drugs while you're carrying, will almost certainly result in your permit being revoked.[[note]]Permit revocation can often be done in an administrative proceeding, separate from a criminal case, in which the burden of proof and rules of evidence may be substantially lower than in court, meaning that even if you're not convicted or even formally charged with a crime, the authorities still may try to and be able to pull your permit.[[/note]] Carrying onto most federal government property, including even a local post office, is still illegal, even with a state carry permit.[[note]]It's legal to carry into many national parks, even though they're technically federal land (especially given that many hunt in those parks), but it's usually ''illegal'' to go into any ''structure'' in a national park armed, because they're considered "federal facilities".[[/note]] Also, the federal Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 makes carrying within 1,000 feet of a primary or secondary school without a carry permit issued by the state where the school is located a federal crime with a five-year sentence.[[note]]Reciprocity with an out-of-state permit does ''not'' apply in this case, the law was drafted before the current trend for concealed carry started and it hasn't been updated. It's effectively impossible to traverse most metropolitan areas without coming within 1,000 feet of a school.[[/note]]
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Each state has a list of particular locations where carrying even with a permit is prohibited, some of which can be quite long and complicated.[[note]]To cite one extreme, Illinois, technically a "shall-issue" state, prohibits carrying on public transportation, at any bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at any public gathering or special event that requires a permit, at any place where alcohol is sold for special events, on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it, at any school, college, university, preschool, daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, sports stadium or arena, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. Whew![[/note]] Expect all to prohibit carrying into courthouses, jails, psychiatric hospitals, or other sensitive locations. Some will prohibit carrying in bars and alcohol service areas of restaurants where minors are prohibited, some will allow it but will prohibit drinking, some (mostly in the South) will prohibit carrying into churches. Some will prohibit carrying anywhere a property owner has posted a "No Guns" sign, others won't make that technically illegal but may arrest you for trespassing (on a theory that the owner has denied permission to enter to armed individuals). Some [[note]] i.e. Texas, Nebraska, Michigan, Alaska [[/note]] will require you to immediately disclose if you are carrying in encounters with law enforcement officers, some [[note]] i.e. Indiana, Colorado, Georgia [[/note]] will not, some [[note]] i.e. Illinois, Alabama, Pennsylvania, Arizona [[note]] [[/note]] will only require you to disclose if the officer specifically asks if you possess a weapon, while two states [[note]] Maine and North Dakota [[/note]] don't require people carrying with a permit to disclose but do require people ''without'' a permit to disclose (though it's usually a healthy idea to let them know regardless of the law, rather than having them find out on their own that they're dealing with an armed individual). In any state, violating these laws, or being charged with most crimes other than a traffic infraction, or being caught under the influence of alcohol or drugs while you're carrying, will almost certainly result in your permit being revoked.[[note]]Permit revocation can often be done in an administrative proceeding, separate from a criminal case, in which the burden of proof and rules of evidence may be substantially lower than in court, meaning that even if you're not convicted or even formally charged with a crime, the authorities still may try to and be able to pull your permit.[[/note]] Carrying onto most federal government property, including even a local post office, is still illegal, even with a state carry permit.[[note]]It's legal to carry into many national parks, even though they're technically federal land (especially given that many hunt in those parks), but it's usually ''illegal'' to go into any ''structure'' in a national park armed, because they're considered "federal facilities".[[/note]] Also, the federal Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 makes carrying within 1,000 feet of a primary or secondary school without a carry permit issued by the state where the school is located a federal crime with a five-year sentence.[[note]]Reciprocity with an out-of-state permit does ''not'' apply in this case, the law was drafted before the current trend for concealed carry started and it hasn't been updated. It's effectively impossible to traverse most metropolitan areas without coming within 1,000 feet of a school.[[/note]]
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Changed line(s) 133,136 (click to see context) from:
Beyond the broad categories listed above, each state has its own particular laws concerning carrying a weapon. In many, open carry is permitted as well as concealed carry; in others (such as Florida), only concealed carry is allowed, and open carry will get you arrested for brandishing a weapon or a similar charge. In still others, open carry requires no permit but concealed carry does. Every state, though, has laws against brandishing, "menacing", or in some cases "going armed to the terror of the public", that make it illegal to display weapons with the intent to threaten people. Also, openly displaying firearms if you're in a local community where that isn't common or appreciated,[[note]]e.g., many big cities and college towns, even in states with permissive carry laws[[/note]] even if it may be technically legal, is very likely to lead to "person with gun" 911 calls to the police, which have the potential to end badly.
Each state has a list of particular locations where carrying even with a permit is prohibited, some of which can be quite long and complicated.[[note]]To cite one extreme, Illinois, technically a "shall-issue" state, prohibits carrying on public transportation, at any bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at any public gathering or special event that requires a permit, at any place where alcohol is sold for special events, on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it, at any school, college, university, preschool, daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, sports stadium or arena, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. Whew![[/note]] Expect all to prohibit carrying into courthouses, jails, psychiatric hospitals, or other sensitive locations. Some will prohibit carrying in bars and alcohol service areas of restaurants where minors are prohibited, some will allow it but will prohibit drinking, some (mostly in the South) will prohibit carrying into churches. Some will prohibit carrying anywhere a property owner has posted a "No Guns" sign, others won't make that technically illegal but may arrest you for trespassing (on a theory that the owner has denied permission to enter to armed individuals). Some will require you to disclose if you are carrying in encounters with law enforcement officers, some will not (though it's usually a healthy idea to let them know, rather than having them find out on their own that they're dealing with an armed individual). In any state, violating these laws, or being charged with most crimes other than a traffic infraction, or being caught under the influence of alcohol or drugs while you're carrying, will almost certainly result in your permit being revoked.[[note]]Permit revocation can often be done in an administrative proceeding, separate from a criminal case, in which the burden of proof and rules of evidence may be substantially lower than in court, meaning that even if you're not convicted or even formally charged with a crime, the authorities still may try to and be able to pull your permit.[[/note]] Carrying onto most federal government property, including even a local post office, is still illegal, even with a state carry permit.[[note]]It's legal to carry into many national parks, even though they're technically federal land (especially given that many hunt in those parks), but it's usually ''illegal'' to go into any ''structure'' in a national park armed, because they're considered "federal facilities".[[/note]] Also, the federal Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 makes carrying within 1,000 feet of a primary or secondary school without a carry permit issued by the state where the school is located a federal crime with a five-year sentence.[[note]]Reciprocity with an out-of-state permit does ''not'' apply in this case, the law was drafted before the current trend for concealed carry started and it hasn't been updated. It's effectively impossible to traverse most metropolitan areas without coming within 1,000 feet of a school.[[/note]]
Each state has a list of particular locations where carrying even with a permit is prohibited, some of which can be quite long and complicated.[[note]]To cite one extreme, Illinois, technically a "shall-issue" state, prohibits carrying on public transportation, at any bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at any public gathering or special event that requires a permit, at any place where alcohol is sold for special events, on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it, at any school, college, university, preschool, daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, sports stadium or arena, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. Whew![[/note]] Expect all to prohibit carrying into courthouses, jails, psychiatric hospitals, or other sensitive locations. Some will prohibit carrying in bars and alcohol service areas of restaurants where minors are prohibited, some will allow it but will prohibit drinking, some (mostly in the South) will prohibit carrying into churches. Some will prohibit carrying anywhere a property owner has posted a "No Guns" sign, others won't make that technically illegal but may arrest you for trespassing (on a theory that the owner has denied permission to enter to armed individuals). Some will require you to disclose if you are carrying in encounters with law enforcement officers, some will not (though it's usually a healthy idea to let them know, rather than having them find out on their own that they're dealing with an armed individual). In any state, violating these laws, or being charged with most crimes other than a traffic infraction, or being caught under the influence of alcohol or drugs while you're carrying, will almost certainly result in your permit being revoked.[[note]]Permit revocation can often be done in an administrative proceeding, separate from a criminal case, in which the burden of proof and rules of evidence may be substantially lower than in court, meaning that even if you're not convicted or even formally charged with a crime, the authorities still may try to and be able to pull your permit.[[/note]] Carrying onto most federal government property, including even a local post office, is still illegal, even with a state carry permit.[[note]]It's legal to carry into many national parks, even though they're technically federal land (especially given that many hunt in those parks), but it's usually ''illegal'' to go into any ''structure'' in a national park armed, because they're considered "federal facilities".[[/note]] Also, the federal Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 makes carrying within 1,000 feet of a primary or secondary school without a carry permit issued by the state where the school is located a federal crime with a five-year sentence.[[note]]Reciprocity with an out-of-state permit does ''not'' apply in this case, the law was drafted before the current trend for concealed carry started and it hasn't been updated. It's effectively impossible to traverse most metropolitan areas without coming within 1,000 feet of a school.[[/note]]
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Beyond the broad categories listed above, each state has its own particular laws concerning carrying a weapon. In many, open carry is permitted as well as concealed carry; in others (such as Florida), Florida and Illinois), only concealed carry is allowed, and open carry will get you arrested for brandishing a weapon or a similar charge. In still others, others [[note]] i.e. UsefulNotes/{{Nevada}} and UsefulNotes/NewMexico [[/note]], open carry requires no permit but concealed carry does. Every state, though, has laws against brandishing, "menacing", or in some cases "going armed to the terror of the public", that make it illegal to display weapons with the intent to threaten people. Also, openly displaying firearms if you're in a local community where that isn't common or appreciated,[[note]]e.g., many big cities and college towns, even in states with permissive carry laws[[/note]] even if it may be technically legal, is very likely to lead to "person with gun" 911 calls to the police, which have the potential to end badly.
Each state has a list of particular locations where carrying even with a permit is prohibited, some of which can be quite long and complicated.[[note]]To cite one extreme, Illinois, technically a "shall-issue" state, prohibits carrying on public transportation, at any bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at any public gathering or special event that requires a permit, at any place where alcohol is sold for special events, on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it, at any school, college, university, preschool, daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, sports stadium or arena, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. Whew![[/note]] Expect all to prohibit carrying into courthouses, jails, psychiatric hospitals, or other sensitive locations. Some will prohibit carrying in bars and alcohol service areas of restaurants where minors are prohibited, some will allow it but will prohibit drinking, some (mostly in the South) will prohibit carrying into churches. Some will prohibit carrying anywhere a property owner has posted a "No Guns" sign, others won't make that technically illegal but may arrest you for trespassing (on a theory that the owner has denied permission to enter to armed individuals). Some [[note]] i.e. Texas, Nebraska, Michigan, Alaska [[/note]] will require you to immediately disclose if you are carrying in encounters with law enforcement officers, some [[note]] i.e. Indiana, Colorado, Georgia [[/note]] willnot not, some [[note]] i.e. Illinois, Alabama, Pennsylvania, Arizona [[note]] will only require you to disclose if the officer specifically asks if you possess a weapon, while two states [[note]] Maine and North Dakota [[/note]] don't require people carrying with a permit to disclose but do require people ''without'' a permit to disclose (though it's usually a healthy idea to let them know, know regardless of the law, rather than having them find out on their own that they're dealing with an armed individual). In any state, violating these laws, or being charged with most crimes other than a traffic infraction, or being caught under the influence of alcohol or drugs while you're carrying, will almost certainly result in your permit being revoked.[[note]]Permit revocation can often be done in an administrative proceeding, separate from a criminal case, in which the burden of proof and rules of evidence may be substantially lower than in court, meaning that even if you're not convicted or even formally charged with a crime, the authorities still may try to and be able to pull your permit.[[/note]] Carrying onto most federal government property, including even a local post office, is still illegal, even with a state carry permit.[[note]]It's legal to carry into many national parks, even though they're technically federal land (especially given that many hunt in those parks), but it's usually ''illegal'' to go into any ''structure'' in a national park armed, because they're considered "federal facilities".[[/note]] Also, the federal Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 makes carrying within 1,000 feet of a primary or secondary school without a carry permit issued by the state where the school is located a federal crime with a five-year sentence.[[note]]Reciprocity with an out-of-state permit does ''not'' apply in this case, the law was drafted before the current trend for concealed carry started and it hasn't been updated. It's effectively impossible to traverse most metropolitan areas without coming within 1,000 feet of a school.[[/note]]
Each state has a list of particular locations where carrying even with a permit is prohibited, some of which can be quite long and complicated.[[note]]To cite one extreme, Illinois, technically a "shall-issue" state, prohibits carrying on public transportation, at any bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at any public gathering or special event that requires a permit, at any place where alcohol is sold for special events, on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it, at any school, college, university, preschool, daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, sports stadium or arena, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. Whew![[/note]] Expect all to prohibit carrying into courthouses, jails, psychiatric hospitals, or other sensitive locations. Some will prohibit carrying in bars and alcohol service areas of restaurants where minors are prohibited, some will allow it but will prohibit drinking, some (mostly in the South) will prohibit carrying into churches. Some will prohibit carrying anywhere a property owner has posted a "No Guns" sign, others won't make that technically illegal but may arrest you for trespassing (on a theory that the owner has denied permission to enter to armed individuals). Some [[note]] i.e. Texas, Nebraska, Michigan, Alaska [[/note]] will require you to immediately disclose if you are carrying in encounters with law enforcement officers, some [[note]] i.e. Indiana, Colorado, Georgia [[/note]] will
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Updated information regarding North Dakota's permitless carry law.
Changed line(s) 111,112 (click to see context) from:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing); Nebraska will follow suit on September 10th. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), only [[note]] The state residents only requirement will be removed on August 1st, 2023 [[/note]]), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing); Nebraska will follow suit on September 10th. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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Changed line(s) 111,112 (click to see context) from:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing). These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing).fishing); Nebraska will follow suit on September 10th. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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Changed line(s) 111,112 (click to see context) from:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. UsefulNotes/{{Florida}} will join this category on July 1st, 2023, though this law will only apply to concealed carry (open carry is illegal in Florida with certain exceptions such as hunting or fishing). These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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Civilians can own machine guns made before May 1986 (but such machine guns can no longer be imported, so only the ones that were already legally in the US as of May 1986 count). However, due to high demand and a very small and increasingly worn-out supply, they are more expensive than most cars. Obtaining one requires a substantial amount of paperwork, the same background check that purchasing a single shot rifle does, and a $200 tax stamp (this is not a permit, though it is mistaken for one a lot). The $200 tax stamp rule was started in the 1930s when $200 was cost-prohibitive to almost everybody and often exceeded the price of the actual gun. While the dollar amount has stayed the same since the '30s, owning a machine gun or assault rifle is still far too expensive for most Americans due to the aforementioned value of such weapons. BATFE also generally treats components that can be used to convert semiautomatic firearms into fully automatic firearms (e.g., "full-auto sears" for AR-15 rifles) as equivalent to machine guns (with the same registration, tax stamp, and date of manufacture requirements) if an individual possesses them and also happens to possess firearms which said components will fit. Federal courts routinely hand down criminal convictions for possession of unregistered machine guns of people who stumble into this particular trap.
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Civilians can own machine guns made before May 1986 (but such machine guns can no longer be imported, so only the ones that were already legally in the US as of May 1986 count). However, due to high demand and a very small and increasingly worn-out supply, they are more expensive than most cars. Obtaining one requires a substantial amount of paperwork, the same background check that purchasing a single shot rifle does, and a $200 tax stamp (this is not a permit, though it is mistaken for one a lot). The $200 tax stamp rule was started in the 1930s when $200 was cost-prohibitive to almost everybody and often exceeded the price of the actual gun. While the dollar amount has stayed the same since the '30s, owning a machine gun or assault rifle is still far too expensive for most Americans due to the aforementioned value of such weapons. BATFE The ATF also generally treats components that can be used to convert semiautomatic firearms into fully automatic firearms (e.g., "full-auto sears" for AR-15 rifles) as equivalent to machine guns (with the same registration, tax stamp, and date of manufacture requirements) if an individual possesses them and also happens to possess firearms which said components will fit. Federal courts routinely hand down criminal convictions for possession of unregistered machine guns of people who stumble into this particular trap.
Changed line(s) 91,94 (click to see context) from:
Most firearm sales in the United States are required to go through a background check. The 1993 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (the so-called "Brady Bill") required all firearms purchases conducted by all gun dealers holding a Federal Firearms License (FFL, required to engage in the business of dealing guns in interstate commerce) to undergo a background check. In most cases, since 1998, these background checks have been conducted through the FBI's National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), though individual states are permitted by law to conduct their own background checks instead through their own state or local law enforcement agencies (which have access to the FBI's system as well as their own databases). NICS runs the name, date of birth, address, and other identifying information (such as Social Security number) of a potential purchaser through an FBI computer system that cross-references that information against known felons, fugitives, the mentally ill, or other individuals prohibited by law from possessing guns. The NICS system either approves the purchase, denies it (if a "hit" occurs on prohibiting information), or "delays" it if further investigation by the FBI is needed, in which case the FBI has up to three business days to investigate further and issue an approval or a denial. If the FBI doesn't follow up within the three business days, the dealer may complete the sale but is not required to, and many won't. If a gun is transferred this way and the background check later comes back denied, the case gets sent to BATFE to get a warrant and take the gun back.
There is regular political controversy over the so-called "gun-show loophole," through which guns supposedly regularly evade background checks at gun shows. This particular loophole is more accurately called the "private-party loophole", and it ultimately arises out of potential limitations on Congress' authority imposed by the Constitution. The federal background check law applies only to holders of Federal Firearms Licenses ([=FFLs=]), which are required by federal law to be kept by persons who regularly "engage in the business" of buying or selling firearms in interstate commerce.[[note]]What is defined as "engaging in the business" is determined under BATFE regulations, which typically require that someone be engaged in a "regular course of trade or business" with the purpose of "livelihood income and profit." So somebody selling off their own gun collection probably wouldn't be covered.[[/note]] Both the legal requirement to have an FFL and the subsidiary requirement to conduct background checks on sales are only authorized, like almost all federal legislation, from Congress' explicit Constitutional authority to regulate interstate commerce.[[note]] U.S. Const., Art. I; § 8, cl. 2.[[/note]] Congress did not take the additional step of trying to impose a nationwide background check requirement on all firearms transfers, even if they occurred purely between residents of the same state (and thus occurring only in 'intrastate' rather than 'interstate' commerce). Congress could try to do so, but it would be sure to set up a Commerce Clause challenge in the federal courts, and it is unclear how the Supreme Court would rule on the question. Regardless, some states already require every firearms transfer, even if it is between private parties, to undergo a background check and/or be processed through a licensed dealer, and gun shows often require the same as a matter of policy, and provide an FFL dealer on-site to process background check transactions throughout the show.
There is regular political controversy over the so-called "gun-show loophole," through which guns supposedly regularly evade background checks at gun shows. This particular loophole is more accurately called the "private-party loophole", and it ultimately arises out of potential limitations on Congress' authority imposed by the Constitution. The federal background check law applies only to holders of Federal Firearms Licenses ([=FFLs=]), which are required by federal law to be kept by persons who regularly "engage in the business" of buying or selling firearms in interstate commerce.[[note]]What is defined as "engaging in the business" is determined under BATFE regulations, which typically require that someone be engaged in a "regular course of trade or business" with the purpose of "livelihood income and profit." So somebody selling off their own gun collection probably wouldn't be covered.[[/note]] Both the legal requirement to have an FFL and the subsidiary requirement to conduct background checks on sales are only authorized, like almost all federal legislation, from Congress' explicit Constitutional authority to regulate interstate commerce.[[note]] U.S. Const., Art. I; § 8, cl. 2.[[/note]] Congress did not take the additional step of trying to impose a nationwide background check requirement on all firearms transfers, even if they occurred purely between residents of the same state (and thus occurring only in 'intrastate' rather than 'interstate' commerce). Congress could try to do so, but it would be sure to set up a Commerce Clause challenge in the federal courts, and it is unclear how the Supreme Court would rule on the question. Regardless, some states already require every firearms transfer, even if it is between private parties, to undergo a background check and/or be processed through a licensed dealer, and gun shows often require the same as a matter of policy, and provide an FFL dealer on-site to process background check transactions throughout the show.
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Most firearm sales in the United States are required to go through a background check. The 1993 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (the so-called "Brady Bill") required all firearms purchases conducted by all gun dealers holding a Federal Firearms License (FFL, required to engage in the business of dealing guns in interstate commerce) to undergo a background check. In most cases, since 1998, these background checks have been conducted through the FBI's National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), though individual states are permitted by law to conduct their own background checks instead through their own state or local law enforcement agencies (which have access to the FBI's system as well as their own databases). NICS runs the name, date of birth, address, and other identifying information (such as Social Security number) of a potential purchaser through an FBI computer system that cross-references that information against known felons, fugitives, the mentally ill, or other individuals prohibited by law from possessing guns. The NICS system either approves the purchase, denies it (if a "hit" occurs on prohibiting information), or "delays" it if further investigation by the FBI is needed, in which case the FBI has up to three business days to investigate further and issue an approval or a denial. If the FBI doesn't follow up within the three business days, the dealer may complete the sale but is not required to, and many won't. If a gun is transferred this way and the background check later comes back denied, the case gets sent to BATFE the ATF to get a warrant and take the gun back.
There is regular political controversy over the so-called "gun-show loophole," through which guns supposedly regularly evade background checks at gun shows. This particular loophole is more accurately called the "private-party loophole", and it ultimately arises out of potential limitations on Congress' authority imposed by the Constitution. The federal background check law applies only to holders of Federal Firearms Licenses ([=FFLs=]), which are required by federal law to be kept by persons who regularly "engage in the business" of buying or selling firearms in interstate commerce.[[note]]What is defined as "engaging in the business" is determined underBATFE ATF regulations, which typically require that someone be engaged in a "regular course of trade or business" with the purpose of "livelihood income and profit." So somebody selling off their own gun collection probably wouldn't be covered.[[/note]] Both the legal requirement to have an FFL and the subsidiary requirement to conduct background checks on sales are only authorized, like almost all federal legislation, from Congress' explicit Constitutional authority to regulate interstate commerce.[[note]] U.S. Const., Art. I; § 8, cl. 2.[[/note]] Congress did not take the additional step of trying to impose a nationwide background check requirement on all firearms transfers, even if they occurred purely between residents of the same state (and thus occurring only in 'intrastate' rather than 'interstate' commerce). Congress could try to do so, but it would be sure to set up a Commerce Clause challenge in the federal courts, and it is unclear how the Supreme Court would rule on the question. Regardless, some states already require every firearms transfer, even if it is between private parties, to undergo a background check and/or be processed through a licensed dealer, and gun shows often require the same as a matter of policy, and provide an FFL dealer on-site to process background check transactions throughout the show.
There is regular political controversy over the so-called "gun-show loophole," through which guns supposedly regularly evade background checks at gun shows. This particular loophole is more accurately called the "private-party loophole", and it ultimately arises out of potential limitations on Congress' authority imposed by the Constitution. The federal background check law applies only to holders of Federal Firearms Licenses ([=FFLs=]), which are required by federal law to be kept by persons who regularly "engage in the business" of buying or selling firearms in interstate commerce.[[note]]What is defined as "engaging in the business" is determined under
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Changed line(s) 111,112 (click to see context) from:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of July 2022, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, [[UsefulNotes/GeorgiaUSA Georgia]], UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, [[UsefulNotes/OklahomaUSA Oklahoma]], UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of July 2022, January 2023, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, [[UsefulNotes/GeorgiaUSA Georgia]], UsefulNotes/{{Georgia|USA}}, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, [[UsefulNotes/OklahomaUSA Oklahoma]], UsefulNotes/{{Oklahoma|USA}}, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "May-issue": The minority rule, officially followed by nine states (UsefulNotes/{{California}}, Connecticut, Delaware, UsefulNotes/{{Hawaii}}, Maryland, UsefulNotes/{{Massachusetts}}, UsefulNotes/{{New York|State}},[[note]]UsefulNotes/NewYorkCity has its own, considerably more restrictive ownership and carry laws separate from the rest of the state, administered by the NYPD[[/note]] UsefulNotes/NewJersey, and UsefulNotes/RhodeIsland) and also the [[UsefulNotes/UnitedStatesVirginIslands U.S. Virgin Islands]], and on US military installations and Native American reservations. Permits are only granted at the discretion of the authorities, and often many legal and procedural hurdles have to be jumped over to acquire a permit, often determined by the local authorities.[[note]]Several California county sheriffs, for example, have required applicants to carry a certain amount of insurance or submit to examination by a psychiatrist chosen by the sheriff. Following the 2022 ''Bruen'' decision, it is highly likely that these states will be effectively forced to adopt systems much closer to, if not full-blown, "shall-issue".[[/note]]
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* "May-issue": The minority rule, officially followed by nine states (UsefulNotes/{{California}}, Connecticut, Delaware, UsefulNotes/{{Hawaii}}, Maryland, UsefulNotes/{{Massachusetts}}, UsefulNotes/{{New York|State}},[[note]]UsefulNotes/NewYorkCity has its own, considerably more restrictive ownership and carry laws separate from the rest of the state, administered by the NYPD[[/note]] [[UsefulNotes/NewYorkCityCops NYPD]].[[/note]] UsefulNotes/NewJersey, and UsefulNotes/RhodeIsland) and also the [[UsefulNotes/UnitedStatesVirginIslands U.S. Virgin Islands]], and on US military installations and Native American reservations. Permits are only granted at the discretion of the authorities, and often many legal and procedural hurdles have to be jumped over to acquire a permit, often determined by the local authorities.[[note]]Several California county sheriffs, for example, have required applicants to carry a certain amount of insurance or submit to examination by a psychiatrist chosen by the sheriff. Following the 2022 ''Bruen'' decision, it is highly likely that these states will be effectively forced to adopt systems much closer to, if not full-blown, "shall-issue".[[/note]]
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Each state has a list of particular locations where carrying even with a permit is prohibited, some of which can be quite long and complicated.[[note]]To cite one extreme, Illinois, technically a "shall-issue" state, prohibits carrying on public transportation, at any bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at any public gathering or special event that requires a permit, at any place where alcohol is sold for special events, on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it, at any school, college, university, preschool, daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, sports stadium or arena, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. Whew![[/note]] Expect all to prohibit carrying into courthouses, jails, psychiatric hospitals, or other sensitive locations. Some will prohibit carrying in bars and alcohol service areas of restaurants where minors are prohibited, some will allow it but will prohibit drinking, some (mostly in the South) will prohibit carrying into churches. Some will prohibit carrying anywhere a property owner has posted a "No Guns" sign, others won't make that technically illegal but may arrest you for trespassing (on a theory that the owner has denied permission to enter to armed individuals). Some will require you to disclose if you are carrying in encounters with law enforcement officers, some will not (though it's usually a healthy idea to let them know, rather than having them find out on their own that they're dealing with an armed individual). In any state, violating these laws, or being charged with most crimes other than a traffic infraction, or being caught under the influence of alcohol or drugs while you're carrying, will almost certainly result in your permit being revoked.[[note]]Permit revocation can often be done in an administrative proceeding, separate from a criminal case, in which the burden of proof and rules of evidence may be substantially lower than in court, meaning that even if you're not convicted or even formally charged with a crime, the authorities still may try to and be able to pull your permit.[[/note]] Carrying onto most federal government property, including even a local post office, is still illegal, even with a state carry permit.[[note]]It's legal to carry into many national parks, even though they're technically federal land (especially given that many hunt in those parks), but it's usually ''illegal'' to go into any ''structure'' in a national park armed, because they're considered "federal facilities."[[/note]] Also, the federal Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 makes carrying within 1,000 feet of a primary or secondary school without a carry permit issued by the state where the school is located a federal crime with a five-year sentence.[[note]]Reciprocity with an out-of-state permit does ''not'' apply in this case, the law was drafted before the current trend for concealed carry started and it hasn't been updated. It's effectively impossible to traverse most metropolitan areas without coming within 1,000 feet of a school.[[/note]]
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Each state has a list of particular locations where carrying even with a permit is prohibited, some of which can be quite long and complicated.[[note]]To cite one extreme, Illinois, technically a "shall-issue" state, prohibits carrying on public transportation, at any bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at any public gathering or special event that requires a permit, at any place where alcohol is sold for special events, on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it, at any school, college, university, preschool, daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, sports stadium or arena, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. Whew![[/note]] Expect all to prohibit carrying into courthouses, jails, psychiatric hospitals, or other sensitive locations. Some will prohibit carrying in bars and alcohol service areas of restaurants where minors are prohibited, some will allow it but will prohibit drinking, some (mostly in the South) will prohibit carrying into churches. Some will prohibit carrying anywhere a property owner has posted a "No Guns" sign, others won't make that technically illegal but may arrest you for trespassing (on a theory that the owner has denied permission to enter to armed individuals). Some will require you to disclose if you are carrying in encounters with law enforcement officers, some will not (though it's usually a healthy idea to let them know, rather than having them find out on their own that they're dealing with an armed individual). In any state, violating these laws, or being charged with most crimes other than a traffic infraction, or being caught under the influence of alcohol or drugs while you're carrying, will almost certainly result in your permit being revoked.[[note]]Permit revocation can often be done in an administrative proceeding, separate from a criminal case, in which the burden of proof and rules of evidence may be substantially lower than in court, meaning that even if you're not convicted or even formally charged with a crime, the authorities still may try to and be able to pull your permit.[[/note]] Carrying onto most federal government property, including even a local post office, is still illegal, even with a state carry permit.[[note]]It's legal to carry into many national parks, even though they're technically federal land (especially given that many hunt in those parks), but it's usually ''illegal'' to go into any ''structure'' in a national park armed, because they're considered "federal facilities."[[/note]] facilities".[[/note]] Also, the federal Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 makes carrying within 1,000 feet of a primary or secondary school without a carry permit issued by the state where the school is located a federal crime with a five-year sentence.[[note]]Reciprocity with an out-of-state permit does ''not'' apply in this case, the law was drafted before the current trend for concealed carry started and it hasn't been updated. It's effectively impossible to traverse most metropolitan areas without coming within 1,000 feet of a school.[[/note]]
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Added more on the history of the NFA, including the reason why rifles and shotguns have different barrel length requirements to take them out of NFA regulation.
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* [[MoreDakka Machine Gun]]: Any weapon that fires more than one bullet at a time, regardless of what other categories it falls into, or whether or not it fits the actual definition of "[[MisidentifiedWeapons machine gun]]." This includes fully automatic (constant fire), burst (firing a mechanically regulated set number of rounds) and selective (possessing 2 or more user selected firing modes). Originally phrased as one bullet "[[ExactWords per trigger pull]]", but was [[ObviousRulePatch changed]] after people started making fully-automatic weapons [[LoopholeAbuse with no triggers]]. Does not include crank powered weapons such as the Gatling Gun. Technically legal, and cost $200 to transfer, but only for machine guns built or imported and registered prior to 1986, and the ATF will often at least try to prosecute you for owning one regardless of its legality anyway.[[note]]Gun dealers who are specifically licensed to sell machine guns can act as a middleman between the manufacturers and local government agencies such as police departments, and can own their own "sample" machine guns for the purpose of demonstration of the product. However, these "post 1986 samples" are the property of the company, not personal property of the business owner, and must be either destroyed or sold to another licensed dealer or government agency if the dealer goes out of business. The dealer is however allowed to ''use'' such "samples" for his own amusement or rent them out to civilians to fire at an in-store shooting range, which is often the real purpose for having them in the gun store. Some [[PrivateMilitaryContractors private security firms]] can also own post-1986 machine guns as corporate property.[[/note]]
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* [[MoreDakka Machine Gun]]: Any weapon that fires more than one bullet at a time, regardless of what other categories it falls into, or whether or not it fits the actual definition of "[[MisidentifiedWeapons machine gun]]." This includes fully automatic (constant fire), burst (firing a mechanically regulated set number of rounds) and selective (possessing 2 or more user selected firing modes). Originally phrased as one bullet "[[ExactWords per trigger pull]]", but was [[ObviousRulePatch changed]] after people started making fully-automatic weapons [[LoopholeAbuse with no triggers]]. Does not include crank powered weapons such as the Gatling Gun. Technically legal, and cost costs $200 to transfer, but only for machine guns built or imported and registered prior to 1986, and the ATF will often at least try to prosecute you for owning one regardless of its legality anyway.[[note]]Gun dealers who are specifically licensed to sell machine guns can act as a middleman between the manufacturers and local government agencies such as police departments, and can own their own "sample" machine guns for the purpose of demonstration of the product. However, these "post 1986 samples" are the property of the company, not personal property of the business owner, and must be either destroyed or sold to another licensed dealer or government agency if the dealer goes out of business. The dealer is however allowed to ''use'' such "samples" for his own amusement or rent them out to civilians to fire at an in-store shooting range, which is often the real purpose for having them in the gun store. Some [[PrivateMilitaryContractors private security firms]] can also own post-1986 machine guns as corporate property.[[/note]]
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The NFA, as originally introduced in Congress, would have imposed the same registration requirement and $200 tax on all handguns, but lobbyists succeeded in removing the restrictions on handguns before the law was passed. Short-barreled rifles and shotguns, however, remained under restrictions. The enacted version imposed the same 18-inch barrel length limits on rifles as on shotguns. However, further lobbying by manufacturers of .22 LR rimfire rifles, mainly used then as now for plinking and hunting of small game, led to the removal of .22 rifles with barrels between 16 and 18 inches from NFA restrictions in 1936. Then, in 1963, the military started selling off surplus M1 carbines to National Rifle Association members. Only one problem: the barrel length was 17.75 inches, which made them legally short-barreled rifles. Congress' ultimate response to this issue was including a clause in the Gun Control Act of 1968 to change the minimum barrel length for ''all'' rifles from 18 inches to 16 inches.
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of July 2022, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, [[UsefulNotes/GeorgiaUSA Georgia]], UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, [[UsefulNotes/OklahomaUSA Oklahoma]], UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Alabama will join this category on January 1, 2023. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of July 2022, 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, Alabama, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, [[UsefulNotes/GeorgiaUSA Georgia]], UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, [[UsefulNotes/OklahomaUSA Oklahoma]], UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Alabama will join this category on January 1, 2023.UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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Changed line(s) 121,122 (click to see context) from:
** As of June 23, 2022, SCOTUS has ruled that New York's "May-Issue" statute is unconstitutional, opening the precedent for the same ruling to be applied to other "May-Issue" jurisdictions.
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** As of June 23, 2022, SCOTUS has ruled that New York's "May-Issue" statute (which required applicants to show "proper cause" when applying for a permit) is unconstitutional, opening the precedent for the same ruling to be applied to other "May-Issue" jurisdictions.
jurisdictions. Subsequently, the attorney generals for California, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Rhode Island each stated that they would not be enforcing "proper cause" mandates anymore.
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* In some states [[note]] Arkansas, Idaho, Mississippi, North Dakota, South Dakota [[/note]], applicants have the option to apply for enhanced concealed carry permits. These permits usually require more thorough firearms training and courses on self-defense law, and in turn, permit holders are allowed reciprocity in more states and/or the ability to carry in sensitive locations (for instance, an enhanced Arkansas permit allows holders to carry in churches, portions of airports, restaurants that serve alcohol, public universities, and even inside the Arkansas State Capitol Building!).
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Under current law, it is legally impossible for anyone (other than a current or former law enforcement officer who qualifies under LEOSA, see above) to be legally entitled to carry in all 50 states as a private citizen, because UsefulNotes/{{California}} and UsefulNotes/{{Colorado}} only issue permits to their own residents, neither recognizes each others' permits nor any other states' non-resident permits, and it is not possible to maintain legal domicile in more than one state.[[note]]The only people who ''can'' possibly be legally domiciled in more than one state are certain [[MilitaryBrat military dependents]], who can't legally buy firearms or qualify for permits anyway due to being underage. Under US law, a minor child has the domicile of the parent(s) with physical custody. However, under federal law, military members do not change their domicile when they move to a new posting; they must apply with the Department of Defense for a change of domicile. If two military members are married and have separate domiciles, their child(ren) will have both domiciles.[[/note]] It's also practically impossible for most people to be permitted to carry in more than about 35-40 or so states at a time, due to the limits and vagaries of state reciprocity arrangements and the complicated individual requirements and broad local discretion exercised in the nine may-issue states. As of 2022, the maximum number of states that a resident can have reciprocity with is 39; this is only possible with a Kansas Concealed Carry Handgun License, a UsefulNotes/{{Michigan}} Concealed Pistol License, an UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}} Enhanced Concealed Weapons License (a variant on the standard license that requires extra firearms training and allows for reciprocity in more states) and a UsefulNotes/NorthDakota Class 1 Concealed Weapons License (which, like the Idaho Enhanced License, also requires extra firearms training).
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Under current law, it is legally impossible for anyone (other than a current or former law enforcement officer who qualifies under LEOSA, see above) to be legally entitled to carry in all 50 states as a private citizen, because UsefulNotes/{{California}} and UsefulNotes/{{Colorado}} only issue permits to their own residents, neither recognizes each others' permits nor any other states' non-resident permits, and it is not possible to maintain legal domicile in more than one state.[[note]]The only people who ''can'' possibly be legally domiciled in more than one state are certain [[MilitaryBrat military dependents]], who can't legally buy firearms or qualify for permits anyway due to being underage. Under US law, a minor child has the domicile of the parent(s) with physical custody. However, under federal law, military members do not change their domicile when they move to a new posting; they must apply with the Department of Defense for a change of domicile. If two military members are married and have separate domiciles, their child(ren) will have both domiciles.[[/note]] It's also practically impossible for most people to be permitted to carry in more than about 35-40 or so states at a time, due to the limits and vagaries of state reciprocity arrangements and the complicated individual requirements and broad local discretion exercised in the nine may-issue states. As of 2022, the maximum number of states that a resident can have reciprocity with is 39; this is only possible with a Kansas Concealed Carry Handgun License, a UsefulNotes/{{Michigan}} Concealed Pistol License, an UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}} Enhanced Concealed Weapons License (a variant on the standard license that requires extra firearms training and allows for reciprocity in more states) License, and a UsefulNotes/NorthDakota Class 1 Concealed Weapons License (which, like the Idaho Enhanced License, also requires extra firearms training).License.
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of July 2022, 24 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, [[UsefulNotes/GeorgiaUSA Georgia]], UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, [[UsefulNotes/OklahomaUSA Oklahoma]], South Dakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Alabama will join this category on January 1, 2023. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of July 2022, 24 25 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, [[UsefulNotes/GeorgiaUSA Georgia]], UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, [[UsefulNotes/OklahomaUSA Oklahoma]], South Dakota, UsefulNotes/SouthDakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Alabama will join this category on January 1, 2023. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
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* [[MoreDakka Machine Gun]]: Any weapon that fires more than one bullet at a time, regardless of what other categories it falls into, or [[YouKeepUsingThatWord whether or not it fits the actual definition]] of "[[MisidentifiedWeapons machine gun]]." This includes fully automatic (constant fire), burst (firing a mechanically regulated set number of rounds) and selective (possessing 2 or more user selected firing modes). Originally phrased as one bullet "[[ExactWords per trigger pull]]", but was [[ObviousRulePatch changed]] after people started making fully-automatic weapons [[LoopholeAbuse with no triggers]]. Does not include crank powered weapons such as the Gatling Gun. Technically legal, and cost $200 to transfer, but only for machine guns built or imported and registered prior to 1986, and the ATF will often at least try to prosecute you for owning one regardless of its legality anyway.[[note]]Gun dealers who are specifically licensed to sell machine guns can act as a middleman between the manufacturers and local government agencies such as police departments, and can own their own "sample" machine guns for the purpose of demonstration of the product. However, these "post 1986 samples" are the property of the company, not personal property of the business owner, and must be either destroyed or sold to another licensed dealer or government agency if the dealer goes out of business. The dealer is however allowed to ''use'' such "samples" for his own amusement or rent them out to civilians to fire at an in-store shooting range, which is often the real purpose for having them in the gun store. Some [[PrivateMilitaryContractors private security firms]] can also own post-1986 machine guns as corporate property.[[/note]]
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* [[MoreDakka Machine Gun]]: Any weapon that fires more than one bullet at a time, regardless of what other categories it falls into, or [[YouKeepUsingThatWord whether or not it fits the actual definition]] definition of "[[MisidentifiedWeapons machine gun]]." This includes fully automatic (constant fire), burst (firing a mechanically regulated set number of rounds) and selective (possessing 2 or more user selected firing modes). Originally phrased as one bullet "[[ExactWords per trigger pull]]", but was [[ObviousRulePatch changed]] after people started making fully-automatic weapons [[LoopholeAbuse with no triggers]]. Does not include crank powered weapons such as the Gatling Gun. Technically legal, and cost $200 to transfer, but only for machine guns built or imported and registered prior to 1986, and the ATF will often at least try to prosecute you for owning one regardless of its legality anyway.[[note]]Gun dealers who are specifically licensed to sell machine guns can act as a middleman between the manufacturers and local government agencies such as police departments, and can own their own "sample" machine guns for the purpose of demonstration of the product. However, these "post 1986 samples" are the property of the company, not personal property of the business owner, and must be either destroyed or sold to another licensed dealer or government agency if the dealer goes out of business. The dealer is however allowed to ''use'' such "samples" for his own amusement or rent them out to civilians to fire at an in-store shooting range, which is often the real purpose for having them in the gun store. Some [[PrivateMilitaryContractors private security firms]] can also own post-1986 machine guns as corporate property.[[/note]]
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Changed line(s) 109,110 (click to see context) from:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of July 2022, 24 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, Georgia, UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, [[UsefulNotes/OklahomaUSA Oklahoma]], South Dakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Alabama will join this category on January 1, 2023. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
to:
* "Constitutional carry" (carry without permit): No permit required. Anyone who is legally entitled to possess a firearm may carry it concealed. Some states allow this only for their own residents, while most allow it for non-residents as well. As of July 2022, 24 states use this system: UsefulNotes/{{Alaska}}, UsefulNotes/{{Arizona}}, Arkansas, Georgia, [[UsefulNotes/GeorgiaUSA Georgia]], UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}}, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}, Mississippi, Missouri, UsefulNotes/{{Montana}}, New Hampshire, UsefulNotes/NorthDakota (state residents only, concealed only), UsefulNotes/{{Ohio}}, [[UsefulNotes/OklahomaUSA Oklahoma]], South Dakota, UsefulNotes/{{Tennessee}} (handguns only), UsefulNotes/{{Texas}}, UsefulNotes/{{Utah}}, UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, West Virginia, and UsefulNotes/{{Wyoming}}. Alabama will join this category on January 1, 2023. These states (except Vermont) nonetheless still issue permits on a shall-issue basis, which have benefits (can carry in more places, expedites the purchase process, and allows for carry in some other states (reciprocity)).
Changed line(s) 141 (click to see context) from:
Under current law, it is legally impossible for anyone (other than a current or former law enforcement officer who qualifies under LEOSA, see above) to be legally entitled to carry in all 50 states as a private citizen, because California and Colorado only issue permits to their own residents, neither recognizes each others' permits nor any other states' non-resident permits, and it is not possible to maintain legal domicile in more than one state.[[note]]The only people who ''can'' possibly be legally domiciled in more than one state are certain [[MilitaryBrat military dependents]], who can't legally buy firearms or qualify for permits anyway due to being underage. Under US law, a minor child has the domicile of the parent(s) with physical custody. However, under federal law, military members do not change their domicile when they move to a new posting; they must apply with the Department of Defense for a change of domicile. If two military members are married and have separate domiciles, their child(ren) will have both domiciles.[[/note]] It's also practically impossible for most people to be permitted to carry in more than about 35-40 or so states at a time, due to the limits and vagaries of state reciprocity arrangements and the complicated individual requirements and broad local discretion exercised in the nine may-issue states. As of 2022, the maximum number of states that a resident can have reciprocity with is 39; this is only possible with a Kansas Concealed Carry Handgun License, a UsefulNotes/{{Michigan}} Concealed Pistol License, an UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}} Enhanced Concealed Weapons License (a variant on the standard license that requires extra firearms training and allows for reciprocity in more states) and a UsefulNotes/NorthDakota Class 1 Concealed Weapons License (which, like the Idaho Enhanced License, also requires extra firearms training).
to:
Under current law, it is legally impossible for anyone (other than a current or former law enforcement officer who qualifies under LEOSA, see above) to be legally entitled to carry in all 50 states as a private citizen, because California UsefulNotes/{{California}} and Colorado UsefulNotes/{{Colorado}} only issue permits to their own residents, neither recognizes each others' permits nor any other states' non-resident permits, and it is not possible to maintain legal domicile in more than one state.[[note]]The only people who ''can'' possibly be legally domiciled in more than one state are certain [[MilitaryBrat military dependents]], who can't legally buy firearms or qualify for permits anyway due to being underage. Under US law, a minor child has the domicile of the parent(s) with physical custody. However, under federal law, military members do not change their domicile when they move to a new posting; they must apply with the Department of Defense for a change of domicile. If two military members are married and have separate domiciles, their child(ren) will have both domiciles.[[/note]] It's also practically impossible for most people to be permitted to carry in more than about 35-40 or so states at a time, due to the limits and vagaries of state reciprocity arrangements and the complicated individual requirements and broad local discretion exercised in the nine may-issue states. As of 2022, the maximum number of states that a resident can have reciprocity with is 39; this is only possible with a Kansas Concealed Carry Handgun License, a UsefulNotes/{{Michigan}} Concealed Pistol License, an UsefulNotes/{{Idaho}} Enhanced Concealed Weapons License (a variant on the standard license that requires extra firearms training and allows for reciprocity in more states) and a UsefulNotes/NorthDakota Class 1 Concealed Weapons License (which, like the Idaho Enhanced License, also requires extra firearms training).
