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and even taught that rebels could never be Taoist immortals. Was the originator of first aid in traditional Chinese medicine and influenced later generations.
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Has Two Mommies is now a disambig. Dewicking
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That Empress' name was '''Cixi''' (pronounced 'Tsih-shee'), and if there was ever a real life DragonLady, Cixi was it. Originally a concubine to the late emperor Xianfeng, [[TheManBehindTheMan Cixi stayed in power as regent]] [[LongRunners for 48 years]], originally [[HasTwoMommies in non-romantic union with fellow empress C'ian]]. This regency covered the 'rule' of multiple emperors. One was her son, who resisted her iron grasp by [[BookDumb refusing to study]], sneaking out to brothels, and finally dying of smallpox without having had the courtesy to sire a son. Lacking a traditional heir, the two empresses named Cixi's young nephew[[note]]son of her sister, who married Xianfeng's brother Prince Chun[[/note]] as the new Emperor. While all this was distracting everyone, however, modernisation was definitely not happening.
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That Empress' name was '''Cixi''' (pronounced 'Tsih-shee'), and if there was ever a real life DragonLady, Cixi was it. Originally a concubine to the late emperor Xianfeng, [[TheManBehindTheMan Cixi stayed in power as regent]] [[LongRunners for 48 years]], originally [[HasTwoMommies in non-romantic union with fellow empress C'ian]].C'ian. This regency covered the 'rule' of multiple emperors. One was her son, who resisted her iron grasp by [[BookDumb refusing to study]], sneaking out to brothels, and finally dying of smallpox without having had the courtesy to sire a son. Lacking a traditional heir, the two empresses named Cixi's young nephew[[note]]son of her sister, who married Xianfeng's brother Prince Chun[[/note]] as the new Emperor. While all this was distracting everyone, however, modernisation was definitely not happening.
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I'm pretty sure that this is referring to Princess Pingyang who helped found the Tang dynasty.
* Princess Pingyang: The daughter of Emperor Gaozu and sister of Emperor Taizong, she played a significant role in her father's rebellion against Sui and founding of Tang. When she died, she was buried in a grand military funeral, which no other princess had before.
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!!Western Xia
* Princess Pingyang: Played a key role in leading the rebellion against the Tang Dynasty and establishing the Western Xia.
* Princess Pingyang: Played a key role in leading the rebellion against the Tang Dynasty and establishing the Western Xia.
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!!Western Xia
* Princess Pingyang: Played a key role in leading the rebellion against the Tang Dynasty and establishing the WesternXia.
* Princess Pingyang: Played a key role in leading the rebellion against the Tang Dynasty and establishing the Western
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* The Literature/BalladOfMulan is generally attributed to this time period.
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* The Literature/BalladOfMulan Literature/TheBalladOfMulan is generally attributed to this time period.
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I have never heard of Mulan being set in 5 dynasties and 10 kingdoms, and Liu Bei definitely wasn't from that period.
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* The [[Literature/BalladOfMulan]] is generally attributed to this time period.
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* The [[Literature/BalladOfMulan]] Literature/BalladOfMulan is generally attributed to this time period.
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I have never heard of Mi
* Liu Bei: Founder of Shu Han and greatly revered in Chinese history partly due to being the hero of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
* The [[Literature/BalladOfMulan]] is generally attributed to this time period.
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* Emperor Taizong: One of the Tang's greatest rulers and China's greatest and most famous emperors. He acknowledged the power of the peasants and enacted measures to help them. Many goods were traded internationally during his reign and extended China to as far as Korea and even Russia.
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* Emperor Taizong: UsefulNotes/TaizongOfTang: One of the Tang's greatest rulers and China's greatest and most famous emperors. He acknowledged the power of the peasants and enacted measures to help them. Many goods were traded internationally during his reign and extended China to as far as Korea and even Russia.
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* Emperor Xuanzhong: The Tang Dynasty reached the peak of its power under his reign. Abolished the death penalty, improved the economy through security on the Silk Road, increased maritime trading, decreed financial reforms, constructed temples and administrative complexes, built roads, and improved industry. Woodblock printing, which began on a large scale under Taizong, was improved, and more books became available, which led to greater literacy and better jobs for the lower classes. Was infamously betrayed by chancellor Li Linfu.
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* Emperor Xuanzhong: Xuanzong: The Tang Dynasty reached the peak of its power under his reign. Abolished the death penalty, improved the economy through security on the Silk Road, increased maritime trading, decreed financial reforms, constructed temples and administrative complexes, built roads, and improved industry. Woodblock printing, which began on a large scale under Taizong, was improved, and more books became available, which led to greater literacy and better jobs for the lower classes. Was infamously betrayed by chancellor Li Linfu.
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* [[Literature/TheBalladOfMulan Mulan]]: She supposedly existed during this time period.
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* Liu Bei: a general who declared himself Emperor of Shu Han and became one of the most revered figures in Chinese history.
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Liu Jiqun: A Liao Dynasty official and historian who wrote the "Old History of the Five Dynasties," which provides valuable insights into the history and culture of the Liao Dynasty.
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* Liu Jiqun: A Liao Dynasty official and historian who wrote the "Old History of the Five Dynasties," which provides valuable insights into the history and culture of the Liao Dynasty.
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Li Jiqian: A general who served Emperor Renzong and was known for his military tactics and victories.
Liu Xun: aApoet and philosopher who was influential in the cultural and intellectual developments of the Western Xia.
Liu Xun: aApoet and philosopher who was influential in the cultural and intellectual developments of the Western Xia.
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* Li Jiqian: A general who served Emperor Renzong and was known for his military tactics and victories.
* Liu Xun: aApoet and philosopher who was influential in the cultural and intellectual developments of the Western Xia.
* Liu Xun: aApoet and philosopher who was influential in the cultural and intellectual developments of the Western Xia.
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* Wang Jian: a military general who founded the Later Shu dynasty.
* Liu Bei: a general who declared himself Emperor of Shu Han and became one of the most revered figures in Chinese history.
* Ma Yin:founder of the Chu Kingdom, known for his military prowess and ambition.
* Guo Wei:founder of the Later Zhou dynasty, who rose from poverty to become one of the most powerful figures of his time.
* Yang Xingmi: founder of the Huainan Kingdom, who established a stable and prosperous realm in the southeast of China.
* Liu Bei: a general who declared himself Emperor of Shu Han and became one of the most revered figures in Chinese history.
* Ma Yin:founder of the Chu Kingdom, known for his military prowess and ambition.
* Guo Wei:founder of the Later Zhou dynasty, who rose from poverty to become one of the most powerful figures of his time.
* Yang Xingmi: founder of the Huainan Kingdom, who established a stable and prosperous realm in the southeast of China.
* Emperor Taizu of Song: the founder of the Song Dynasty who reunited China after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
* Su Shi: a poet, writer, and politician who is considered one of the greatest poets of the Song Dynasty.
* Fan Zhongyan: a politician, writer, and reformer who played a key role in the reforms during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song.
* Wang Anshi: a statesman, economist, and reformer who attempted to improve the government's finances, military, and agriculture.
* Shen Kuo: a scientist, statesman, and astronomer who made significant contributions to the field of geology and cartography.
* Zeng Gong: a scholar, poet, and historian who is best known for his work "New Discourses on the Taiping Era."
* Liu Xie: a literary critic and writer who is regarded as the father of literary criticism in China.
* Su Shi: a poet, writer, and politician who is considered one of the greatest poets of the Song Dynasty.
* Fan Zhongyan: a politician, writer, and reformer who played a key role in the reforms during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song.
* Wang Anshi: a statesman, economist, and reformer who attempted to improve the government's finances, military, and agriculture.
* Shen Kuo: a scientist, statesman, and astronomer who made significant contributions to the field of geology and cartography.
* Zeng Gong: a scholar, poet, and historian who is best known for his work "New Discourses on the Taiping Era."
* Liu Xie: a literary critic and writer who is regarded as the father of literary criticism in China.
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!!Jurchen Jin[[note]]Not to be confused with the earlier dynasty also called Jin[[/note]]
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* Emperor Taizu of Liao: Founded the Liao Dynasty in the late 10th century and expanded the empire through military conquests
* Yelü Abaoji: The grandfather of Taizu, who was a prominent general and leader in the Khitan people, the ethnicity that established the Liao Dynasty
* Emperor Tianzuo of Liao: ruled during the late 11th and early 12th centuries and was known for his diplomatic efforts with neighboring countries
Liu Jiqun: A Liao Dynasty official and historian who wrote the "Old History of the Five Dynasties," which provides valuable insights into the history and culture of the Liao Dynasty.
!!Jurchen Jin[[note]]Not to be confused with the earlier dynasty also calledJin[[/note]]Jin. [[/note]]
* Wu Jing: Wrote "The Art Of The War"[[note]]Not to be confused with the earlier version by Sun Tzu[[/note]]
* Ruan Ji: Famous poet and scholar
* Yelü Abaoji: The grandfather of Taizu, who was a prominent general and leader in the Khitan people, the ethnicity that established the Liao Dynasty
* Emperor Tianzuo of Liao: ruled during the late 11th and early 12th centuries and was known for his diplomatic efforts with neighboring countries
Liu Jiqun: A Liao Dynasty official and historian who wrote the "Old History of the Five Dynasties," which provides valuable insights into the history and culture of the Liao Dynasty.
!!Jurchen Jin[[note]]Not to be confused with the earlier dynasty also called
* Wu Jing: Wrote "The Art Of The War"[[note]]Not to be confused with the earlier version by Sun Tzu[[/note]]
* Ruan Ji: Famous poet and scholar
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* Princess Pingyang: Played a key role in leading the rebellion against the Tang Dynasty and establishing the Western Xia.
Li Jiqian: A general who served Emperor Renzong and was known for his military tactics and victories.
Liu Xun: aApoet and philosopher who was influential in the cultural and intellectual developments of the Western Xia.
Li Jiqian: A general who served Emperor Renzong and was known for his military tactics and victories.
Liu Xun: aApoet and philosopher who was influential in the cultural and intellectual developments of the Western Xia.
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* [[Literature/TheBalladOfMulan Mulan]]: She supposedly existed during this time period.
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* UsefulNotes/GenghisKhan: Famously conquered most of China & slaughtered and it is estimated that 30 million people were killed under the rule of the Mongol Empire, and the population of China fell by half in fifty years of Mongol rule.
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* UsefulNotes/GenghisKhan: Famously conquered most of China & slaughtered and it is an estimated that 30 million people were killed under the rule of the Mongol Empire, people, and the population of China fell by half in fifty years of Mongol rule.
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* UsefulNotes/GenghisKhan: Famously conquered most of China & slaughtered and it is estimated that 30 million people were killed under the rule of the Mongol Empire, and the population of China fell by half in fifty years of Mongol rule.
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* Ban Zhao: The first known female Chinese historian and philosopher who completed her brother Ban Gu's work on the history of the Western Han, the Book of Han. She also wrote Lessons for Women, an influential work on women's conduct.
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* Ban Zhao: The first known female Chinese historian and philosopher who completed her brother Ban Gu's work on the history of the Western Han, the ''the Book of Han. Han''. She also wrote Lessons ''Lessons for Women, Women'' , an influential work on women's conduct.
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* Emperor Wu Of Han (Not to be confused with Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty): His reign resulted in a vast expansion of geopolitical influence for the Chinese civilization, and the development of a strong centralized state , economical reorganization and promotion of a hybrid Legalist–Confucian doctrine. Became increasingly paranoid after a nightmare of being whipped by tiny stick-wielding puppets and a sighting of a traceless assassin (possibly a hallucination), and ordered extensive investigations with harsh punishments. Large numbers of people, many of them high officials, were accused of witchcraft and executed, usually along with their entire clans.
* Ban Zhao: The first known female Chinese historian and philosopher who completed her brother Ban Gu's work on the history of the Western Han, the Book of Han. She also wrote Lessons for Women, an influential work on women's conduct.
* Ban Zhao: The first known female Chinese historian and philosopher who completed her brother Ban Gu's work on the history of the Western Han, the Book of Han. She also wrote Lessons for Women, an influential work on women's conduct.
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* Empeoror Taizong: One of the Tang's greatest rulers and China's greatest and most famous emperors. He acknowledged the power of the peasants and enacted measures to help them. Many goods were traded internationally during his reign and extended China to as far as Korea and even Russia.
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* Empeoror Emperor Taizong: One of the Tang's greatest rulers and China's greatest and most famous emperors. He acknowledged the power of the peasants and enacted measures to help them. Many goods were traded internationally during his reign and extended China to as far as Korea and even Russia.
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* Lady Wei: Wife of Emperor Zhongzong who poisoned the emperor and hid his body and concealed his death so her son Chong Mao could be made emperor. Was eventually captured and executed along with the rest of her family.
* Princess Taiping: Similar to Wu & Wei,she tried to manipulate the emperor Xuanzong. When she saw she would not be able to control the court as her mother did, she killed herself.
* Emperor Xuanzhong: The Tang Dynasty was at its peak under his reign. Abolished the death penalty, improved the economy through security on the Silk Road, increased maritme trading, decreed financial reforms, constructed temples and administrative complexes, built roads, and improved industry. Woodblock printing, which began on a large scale under Taizong, was improved, and more books became available, which led to greater literacy and better jobs for the lower classes. Was infamously betrayed by chancellor Li-Linfu.
* Princess Taiping: Similar to Wu & Wei,she tried to manipulate the emperor Xuanzong. When she saw she would not be able to control the court as her mother did, she killed herself.
* Emperor Xuanzhong: The Tang Dynasty was at its peak under his reign. Abolished the death penalty, improved the economy through security on the Silk Road, increased maritme trading, decreed financial reforms, constructed temples and administrative complexes, built roads, and improved industry. Woodblock printing, which began on a large scale under Taizong, was improved, and more books became available, which led to greater literacy and better jobs for the lower classes. Was infamously betrayed by chancellor Li-Linfu.
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* Lady Empress Wei: Wife of Emperor Zhongzong who poisoned the emperor and hid his body and concealed his death so to place a pliable junior son of Zhongzong, Li Chongmao, on the throne with an eye of one day seizing the throne for herself and her son Chong Mao could be made emperor.daughter Princess Anle. Was eventually captured and executed along with the rest of her family.
* Princess Taiping: Similar to Wu &Wei,she Wei, she tried to manipulate her brother Emperor Ruizong after leading the emperor Xuanzong. When she saw she coup that overthrew Empress Dowager Wei. She would not be able to control the court as later come into conflict with her mother did, she killed herself.
nephew Li Longji when he became Crown Prince and tried to depose him, but would commit suicide when these efforts failed.
* Emperor Xuanzhong: The Tang Dynastywas at its reached the peak of its power under his reign. Abolished the death penalty, improved the economy through security on the Silk Road, increased maritme maritime trading, decreed financial reforms, constructed temples and administrative complexes, built roads, and improved industry. Woodblock printing, which began on a large scale under Taizong, was improved, and more books became available, which led to greater literacy and better jobs for the lower classes. Was infamously betrayed by chancellor Li-Linfu.Li Linfu.
* Princess Taiping: Similar to Wu &
* Emperor Xuanzhong: The Tang Dynasty
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* Princess Taiping:
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* Princess Taiping: Similar to Wu & Wei,she tried to manipulate the emperor Xuanzong. When she saw she would not be able to control the court as her mother did, she killed herself.
* Emperor Xuanzhong: The Tang Dynasty was at its peak under his reign. Abolished the death penalty, improved the economy through security on the Silk Road, increased maritme trading, decreed financial reforms, constructed temples and administrative complexes, built roads, and improved industry. Woodblock printing, which began on a large scale under Taizong, was improved, and more books became available, which led to greater literacy and better jobs for the lower classes. Was infamously betrayed by chancellor Li-Linfu.
* Li Bai: One of the most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry in the Tang dynasty who wrote over 1000 poems.
* Du Fu: Another prominent poet who came to be hugely influential in both Chinese and Japanese literary culture. Nearly fifteen hundred poems have been preserved over the ages.
* Emperor Xuanzhong: The Tang Dynasty was at its peak under his reign. Abolished the death penalty, improved the economy through security on the Silk Road, increased maritme trading, decreed financial reforms, constructed temples and administrative complexes, built roads, and improved industry. Woodblock printing, which began on a large scale under Taizong, was improved, and more books became available, which led to greater literacy and better jobs for the lower classes. Was infamously betrayed by chancellor Li-Linfu.
* Li Bai: One of the most prominent figures in the flourishing of Chinese poetry in the Tang dynasty who wrote over 1000 poems.
* Du Fu: Another prominent poet who came to be hugely influential in both Chinese and Japanese literary culture. Nearly fifteen hundred poems have been preserved over the ages.
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* Fu Hao: One of the many wives of King Wu Ding of the Shang dynasty who also served as a military general and high priestess. There is very little evidence describing her life that survives today. Her tomb famously has hundreds of bronze and bone objects, sixteen humans that were sacrified, and [[CruellaToAnimals and six killed dogs]].
* King Zhou of Shang: Last emperor of the Shang Dynasty. Was seen as decadent and corrupt and infamously filled an entire pool with alcohol with tree branches made of roasted meat.
* King Zhou of Shang: Last emperor of the Shang Dynasty. Was seen as decadent and corrupt and infamously filled an entire pool with alcohol with tree branches made of roasted meat.
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* Fu Hao: One of the many wives of King Wu Ding of the Shang dynasty who also served as a military general and high priestess. There is very little evidence describing her life that survives today. Her tomb famously has hundreds of bronze and bone objects, sixteen humans that were sacrified, and [[CruellaToAnimals and six killed dogs]].
* King Zhou of Shang: Last emperor of the Shang Dynasty. Was seen as decadent and corrupt and infamously filled an entire pool with alcohol with tree branches made of roasted meat. Gathered all his treasures around himself in the Palace, set fire to his palace and committed suicide.
* King Zhou of Shang: Last emperor of the Shang Dynasty. Was seen as decadent and corrupt and infamously filled an entire pool with alcohol with tree branches made of roasted meat. Gathered all his treasures around himself in the Palace, set fire to his palace and committed suicide.
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* Ge Hong: A Chinese linguist and Taoist practitioner who taught emphasized loyalty to the emperor as a Taoist virtue
and even taught that rebels could never be Taoist immortals. Was the originator of first aid in traditional Chinese medicine and influenced later generations.
and even taught that rebels could never be Taoist immortals. Was the originator of first aid in traditional Chinese medicine and influenced later generations.
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* Emperor Wen of Sui: Has a reign was so prestigious that he left a powerful army and a prosperous economy behind him with enough food stocks to last 50 years. Constructed the Grand Canal and is thought to be the only king in the history of Chinese civilization to have only two concubines.
* Emperor Yang of Sui: The Second Emperor of the Sui Dynasty, who notably the completed the Grand Canal and the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Disastrously failed to take over Goguryeo, which left the empire bankrupt and the populace in revolt. Was strangled to death in a coup led by his general.
* Emperor Yang of Sui: The Second Emperor of the Sui Dynasty, who notably the completed the Grand Canal and the reconstruction of the Great Wall. Disastrously failed to take over Goguryeo, which left the empire bankrupt and the populace in revolt. Was strangled to death in a coup led by his general.
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* Empeoror Taizong: One of the Tang's greatest rulers and China's greatest and most famous emperors. He acknowledged the power of the peasants and enacted measures to help them. Many goods were traded internationally during his reign and extended China to as far as Korea and even Russia.
* UsefulNotes/WuZetian: China's only empress to rule on her own right. See her page for more information.
* Lady Wei: Wife of Emperor Zhongzong who poisoned the emperor and hid his body and concealed his death so her son Chong Mao could be made emperor. Was eventually captured and executed along with the rest of her family.
* Princess Taiping:
* UsefulNotes/WuZetian: China's only empress to rule on her own right. See her page for more information.
* Lady Wei: Wife of Emperor Zhongzong who poisoned the emperor and hid his body and concealed his death so her son Chong Mao could be made emperor. Was eventually captured and executed along with the rest of her family.
* Princess Taiping:
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* Tang of Shang: The first official thing to a monarch of China, is said to have overthrown Jie, the last ruler of the Xia dynasty.
* Fu Hao: One of the many wives of King Wu Ding of the Shang dynasty who also served as a military general and high priestess. There is very little evidence describing her life that survives today. Her tomb famously has hundreds of bronze and bone objects, sixteen humans that were sacrified, and [[CruellaToAnimals and six killed dogs]].
* King Zhou of Shang: Last emperor of the Shang Dynasty. Was seen as decadent and corrupt and infamously filled an entire pool with alcohol with tree branches made of roasted meat.
* Fu Hao: One of the many wives of King Wu Ding of the Shang dynasty who also served as a military general and high priestess. There is very little evidence describing her life that survives today. Her tomb famously has hundreds of bronze and bone objects, sixteen humans that were sacrified, and [[CruellaToAnimals and six killed dogs]].
* King Zhou of Shang: Last emperor of the Shang Dynasty. Was seen as decadent and corrupt and infamously filled an entire pool with alcohol with tree branches made of roasted meat.
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*Hou Jing: A rogue general whose rebellion greatly devastated the south. His massacre of the southern clans also permanently removed their political influence from the region.
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* Xi Shi: A peasant girl turned spy that was tasked by King Goujian of Yue state to seduce and weaken King Fuchai of Wu, thereby allowing him to retake the lands of Yue. Xi Shi is known as one of the earlier uses of [[HoneyTrap sexpionage (using female seduction in order to spy on foes)]] in Ancient China, and was said to be [[WorldsMostBeautifulWoman so beautiful]] that she's considered the first of the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina.
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* Jing Ke: Retainer of the Crown Prince of Dan, and one of China's most notorious assassins. He came up with a rather meticulous plan to assassinate the aforementioned UsefulNotes/QinShiHuangdi in order to save his land, and by all means, he would have succeeded if it wasn't for a loyal physician named Xia Wuju saving his liege in the nick of time. Jing Ke was killed on spot, but he was recorded as the person that went the closest to kill off the Emperor. Historians agreed that had Jing Ke succeeded, the history of China would have been radically different.
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* Creator/{{Confucius}}: ''The'' Chinese philosopher. The impact the man had on the Chinese civilization can only be outmatched by UsefulNotes/QinShiHuangdi, if anyone at all. The very era he lived in is named after a chronicle he had a hand in compiling.
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* [[Literature/TheArtOfWarSunTzu Sun Tzu]]: There are some controversies when exactly the man lived, or even if he existed at all, but he is associated with this period, and if he did, it was then.
* Sun Bin: Said to be Sun Tzu's descendant, also a general and a military theorist who produced his own book on war -- more detailed, but less known. There might have been some conflation of the two men, which is one of the reasons why there are disputed on the existence of Sun Tzu.
* Sun Bin: Said to be Sun Tzu's descendant, also a general and a military theorist who produced his own book on war -- more detailed, but less known. There might have been some conflation of the two men, which is one of the reasons why there are disputed on the existence of Sun Tzu.
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* Most of the characters in ''Literature/RomanceOfTheThreeKingdoms'' are at least based on real people who lived in this period, but take note -- their depictions can differ '''a lot''' compared to what historians know of them.
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* An Lushan: A general of non-Han descent who rebelled against the dynasty to no accomplishment and a huge loss of life. Since China has always been populous, An Lushan's rebellion is regarded as probably the deadliest ever single war waged by mankind, in terms of the percentage of global population lost.
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* Kublai Khan: The man met by Marco Polo and perhaps for this reason one of the go-to names for "wonders of the Orient" in Western European culture.
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!!Jin[[note]]Not to be confused with the earlier dynasty also called Jin[[/note]]
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!!Shang
!!Zhou
!!Spring and Autumn Period
!!Warring States Period
!!Zhou
!!Spring and Autumn Period
!!Warring States Period
* UsefulNotes/QinShiHuangdi: First emperor of China. Coined the Chinese word for "Emperor" and indirectly named China itself. See his page for more information.
!!Liao
!!Jin[[note]]Not to be confused with the earlier dynasty also called Jin[[/note]]
!!Western Xia
!!Jin[[note]]Not to be confused with the earlier dynasty also called Jin[[/note]]
!!Western Xia
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[[/folder]]
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----
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[[folder:Zhu Yuan Zhang]]
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[[folder:Zhu Yuan Zhang]]Yuanzhang]]
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[[folder:Zhu Yuan Zhang]]
The mid-Yangtze towards the end of the Yuan Dynasty was one of the most hotly-contested regions in all of China, as it was relatively populous and thus wealthy, and one of the hardest to hold because it was vulnerable to attacks from the lower and upper Yangtze, and from the north China plain. The kingdoms which had originally held these lands basically tore themselves apart through the strain of fighting, allowing several highly unorthodox figures to rise to the top of society. Among these was '''Zhu Yuanzhang''', an illiterate peasant and brilliant commander who soon became a warlord in his own right. [[note]]He was the second and last "peasant emperor" in imperial Chinese history; his predecessor Liu Bang established the ''Han'' Dynasty, and lived more than 1500 years before him.[[/note]] Through good strategic choices, including the forging of two key alliances (most notably the warlord Zhang Shicheng of Fujian and the lower Yangtze), and an excellent understanding of the operational and tactical levels of warfare, Zhu eventually conquered the entire Yangtze despite starting from virtually nothing and both his major allies (based in the upper and lower-Yangtze, respectively) turning on him once they'd divided up the entire Yangtze between the three of them. After he secured the entire Yangtze, Zhu spent several years building up his powerbase before declaring the foundation of the Ming Dynasty and crowning himself the Hongwu ('eminently martial') Emperor. [[note]]Thanks to him, emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties only used one era name for their reigns (except Emperor Yingzong of Ming, who had two separate reigns and used two era names); most emperors of the two dynasties were also mostly known by their era names.[[/note]] He then conquered the entire north China plain and after that the Pearl River region.
Zhu Yuanzhang was many things: born a poor peasant, he would emerge as one of China's foremost warlords. With brutal cunning, he managed to get the upper hand over his rivals, seized the throne, and with increasing age, ended up becoming more and more paranoid and murderous. That's at least RagsToRoyalty and DespotismJustifiesTheMeans rolled into one.
[[/folder]]
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The Qing government attempted a program of reform to make China more Western and hopefully save it from further humiliation. [[StatusQuoIsGod It failed]], partly because the reformers [[WeAreStrugglingTogether actively squabbled with each other instead of the foreigners]], partly because even the reformers thought all China needed was a better military and [[SchizoTech the rest could stay the same]], partly because the Empress [[ArsonMurderAndJaywalking was rumored to have taken the program's funds to build herself a boat made out of marble]] (and the Summer Palace in Beijing, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site), and finally because Chinese armies and fleets equipped with modern weapons but not properly trained in their use were soundly thrashed by the upstart Japanese who had modernized more thoroughly in the UsefulNotes/FirstSinoJapaneseWar.
That Empress' name was '''Cixi''' (pronounced 'Tsih-shee'), and if there was ever a real life DragonLady, Cixi was it. Originally a concubine to the late emperor Xianfeng, [[TheManBehindTheMan Cixi stayed in power as regent]] [[LongRunners for 48 years]], originally [[HasTwoMommies in non-romantic union with fellow empress C'ian]]. This regency covered the 'rule' of multiple emperors. One was her son, who resisted her iron grasp by [[BookDumb refusing to study]], sneaking out to brothels, and finally dying of smallpox without having had the courtesy to sire a son. Lacking a traditional heir, the two empresses named Cixi's young nephew[[note]]son of her sister, who married Xianfeng's brother Prince Chun[[/note]] as the new Emperor. While all this was distracting everyone, however, modernisation was definitely not happening.
Finally the new Guangxu Emperor reached his majority and started trying to get things moving on his own. With the assistance of a man named Kang Youwei, they came up with a plan to massively shake up the social structure of China. This is known as the Hundred Days Reform. However, a lot of people currently in power didn't particularly appreciate having their jobs cut out from under them. Also, there was a plot underfoot to trick the Emperor into [[ReadTheFinePrint signing away control of China to Japan]]. Kang Youwei, hoping to get more people on his side, appointed a man named Yuan Shikai as leader of his forces. Yuan Shikai proceeded to tell Cixi exactly what was going on. Kang Youwei [[ScrewThisImOuttaHere ran to Hong Kong]] to escape Cixi, and Guangxu abdicated and was put under house arrest for the remainder of his (and her) life - when she apparently had him ''poisoned'' as she was dying to ensure he wouldn't outlive her. ''Harsh'', Cixi. Harsh.
Second, the lower classes of China were very annoyed at the Western incursions, and one group of peasants got it into their heads that it was their destiny to save China by getting rid of all the Westerners. They also believed that they were ImmuneToBullets. Despite this, this group, known fully as the Harmonious Society of Righteous Fists but more commonly as the 'Boxers', travelled across China attacking the foreign powers until they reached Beijing. There they besieged foreign buildings (primarily the embassies), opposed by the foreign-power armies called the League of 8. Cixi ''supported'' the Boxers; she even demanded that the Chinese armies come to Beijing to help them fight the foreigners. By this point, the armies were all 'suuure, right' and did virtually nothing to help out.
In 1901, the Boxer Protocol was signed, and Cixi finally started an actual reform program. Unfortunately, while the reforms were in more sweeping than the failed Hundred Days Reform had been, they still weren't enough to make much visible difference.
Thirdly, a man named Sun Yixian ([[SpellMyNameWithAnS you may know him as Sun Yat-sen]] or [[IHaveManyNames Sun Zhongshan]]) realised that China was ''still'' way behind, and that Cixi was taking China down a highway to [[PardonMyKlingon Diyu]], make no mistake. He summarily started to support revolutionary ideas to turn China into a parliamentary democracy. Many of these ideas grew in popularity, particularly amongst China's armies.
To make a now extremely long summary short, Cixi's program failed and Sun Yixian's revolution got underway just as the Qing were setting up a provisional parliament. The rebels were powerful; in the intervening years China's armies had been filled with Sun Yixian's ideas. Whatever the army wanted was going to stick, and the Qing knew it. Realising that Yuan Shikai had the support of at least some of the army, Prince Chun,[[note]]Guangxu's brother, who inherited their father's title and whose son succeeded Guangxu as emperor[[/note]] father of the last emperor of China, asked him to lead the fight against the rebels. Yuan Shikai happily did so, on the proviso that he got to be the undisputed leader of the armed forces. Yuan then went to negotiations with the rebels and was persuaded to support the newly formed republic...so long as he got to be the undisputed leader of the country.
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A place to list significant individuals who lived during ImperialChina.
!!Qin
!!Han
!!Three Kingdoms
!!Jin
!!Northern & Southern Dynasties
!!Sui
!!Tang
!!Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
!!Song
!!Yuan
!!Ming
!!Qing
[[folder:Empress Cixi]]
[[/folder]]
!!Qin
!!Han
!!Three Kingdoms
!!Jin
!!Northern & Southern Dynasties
!!Sui
!!Tang
!!Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
!!Song
!!Yuan
!!Ming
!!Qing
[[folder:Empress Cixi]]
[[/folder]]
