History UsefulNotes / India

* Main/HinduMythology - The truth about it, not the unresearched crap you see in movies

* Main/{{Bollywood}} - The Hindi Film Industry, nicknamed after its U.S counterpart.

Under British Colonial Rule, first under the East India Company and [[TheRaj then directly under the Crown]], two hundred and fifty years of capital-F-Foreign rule began. Initially, the East India Company was allowed to govern [[OneNationUnderCopyright more or less by itself]], which resulted in such [[KickTheDog lovely]] policies such as Christianization. The resulting flare up was the Indian Mutiny, which was crushed and resulted in the elimination of the Mughals, but also resulted in the crown [[YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness abolishing the EITC]] and ruling directly and *far* more cautiously. Britain created a modern, united, well-developed system of rule, with railways, telegraph and court systems - and marked a merciful end to the warfare that had wracked the subcontinent. But the entire infrastructure was [[PragmaticVillainy specifically designed to exploit the resources of the country]], with only a minimal regard as to the consequences for the Indian people. Right up until independence in 1947, there was also exactly zero interest (actually scratch that, minimal interest with zero ''support'' from the crown) in fixing social problems such as casteism, illiteracy, gender and income inequality, etc that civilizations were attempting to overcome around the world. In addition, while the Raj became increasingly Indianized in terms of bureaucracy, true representative rule was never really put into place; the world's largest population was ruled without any direct way of voicing its' wishes in government. This is known as "The Drain" in Indian history, when India's wealth and resources were harnessed--recklessly--by the British for their own ends. Britain then proceeded to popularize this image of the 'Poor India' around the world, emphasizing that such a country of "savages" was unfit to rule itself.

* Main/TheRaj - The Colonial Rule, Popularization of the "Savage" India through British Media, The JWB Massacre, The World Wars, Bhagath Singh, MahatmaGandhi

Although the Empire went into decline after the deaths of Chandragupta and Chanakya, and soon broke up into what would later be termed the Middle kingdoms of India, most of the kingdoms co-existed in peace, and trade routes started by Maurya flourished over the next 1,500 years. This classical period is known as the Golden Age of the country, during which India became the '''wealthiest''' economy in the world. Unfortunately, nobody noticed because India was never united into a single country. That sort of unity was only ever approximated by [[TheEmpire the Mughal Empire]], who would at their height grow to unify well over 80% of the subcontinent, bringing about the good (such as a flowering of high culture, infrastructure and relative order) and the bad (religious oppression particularly under the later Mughals, corruption, and atrophy). Eventually, the insistence by later Mughal leaders such as Aurangzeb to sideline Hinduism and Sikhism led to the formation of [[LaResistance a strong resistance in the South]] that would eventually evict the Mughals from large portions of the Deccan Plateau, forming the Maratha Confederacy, a state on the border between TheEmpire and TheFederation internally. All of this occurred to a backdrop of warfare well on par with the UsefulNotes/ThirtyYearsWar, which thoroughly wrecked the golden age of before and the emergence of other petty states like Mysore in the vacuum. After well over a century of conflict, both sides still warily eyed each other, looking for the chance to finish the other off...

Under British Colonial Rule, first under the East India Company and [[TheRaj then directly under the Crown]], two hundred and fifty years of capital-F-Foreign rule began. Initially, the East India Company was allowed to govern [[OneNationUnderCopyright more or less by itself]], which resulted in such [[KickTheDog lovely]] policies such as Christianization. The resulting flare up was the Indian Mutiny, which was crushed and resulted in the elimination of the Mughals, but also resulted in the crown [[YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness abolishing the EITC]] and ruling directly and *far* more cautiously. Britain created a modern, united, well-developed system of rule, with railways, telegraph and court systems - and marked a merciful end to the warfare that had wracked the subcontinent. But the entire infrastructure was [[PragmaticVillainy specifically designed to exploit the resources of the country]], with only a minimal regard as to the consequences for the Indian people. In addition, while the Raj became increasingly Indianized in terms of bureaucracy, true representative rule was never really put into place; the world's largest population was ruled without any direct way of voicing its' wishes in government. This is known as "The Drain" in Indian history, when India's wealth and resources were harnessed--recklessly--by the British for their own ends. Britain then proceeded to popularize this image of the 'Poor India' around the world, emphasizing that such a country of "savages" was unfit to rule itself.

Obtaining total Independence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, India was divided into what is now modern India, Pakistan, [[UsefulNotes/{{Portugal}} Portuguese occupied Goa]] (which was later conquered and integrated into India--not that most Goans had any problem with it),[[note]]This led to a rather amusing incident in which the Portugese attempted to invoke the [[BindingAncientTreaty Anglo-Portugese Treaty of 1373]] to defend Goa against India; the British basically told them, "You're a puny bunch of quasi-fascist colonialists, India is a powerful and reasonably-friendly and democratic member of UsefulNotes/TheCommonwealth, so...how about no?"[[/note]] Bangladesh (which broke off from Pakistan in '71 with India's help), Bhutan (which remains independent), and Sikkim (which was an Indian protectorate from independence to 1975, at which point it was admitted as a state). A much-overlooked fact is that because of the structure of the British Raj, India had to fight for considerable swaths of territory (Kashmir aside): while the parts of the subcontinent under direct British rule immediately became part of the Union of India (as it was called before it became a republic in 1950), the Princely States, which Britain theoretically governed indirectly through traditional Indian monarchs, now had the option of joining India, joining Pakistan, or remaining independent. Majority-Muslim states on the border with Pakistan tended to join Pakistan without controversy, while most others chose to join India. However, several princely states refused to follow the obvious patterns, the most notable of which are Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad, all instances where the ruling elite was a different religion from the majority of the population in the state. Kashmir, where the ruler was Hindu and the people Muslim, is quite possibly the biggest political can of worms in the world today besides the ArabIsraeliConflict and (historically, perhaps) UsefulNotes/TheTroubles. The other two major instances involved a Muslim ruler over a majority-Hindu state: Junagadh's Muslim prince decided to join Pakistan despite not bordering it at all, leading India to essentially lay siege to the territory, and eventually the prince fled. Hyderabad's Muslim ruler decided he didn't much care to be part of India ''or'' Pakistan, and Hyderabad had to be [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Polo integrated by force of arms]].

* Main/TheLargestDemocracy - Independence in 1947, The Partition into India and Pakistan, Important events from 1948 - present

Arguably, the concept of India as a whole begins in 4th century BCE, when most of the subcontinent came under the Maurya Empire, ruled by King Chandragupta Maurya with his adviser, Chanakya. The empire was formed, uniting the many fragments of the subcontinent, presumably as a defense against the [[AncientGreece Greek[=/=]Macedonian]] invasion led by UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat. This theory is given credence because Chanakya, the architect of Chandragupta's rise to power, viewed the Greek conquest as an invasion on Indus culture. Chanakya is today regarded as one of the greatest [[BadassBookworm War Strategists]] of all time, and the tale of his cunning [[ThePlan tactics and ploys]] against the Greeks (both Alexander and his successors) have grown into legend.

Chanakya's manipulations struck several blows to the invading Macedonian army, not the least of which was Alexander almost getting killed, ''twice'', during and after the Battle Of Hydaspes, which is a story unto itself (see the Maurya Empire article for more). As a result, India went almost completely unaffected by the Macedonian Conquests.

Although the Empire went into decline after the deaths of Chandragupta and Chanakya, and soon broke up into what would later be termed the Middle kingdoms of India, most of the kingdoms co-existed in peace, and trade routes started by Maurya flourished over the next 1,500 years. This classical period is known as the Golden Age of the country, during which India became the '''wealthiest''' economy in the world. Unfortunately, nobody noticed because India was never united into a single country. That sort of unity was only ever approximated by [[TheEmpire the Mughal Empire]], who would at their height grow to unify well over 80% of the subcontinent, bringing about the good (such as a flowering of high culture and infrastructure and relative order) and the bad (religious oppression particularly under the later Mughals, corruption, and atrophy). Eventually, the insistence by later Mughal leaders such as Aurangzeb to sideline Hinduism and Sikhism led to the formation of [[LaResistance a strong resistance in the South]] that would eventually evict the Mughals from large portions of the Deccan Plateau, forming the Maratha Confederacy, a state on the border between TheEmpire and TheFederation internally. All of this occurred to the backdrop of warfare well on par of the UsefulNotes/ThirtyYearsWar, which thoroughly wrecked the golden age of before and the emergence of other petty states like Mysore in the vacuum. After well over a century of conflict, both sides still warily eyed each other, looking for the chance to finish the other off...

* {{The Indo-Pakistan Conflict}} - The general rivalry between India and Pakistan.

** TheCommonLaw - India's colonial legal heritage. Everything but family/personal law falls under this tradition.

** TheKashmirQuestion - A major source of tension in the above rivalry.

Although the Empire went into decline after the deaths of Chandragupta and Chanakya, and soon broke up into what would later be termed the Middle kingdoms of India, most of the kingdoms co-existed in peace, and trade routes started by Maurya flourished over the next 1,500 years. This classical period is known as the Golden Age of the country, during which India became the '''wealthiest''' economy in the world. Unfortunately, nobody noticed because India was never united into a single country. That sort of unity was only ever approximated by [[TheEmpire the Mughal Empire]], who would at their height grow to unify well over 80% of the subcontinent, bringing about the good (such as a flowering of high culture and infrastructure and relative order) and the bad (religious oppression particularly under the later Mughals, corruption, and atrophy). Eventually, the insistence by later Mughal leaders such as Aurangzeb to sideline Hinduism and Sikhism led to the formation of [[LaResistance a strong resistance in the South]] that would eventually evict the Mughals from large portions of the Deccan Plateau, forming The Maharata Confederacy, a state on the border between TheEmpire and TheFederation internally. All of this occurred to the backdrop of warfare well on par of the UsefulNotes/ThirtyYearsWar, which thoroughly wrecked the golden age of before and the emergence of other petty states like Mysore in the vacuum. After well over a century of conflict, both sides still warily eyed each other, looking for the chance to finish the other off...

* The Vedic Age: Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Indus valley, and then, all of northern India. They brought the Sanskrit language, which is comparable to Latin in Europe in terms of the influence it had on India. It also is a distant relative of English.

Under British Colonial Rule, first under the East India Company and [[TheRaj then directly under the Crown]], two hundred and fifty years of capital-F-Foreign rule began. Initially, the East India Company was allowed to govern [[OneNationUnderCopyright more or less by itself]], which resulted in such [[KickTheDog lovely]] policies such as Christianization. The resulting flare up was the Indian Mutiny, which was crushed and resulted in the elimination of the Mughals, but also resulted in the crown [[YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness abolishing the EITC]] and ruling directly and *far* more cautiously. Britain created a modern, united, well-developed system of rule, with railways, telegraph and court systems - and marked a merciful end to the warfare that had wracked the subcontinent. But the entire infrastructure was [[PragmaticVillainy specifically designed to exploit the resources of the country]], with only a minimal regard as to the consequences for the Indian people. In addition, while the Raj became increasingly Indianized in terms of bureaucracy, true representative rule was never really put into place; the world's largest population was ruled without any direct way of voicing its' wishes in government. This is known as "The Drain" in Indian history, when India's wealth and resources were harnessed- recklessly- by the British for their own ends. Britain then proceeded to popularize this image of the 'Poor India' around the world, emphasizing that such a country of "savages" was unfit to rule itself.

Obtaining total Independence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, India was divided into what is now modern India, Pakistan, [[UsefulNotes/{{Portugal}} Portuguese occupied Goa]] (which was later conquered and integrated into India--not that most Goans had any problem with it),[[note]]This led to a rather amusing incident in which the Portugese attempted to invoke the [[BindingAncientTreaty Anglo-Portugese Treaty of 1373]] to defend Goa against India; the British basically told them, "You're a puny bunch of quasi-fascist colonialists, India is a powerful and reasonably-friendly and democratic member of UsefulNotes/TheCommonwealth, so...how about no?[[/note]] Bangladesh (which broke off from Pakistan in '71 with India's help), Bhutan (which remains independent), and Sikkim (which was an Indian protectorate from independence to 1975, at which point it was admitted as a state). A much-overlooked fact is that because of the structure of the British Raj, India had to fight for considerable swaths of territory (Kashmir aside): while the parts of the subcontinent under direct British rule immediately became part of the Union of India (as it was called before it became a republic in 1950), the Princely States, which Britain theoretically governed indirectly through traditional Indian monarchs, now had the option of joining India, joining Pakistan, or remaining independent. Majority-Muslim states on the border with Pakistan tended to join Pakistan without controversy, while most others chose to join India. However, several princely states refused to follow the obvious patterns, the most notable of which are Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad, all instances where the ruling elite was a different religion from the majority of the population in the state. Kashmir, where the ruler was Hindu and the people Muslim, is quite possibly the biggest political can of worms in the world today besides the ArabIsraeliConflict and (historically, perhaps) UsefulNotes/TheTroubles. The other two major instances involved a Muslim ruler over a majority-Hindu state: Junagadh's Muslim prince decided to join Pakistan despite not bordering it at all, leading India to essentially lay siege to the territory, and eventually the prince fled. Hyderabad's Muslim ruler decided he didn't much care to be part of India ''or'' Pakistan, and Hyderabad had to be [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Polo integrated by force of arms]].

A really long story made short - India, officially known as Republic of India ('''Hindi:''' ''भारतीय गणराज्य'', Bhartiya Gaṇrajya), is the world's largest and most complex democracy. Also birthplace of Indus, one of the five earliest civilizations in the world which together formed the foundation of human culture, along with Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Greece.

* Main/TheRaj - The Colonial Rule, Popularization of the "Savage" India through British Media, The JWB Massacre, The World Wars, Bhagath Singh, Mahatma Gandhi

A really long story made short - India, officially known as Republic of India (Bharat Ganrajya), is the world's largest and most complex democracy. Also birthplace of Indus, one of the five earliest civilizations in the world which together formed the foundation of human culture, along with Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Greece.

Obtaining total Independence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, India was divided into what is now modern India, Pakistan, [[UsefulNotes/{{Portugal}} Portuguese occupied Goa]] (which was later conquered and integrated into India--not that most Goans had any problem with it),[[note]]This led to a rather amusing incident in which the Portugese attempted to invoke the [[BindingAncientTreaty Anglo-Portugese Treaty of 1373]] to defend Goa against India; the British basically told them, "You're a puny bunch of quasi-fascist colonialists, India is a powerful and reasonably-friendly and democratic member of UsefulNotes/TheCommonwealth, so...how about no?[[/note]] Bangladesh (which broke off from Pakistan in '71 with India's help), Bhutan (which remains independent), and Sikkim (which was an Indian protectorate from independence to 1975, at which point it was admitted as a state). A much-overlooked fact is that because of the structure of the British Raj, India had to fight for considerable swaths of territory (Kashmir aside): while the parts of the subcontinent under direct British rule immediately became part of the Union of India (as it was called before it became a republic in 1950), the Princely States, which Britain theoretically governed indirectly through traditional Indian monarchs, now had the option of joining India, joining Pakistan, or remaining independent. Majority-Muslim states on the border with Pakistan tended to join Pakistan without controversy, while most others chose to join India. However, several princely states refused to follow the obvious patterns, the most notable of which are Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad, all instances where the ruling elite was a different religion from the majority of the population in the state. Kashmir, where the ruler was Hindu and the people Muslim, is quite possibly the biggest political can of worms in the world today besides the ArabIsraeliConflict and (historically, perhaps) TheTroubles. The other two major instances involved a Muslim ruler over a majority-Hindu state: Junagadh's Muslim prince decided to join Pakistan despite not bordering it at all, leading India to essentially lay siege to the territory, and eventually the prince fled. Hyderabad's Muslim ruler decided he didn't much care to be part of India ''or'' Pakistan, and Hyderabad had to be [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Polo integrated by force of arms]].

->''"We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made."''
-->--'''Albert Einstein'''

->''"India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only."''
-->--'''Creator/MarkTwain'''

A really long story made short - The world's largest and most complex democracy. Also birthplace of Indus, one of the five earliest civilizations in the world which together formed the foundation of human culture, along with Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Greece.

Obtaining total Independence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, India was divided into what is now modern India, Pakistan, Portuguese occupied Goa (which was later conquered and integrated into India--not that most Goans had any problem with it),[[note]]This led to a rather amusing incident in which the Portugese attempted to invoke the [[BindingAncientTreaty Anglo-Portugese Treaty of 1373]] to defend Goa against India; the British basically told them, "You're a puny bunch of quasi-fascist colonialists, India is a powerful and reasonably-friendly and democratic member of UsefulNotes/TheCommonwealth, so...how about no?[[/note]] Bangladesh (which broke off from Pakistan in '71 with India's help), Bhutan (which remains independent), and Sikkim (which was an Indian protectorate from independence to 1975, at which point it was admitted as a state). A much-overlooked fact is that because of the structure of the British Raj, India had to fight for considerable swaths of territory (Kashmir aside): while the parts of the subcontinent under direct British rule immediately became part of the Union of India (as it was called before it became a republic in 1950), the Princely States, which Britain theoretically governed indirectly through traditional Indian monarchs, now had the option of joining India, joining Pakistan, or remaining independent. Majority-Muslim states on the border with Pakistan tended to join Pakistan without controversy, while most others chose to join India. However, several princely states refused to follow the obvious patterns, the most notable of which are Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad, all instances where the ruling elite was a different religion from the majority of the population in the state. Kashmir, where the ruler was Hindu and the people Muslim, is quite possibly the biggest political can of worms in the world today besides the ArabIsraeliConflict and (historically, perhaps) TheTroubles. The other two major instances involved a Muslim ruler over a majority-Hindu state: Junagadh's Muslim prince decided to join Pakistan despite not bordering it at all, leading India to essentially lay siege to the territory, and eventually the prince fled. Hyderabad's Muslim ruler decided he didn't much care to be part of India ''or'' Pakistan, and Hyderabad had to be [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Polo integrated by force of arms]].

Obtaining total Independence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, India was divided into what is now modern India, Pakistan, Portugese occupied Goa (which was later conquered and integrated into India--not that most Goans had any problem with it),[[note]]This led to a rather amusing incident in which the Portugese attempted to invoke the [[BindingAncientTreaty Anglo-Portugese Treaty of 1373]] to defend Goa against India; the British basically told them, "You're a puny bunch of quasi-fascist colonialists, India is a powerful and reasonably-friendly and democratic member of UsefulNotes/TheCommonwealth, so...how about no?[[/note]] Bangladesh (which broke off from Pakistan in '71 with India's help), Bhutan (which remains independent), and Sikkim (which was an Indian protectorate from independence to 1975, at which point it was admitted as a state). A much-overlooked fact is that because of the structure of the British Raj, India had to fight for considerable swaths of territory (Kashmir aside): while the parts of the subcontinent under direct British rule immediately became part of the Union of India (as it was called before it became a republic in 1950), the Princely States, which Britain theoretically governed indirectly through traditional Indian monarchs, now had the option of joining India, joining Pakistan, or remaining independent. Majority-Muslim states on the border with Pakistan tended to join Pakistan without controversy, while most others chose to join India. However, several princely states refused to follow the obvious patterns, the most notable of which are Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad, all instances where the ruling elite was a different religion from the majority of the population in the state. Kashmir, where the ruler was Hindu and the people Muslim, is quite possibly the biggest political can of worms in the world today besides the ArabIsraeliConflict and (historically, perhaps) TheTroubles. The other two major instances involved a Muslim ruler over a majority-Hindu state: Junagadh's Muslim prince decided to join Pakistan despite not bordering it at all, leading India to essentially lay siege to the territory, and eventually the prince fled. Hyderabad's Muslim ruler decided he didn't much care to be part of India ''or'' Pakistan, and Hyderabad had to be [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Polo integrated by force of arms]].

Arguably, the concept of India as a whole begins in 4th century BCE, when most of the subcontinent came under the Maurya Empire, ruled by King Chandragupta Maurya with his adviser, Chanakya. The empire was formed, uniting the many fragments of the subcontinent, presumably as a defense against the [[AncientGreece Greek]] invasion led by Alexander the Great. This theory is given credence because Chanakya, the architect of Chandragupta's rise to power, viewed the Greek conquest as an invasion on Indus culture. Chanakya is today regarded as one of the greatest [[BadassBookworm War Strategists]] of all time, and the tale of his cunning [[ThePlan tactics and ploys]] against the Greeks (both Alexander and his successors) have grown into legend.

--> ''"We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made."''
--> - '''Albert Einstein'''

--> ''"India is the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition. Our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only."''
--> - '''Mark Twain'''

Although the Empire went into decline after the deaths of Chandragupta and Chanakya, and soon broke up into what would later be termed the Middle kingdoms of India, most of the kingdoms co-existed in peace, and trade routes started by Maurya flourished over the next 1,500 years. This classical period is known as the Golden Age of the country, during which India became the '''wealthiest''' economy in the world. Unfortunately, nobody noticed because India was never united into a single country. That sort of unity was only ever approximated by [[TheEmpire the Mughal Empire]], who would at their height grow to unify well over 80% of the subcontinent, bringing about the good (such as a flowering of high culture and infrastructure and relative order) and the bad (religious oppression particularly under the later Mughals, corruption, and atrophy). Eventually, the insistence by later Mughal leaders such as Aurangzeb to sideline Hinduism and Sikhism led to the formation of [[LaResistance a strong resistance in the South]] that would eventually evict the Mughals from large portions of the Deccan Plateau, forming The Maharata Confederacy, a state on the border between TheEmpire and TheFederation internally. All of this occurred to the backdrop of warfare well on par of the ThirtyYearsWar, which thoroughly wrecked the golden age of before and the emergence of other petty states like Mysore in the vacuum. After well over a century of conflict, both sides still warily eyed each other, looking for the chance to finish the other off...

Obtaining total Independence from Britain on August 15th, 1947, India was divided into what is now modern India, Pakistan, Portugese occupied Goa (which was later conquered and integrated into India--not that most Goans had any problem with it),[[note]]This led to a rather amusing incident in which the Portugese attempted to invoke the [[BindingAncientTreaty Anglo-Portugese Treaty of 1373]] to defend Goa against India; the British basically told them, "You're a puny bunch of quasi-fascist colonialists, India is a powerful and reasonably-friendly and democratic member of TheCommonwealth, so...how about no?[[/note]] Bangladesh (which broke off from Pakistan in '71 with India's help), Bhutan (which remains independent), and Sikkim (which was an Indian protectorate from independence to 1975, at which point it was admitted as a state). A much-overlooked fact is that because of the structure of the British Raj, India had to fight for considerable swaths of territory (Kashmir aside): while the parts of the subcontinent under direct British rule immediately became part of the Union of India (as it was called before it became a republic in 1950), the Princely States, which Britain theoretically governed indirectly through traditional Indian monarchs, now had the option of joining India, joining Pakistan, or remaining independent. Majority-Muslim states on the border with Pakistan tended to join Pakistan without controversy, while most others chose to join India. However, several princely states refused to follow the obvious patterns, the most notable of which are Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad, all instances where the ruling elite was a different religion from the majority of the population in the state. Kashmir, where the ruler was Hindu and the people Muslim, is quite possibly the biggest political can of worms in the world today besides the ArabIsraeliConflict and (historically, perhaps) TheTroubles. The other two major instances involved a Muslim ruler over a majority-Hindu state: Junagadh's Muslim prince decided to join Pakistan despite not bordering it at all, leading India to essentially lay siege to the territory, and eventually the prince fled. Hyderabad's Muslim ruler decided he didn't much care to be part of India ''or'' Pakistan, and Hyderabad had to be [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Polo integrated by force of arms]].