Plots based around this trope were absolutely standard in 70's action drama series, showing up on Mannix, Hawaii Five-O, and numerous others.
This happens to The A-Team's resident pilot Murdock in the episode "The Beast From the Belly of a Boeing". While reclaiming a hijacked plane from a group of terrorists, one of the terrorists fires his gun in front of Murdock's face, giving him a powder burn rendering him unable to open his eyes. After the fight, Murdock is the only person capable of piloting still on the plane and ends up having to tell Hannibal how to land the plane. He lands successfully, albeit through the wall of the airport, but it's acknowledged that it was ridiculous nobody got hurt. (Truth in Television, since the Mythbusters showed that it's possible to be "talked down" safely.)
Crops up in one episode of Band of Brothers, but unusually it lasts less than an hour and is apparently psychosomatic.
The Brittas Empire: In the episode "Blind Devotion", Colin is rendered temporarily blinded, courtesy of his garden blowing up. This proves to be only the beginning of a Trauma Conga Line for him that episode.
In the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "Something Blue", Giles is rendered temporarily blind due to a spell.
In Charmed, at one point, the Halliwell sisters get the 'see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil' version - one is blind, one is deaf and one can't talk. They have the requisite attack from a villain who underestimates them.
Cliff on Cheers suffers from "Hysterical Blindness" when he gets nervous around pretty women.
CHiPS has an entire episode with a pair of robbers using an optical laser mounted in the back of their van to temporarily blind their victims and pursuers.
Sarah Jane is temporarily blinded in "The Brain of Morbius", and has an adventurous time (including a hair-raising escape from the Mad Scientist) before her vision returns.
A variation: Leela is temporarily blinded at the end of "Horror of Fang Rock", and although she quickly recovers, her eyes permanently change colour. This was a Real Life Writes the PlotHand Wave to permit Louise Jameson to stop wearing the coloured contact lenses, which had been causing problems.
"Flesh and Stone": Amy's brain gets invaded by a Weeping Angel, and the only way to keep it from killing her is to keep her eyes shut. So although she can physically see, if she opens her eyes she dies, so she's effectively blind. She ends up having to escape alone through a forest full of the Weeping Angels, pretending she can see so they don't attack her.
"Oxygen": Happens to the Doctor, after he's forced to go on a spacewalk helmetless (using his respiratory bypass system to survive) because he had to give his helmet to Bill because her spacesuit was malfunctioning. He does pretty well for the rest of the episode, and it gets fixed after everyone gets back on board the TARDIS. Except not — although his eyes were cleared up, so he no longer has Prophet Eyes, he still can't see, and was faking it. He's still hiding his condition from Bill in the next episode. It's not until two episodes later, near the end of "The Pyramid at the End of the World", that it is cured, due to Bill making a Deal with the Devil because the Doctor was in danger of dying.
Due South: In "North", the first episode of its second season, Fraser is temporarily blinded due to a head injury suffered in a plane crash that leaves him and Ray Vecchio (along with Fraser's half-wolf Diefenbaker) stranded in the Canadian wilderness. Later Fraser (also temporarily) loses the use of his legs due to the same injury.
Farscape episode Til The Blood Runs Clear has Aeryn temporarily blinded when she accidentally glimpses a solar flare with unprotected eyes. Since she doesn't adjust too well, she spends the rest of the episode in the local hangar, finding a more permanent solution to the problems the rest of the cast are facing.
Two seasons later, they return to the same planet- and it happens again, this time to Crais.
Also happens to Chiana in later seasons after she uses her precognitive abilities (she describes it as her eyes getting used up after she uses them to see the future/slow down the present.) The blindness is permanent in the series finale, but she gets new eyes for the miniseries.
In The Flash (2014) episode "The The Darkness and The Light", Barry suffers from this after an encounter with Dr. Light, who is started about being the doppelganger of his ex-girlfriend. He has to go on a date with Patty while his eyes recover, and enlists Cisco's help in a Zany Scheme to get through the night.
Forever Knight: In "Father Figure", Nick is assigned to protect a girl who witnessed a crime. While Nick is trying to take care of the hitmen sent to get rid of the girl, she accidentally reflects the sun into his eyes. Because he's a vampire, the results are worse than what would happen to a human, and he's temporarily blinded and has to rely on his other vamp senses to save the day.
The Fugitive has this happen to Kimble in one episode, and to Gerard's wife in another.
In one episode of Grimm, Nick is blinded by the Wesen of the week. He develops super-hearing (which apparently persists after the episode), and with advice from Rosalee, the rest of the gang manages to get what is needed to restore his sight (defeating said Wesen in the process).
On Happy Days, the Fonz goes blind from being hit on the head with a tray.
A car bomb does this to McGarret on the original Hawaii Five-O. He recovers by the end of the episode.
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys: "As Darkness Falls" has Hercules lose his vision after being given a poisoned drink. It actually takes longer to kick in than the villains had expected, due to his half-god nature. Still, it leaves him at a disadvantage when he has to rescue hostages from a gang of Centaurs (one of whom is the twin brother of Nessus, someone that Herc previously killed), and he refuses to wait the few days it would take for the potion to wear off.
The Incredible Hulk (1977): In "Blind Rage", David "Blair" experiences temporary blindness after being exposed to toxic gas. A transformation or two regenerates his cells and repairs the damage.
An episode of the 2000 series The Invisible Man has the titular character shot with a "blindness gun". The gun operates on the same principle as his powers, so when he activates them he can see.
In an episode of James at 15 James does this to himself on purpose, thoroughly blocking his ears so he can experience what it's like to be deaf.
Kamen Rider Agito: Hikawa starts losing his vision as a result of stress and overwork. Hikawa being Hikawa, he insists on continuing to work as Kamen Rider G3 all the same, resulting in a rather touching turn of events when Hojou (who, to that point, had made it a point to butt heads with Hikawa and co. as often as possible) uses the G3 team's communication system to act as Hikawa's eyes and help him kick ass. The trope reappears in Kamen Rider Kiva with Nago losing his vision and Megumi shouting out directions for him. (It's worth noting that Inoue Toshiki was the head writer for both Agito and Kiva.)
This happens to Stabler once in Law & Order: SVU due to head trauma. Played a little differently than usual, in that he can't go off and do his usual heroics, instead simply waiting for his sight to return while his injuries heal.
In "The Negotiator", Mac is temporarily blinded by a bomb planted on his boat. Leads to a showdown with the assassin in a warehouse where Mac has to fight while still mostly blind.
In "Blind Faith", Pete's glaucoma worsens to the point where he is effectively blind. Leads to a Handy Helper situation after Mac's hands are injured in an explosion so Mac acts as Pete's eyes while Pete acts as Mac's hands. Unlike most instances of this trope, Pete would eventually go permanently blind (as did his actor).
Malcolm in the Middle: Subject of a gag in one episode where Malcolm and his brothers set off a massive fireworks display, topped with a Komodo 3000, which is so powerful it literally turns night into day for a few seconds:
Francis:[deafly yelling] DID IT SAY WHEN OUR VISION WOULD COME BACK? Reese: BOX SAID TWO DAYS! Francis: ...TOTALLY WORTH IT!
In the Mannix episode "The Sound of Darkness", Mannix goes blind after being wounded by a hit man's bullet. Thanks to an ex-marine who once blind himself, Mannix is able to cope with living in darkness and even use it to his advantage. He regains his sight after the police bust into his darkened office after he shoots the hitman.
Hawkeye is temporarily blinded by an exploding heater in "Out of Sight, Out of Mind". During the course of his recovery, he experiences a heightening of his other senses, up to and including Radar's ability to hear incoming helicopters.
Later in the series, Klinger goes deaf for an episode.
In another episode, Colonel Potter mentions that he suffered from this during World War I.
In the Grand Finale, Father Mulcahy is deafened by an explosion, apparently permanently. In the first episode of AfterMASH, a surgical procedure repairs the damage and restores his hearing.
Happens to Barney in the Mission: Impossible episode "The Falcon", Cinnamon in "The Heir Apparent", and Jim in, appropriately enough, "Blind".
The title character of Monk is temporarily blinded in one episode, only to find that he actually prefers being sightless, as what he can't see can't repulse or terrify him. He still recovers by the end of the episode and suffers the customary disadvantage against a sneak attack from the villain of the week.
In the Quantum Leap episode "Blind Faith" (there's that title again), Sam leaps into the body of a blind pianist. Although able to see for most of the episode, he is temporarily blinded by a camera flash at the climax of the episode just as he needs to save the girl. This works to his advantage near the end of the episode. The girl's mother thinks he is a fraud and suddenly lights a lighter in front of his eyes. He is still blind due to the camera flash, so he doesn't flinch.
Route 66: Buz gets hit on the head with a beam at a construction site in the episode “Even Stones Have Eyes” and ends up going to the Texas Lions Camp Adult training center. The real teachers and staff at the center can be seen in one scene. Also, the actor, George Maharis wore blinding contact lenses to film the episode.
The Sentinel: The protagonist is blinded, which is an odd twist in a show about a guy with Super-Senses. He decides to use his remaining senses to fake it for the duration of the episode and does better than a normal person could.
Clark gets blinded at the beginning of the Smallville episode "Whisper", which leads to his developing super-hearing. This also leads to a Continuity Nod where Clark has to wear glasses.
Subverted in a Stargate SG-1 season 3 episode: "New Ground". Teal'c is blinded by an energy blast and his Goa'uld larva is injured, preventing it from healing him right away. The rest of the team is captured, so Teal'c stubbornly insists on riding to the rescue... and promptly walks into a solid rock wall, nearly knocking himself unconscious. Finally, he swallows his pride and accepts the assistance of a native, receiving a partial cure for his condition. But he still can't shoot beyond point-blank range and nearly blasts Colonel O'Neill. Really, it's mostly the native guy who saves the day.
Temporary deafness variant: In an episode of the mid-'60s Tarzan series, Tarzan is temporarily deafened when the episode's villains try to kill Tarzan by throwing hand grenades into the lagoon he is swimming in.
Tour of Duty: In "Brown-Gray Odyssey", Lt. Goldman temporarily loses his sight when his Jeep hits a mine and has to be guided by a female VC prisoner he is holding at gunpoint.
Xena from Xena: Warrior Princess goes temporarily blind in one episode. Not once does she ever seem bothered by it, however. She simply trades her sword for a staff and goes right on with the ass-kicking, even managing to catch her chakram from the air on sound alone.
Lilith goes temporarily blind in one episode of Young Hercules due to head trauma. While blind, she learns to depend on her other senses and manages to hold her own against several attackers within days of losing her sight.
