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* ''Timmimus'' is no longer considered an ornithomimosaur and is seen as too fragmentary to be positively identified as anything beyond an indeterminate coelurosaur. Likewise, the also very fragmentary and dubious ''Serendipaceratops'' (named in 2003) probably isn't a ceratopsian and might instead be an ankylosaur (akin to ''Minmi'' and ''Kunbarrasaurus''). This jettisons the notion that either ceratopsians or ostrich dinos have their origins in Australia.
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* "''Mosasaurus maximus''" has been sunk into ''Mosasaurus hoffmanni''. And mosasaurs would have had vertical tail-flukes and more compact bodies, which would have made them much more effective swimmers.
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* Plesiosaurs probably couldn't return to land.
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* Plesiosaurs probably couldn't return to land.
land, as their anatomy had become far too specialized for life in the sea and the large elasmosaurids and pliosaurids would have been too heavy to leave the water without becoming beached. On top of that, a specimen of ''Polycotylus'' was later found to have died while giving birth to live young, showing that plesiosaurs were viviparous just like ichthyosaurs, which lines up with their lack of adaptations for terrestrial movement.
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* When talking about "carnosaur" integument, they bring up the possibility of them having lizard-like scale or even feathers before showing the skin impressions of ''Carnotaurus'' (which is scaly and covered in bumpy osteoderms) as an example of what their integument would have looked like. However, since many of the other "carnosaurs" aren't closely related to ''Carnotaurus'' (an abelisaurid ceratosaur distinct from tetanurans), this doesn't apply to them, and many large tetanurans such as ''Allosaurus'' and tyrannosaurids instead show evidence of being covered in small, non-overlapping scales, and basal tyrannosaurs such as ''Dilong'' and the large-sized ''Yutyrannus'' preserve evidence of being covered in primitive hair-like feathers (unsurprising, given that they were basal coelurosaurs), though later forms like T. rex seem to have reverted back to being mostly (or even entirely) scaly since they lived in warmer climes and didn't need insulation (on top of benefitting from gigantothermy).
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* When comparing T. rex and ''Albertosaurus'', it's claimed that the two represent opposite extremes, with ''Albertosaurus'' having evolved to be more gracile and better suited for running. Now that we know a lot more about tyrannosaur evolution and the ontogeny of derived tyrannosaurids, it's known that tyrannosaurs spent most of the Mesozoic as small, gracile, and long-legged mesocarnivores, and that juvenile tyrannosaurids retained that body plan before growing into bulky, slower-moving bruisers (as is well-documented in T. rex itself), while albertosaurines retained their more gracile build into adulthood (an example of neotony).
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* It's mentioned that during the Late Cretaceous, "carnosaurs" (meaning tyrannosaurids) were evolving and diversifying much more rapidly than in the past. This is purely because in the early '90s, we still had relatively few large predators known from older strata (Jurassic to Mid Cretaceous) but countless new taxa described since then show that predatory dinosaurs had always been diverse and evolving quickly, such as numerous forms of carcharodontosaurids from the Early-Mid Cretaceous, who also had a near-cosmopolitan distribution (unlike tyrannosaurids, who only inhabited Asia and North America).
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* Most of these guys aren't even carnosaurs in the 21st century, and it's now understood that multiple lineages of theropods that reached large sizes simply converged on similar features such as oversized heads and small arms. These days, the term refers only to ''Allosaurus'' and its closest kin (although the episode does acknowledge that it's something of an informal term). For context, ''Cryolophosaurus'' is thought to be a basal neotheropod (possibly a very basal tetanuran), ''Carnotaurus'' is a ceratosaur, and tyrannosaurs like T. rex and ''Albertosaurus'' are giant coelurosaurs (closer to dromaeosaurs than allosaurs). Interestingly the first studies to seriously push the idea of tyrannosaurs being coelurosaurs using modern cladistics came out around the same time this episode aired.
* ''Carnotaurus'' wasn't a basal theropod from the Early Cretaceous, but rather one of the last of the abelisaurs and one of the most derived, having lived just before T. rex.
* ''Carnotaurus'' wasn't a basal theropod from the Early Cretaceous, but rather one of the last of the abelisaurs and one of the most derived, having lived just before T. rex.
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* Most of these guys aren't even carnosaurs in the 21st century, and it's now understood that multiple lineages of theropods that reached large sizes simply converged on similar features superficial similarities such as oversized heads and small arms.arms but were otherwise quite distinct. These days, the term refers only to ''Allosaurus'' and its closest kin (although the episode does acknowledge that it's something of an informal term). For context, ''Cryolophosaurus'' is thought to be a basal neotheropod (possibly a very basal tetanuran), ''Carnotaurus'' is a ceratosaur, and tyrannosaurs like T. rex and ''Albertosaurus'' are giant coelurosaurs (closer to dromaeosaurs than allosaurs). Interestingly the first studies to seriously push the idea of tyrannosaurs being coelurosaurs using modern cladistics came out around the same time this episode aired.
* ''Carnotaurus'' wasn't abasal theropod primitive "carnosaur" from the Early Cretaceous, but rather one of the last and most derived of the abelisaurs and one of the most derived, abelisaurs, having lived just before T. rex. It was also far from the biggest South American theropod, as the local carcharodontosaurs such as ''Giganotosaurus'' (named just one year after this episode aired) grew just as massive as the biggest tyrannosaurs, and ''Carnotaurus'' itself would have been sympatric with the even large megaraptoran ''Maip'' (named in 2022).
* The "prosauropod" that coexisted with ''Cryolophosaurus'' was named ''Glacialisaurus'' in 2007.
* ''Carnotaurus'' wasn't a
* The "prosauropod" that coexisted with ''Cryolophosaurus'' was named ''Glacialisaurus'' in 2007.
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* Most of these guys aren't even carnosaurs in the 21st century. These days, the term refers only to ''Allosaurus'' and its closest kin (although the episode does acknowledge that it's something of an informal term). For context, ''Cryolophosaurus'' is thought to be a basal neotheropod (possibly a very basal tetanuran), ''Carnotaurus'' is a ceratosaur, and tyrannosaurs like T. rex and ''Albertosaurus'' are giant coelurosaurs (closer to dromaeosaurs than allosaurs). Interestingly the first studies to seriously push the idea of tyrannosaurs being coelurosaurs using modern cladistics came out around the same time this episode aired.
to:
* Most of these guys aren't even carnosaurs in the 21st century.century, and it's now understood that multiple lineages of theropods that reached large sizes simply converged on similar features such as oversized heads and small arms. These days, the term refers only to ''Allosaurus'' and its closest kin (although the episode does acknowledge that it's something of an informal term). For context, ''Cryolophosaurus'' is thought to be a basal neotheropod (possibly a very basal tetanuran), ''Carnotaurus'' is a ceratosaur, and tyrannosaurs like T. rex and ''Albertosaurus'' are giant coelurosaurs (closer to dromaeosaurs than allosaurs). Interestingly the first studies to seriously push the idea of tyrannosaurs being coelurosaurs using modern cladistics came out around the same time this episode aired.
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* Most of these guys aren't even carnosaurs in the 21st century. These days, the term refers only to ''Allosaurus'' and its closest kin (although the episode does acknowledge that it's something of an informal term).
to:
* Most of these guys aren't even carnosaurs in the 21st century. These days, the term refers only to ''Allosaurus'' and its closest kin (although the episode does acknowledge that it's something of an informal term). For context, ''Cryolophosaurus'' is thought to be a basal neotheropod (possibly a very basal tetanuran), ''Carnotaurus'' is a ceratosaur, and tyrannosaurs like T. rex and ''Albertosaurus'' are giant coelurosaurs (closer to dromaeosaurs than allosaurs). Interestingly the first studies to seriously push the idea of tyrannosaurs being coelurosaurs using modern cladistics came out around the same time this episode aired.
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* ''Protoavis'' is probably just a jumble of bones from different creatures, not an early bird.
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* ''Protoavis'' is probably just a jumble of bones from different creatures, not an early bird.
bird. As a matter of fact, the coelurosaurs (the very diverse group of theropods that includes birds) likely didn't diverge from other tetanuran theropods until well into the Lower Jurassic.
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* ''Eoraptor''’s status as a basal predatory theropod, and even its exact position within Dinosauria, has been subject to debate for decades now. The problem lies in the fact that it shares so many traits found in other groups of basal dinosaurs, that it’s been difficult to determine exactly which group ''Eoraptor'' really belongs to. Current research points to it being, of all things, a ''basal sauropodomorph''. [[note]] The same group of dinosaurs the more famous ''Plateosaurus'' belongs to. [[/note]]
** Even more uniquely, while it’s still considered to be a predator, ''Eoraptor'' was omnivorous.
** Even more uniquely, while it’s still considered to be a predator, ''Eoraptor'' was omnivorous.
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* ''Troodon'' should have feathers.
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* ''Troodon'' is no longer considered to be a valid genus.
* ''Troodontids'' should have feathers.
* ''Troodontids'' should have feathers.
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As cool as shark talons could be, corrected it to "sharp" talons, which terrorbirds did have. Cleared up unclear phrasing on Episode 47 entry
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as cool as shatk claws
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* Terror birds did not have clawed wings, this was a mistaken assumption based on a unique wing bone found in ''Titanis'', which later turned out to also be present in seriema (their closest relatives), who lack such features. Evolving clawed wings would be a pretty useless adaption when they already had powerful beaks and shark talons for killing and feeding.
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* Terror birds did not have clawed wings, this was a mistaken assumption based on a unique wing bone found in ''Titanis'', which later turned out to also be present in seriema (their closest relatives), who lack such features. Evolving clawed wings would be a pretty useless adaption when they already had powerful beaks and shark sharp talons for killing and feeding.
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* ''Giganotosaurus'' was not the largest carnivorous dinosaur, and it's unlikely there that was there an actual record-holder. Giant carcharodontosaurs like it, along with giant tyrannosaurs like T. rex likely represented the max size limit for macropredatory theropods, and 40-43-foot giants existed all throughout the Mesozoic. Spinosaurs reached similar dimensions, with ''Spinosaurus'' possibly being the longest (at 50 feet) but it was a specialized amphibious piscivore.
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* ''Giganotosaurus'' was not the largest carnivorous dinosaur, and it's unlikely there that was there an actual record-holder. Giant carcharodontosaurs like it, along with giant tyrannosaurs like T. rex likely represented the max size limit for macropredatory theropods, and 40-43-foot giants existed all throughout the Mesozoic. Spinosaurs reached similar dimensions, with ''Spinosaurus'' possibly being the longest (at 50 feet) but it was a specialized amphibious piscivore.
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* ''Carnotaurus'' wasn't an basal theropod from the Early Cretaceous, but rather one of the last of the abelisaurs and one of the most derived, having lived just before T. rex.
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* ''Carnotaurus'' wasn't an a basal theropod from the Early Cretaceous, but rather one of the last of the abelisaurs and one of the most derived, having lived just before T. rex.
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Changed line(s) 152,153 (click to see context) from:
* * ''Giganotosaurus'' was not the largest carnivorous dinosaur, and it's unlikely there that was there an actual record-holder. Giant carcharodontosaurs like it, along with giant tyrannosaurs like T. rex likely represented the max size limit for macropredatory theropods, and 40-43-foot giants existed all throughout the Mesozoic. Spinosaurs reached similar dimensions, with ''Spinosaurus'' possibly being the longest (at 50 feet) but it was a specialized amphibious piscivore.
to:
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* Carnotaurus wasn't an basal theropod from the Early Cretaceous, but rather one of the last of the abelisaurs and one of the most derived, having lived just before T. rex.
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* Carnotaurus ''Carnotaurus'' wasn't an basal theropod from the Early Cretaceous, but rather one of the last of the abelisaurs and one of the most derived, having lived just before T. rex.
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* The skull of ''Spinosaurus'' was more elongated (and the entire creature larger) than that.
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* The skull of ''Spinosaurus'' wasn't just a generic theropod with a sail. It was more elongated (and a highly specialized piscivore with a crocodile-like skull (confirmed just after this episode aired), that was also amphibious with short back legs (confirmed with new finds in 2014) and even had a paddle-like tail akin to a crocodile (confirmed with finds in 2020), making it one of the entire creature larger) than that.
strangest and most derived theropods.
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* ''Giganotosaurus'' was not the largest carnivorous dinosaur. ''Spinosaurus'' was.
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* * ''Giganotosaurus'' was not the largest carnivorous dinosaur. dinosaur, and it's unlikely there that was there an actual record-holder. Giant carcharodontosaurs like it, along with giant tyrannosaurs like T. rex likely represented the max size limit for macropredatory theropods, and 40-43-foot giants existed all throughout the Mesozoic. Spinosaurs reached similar dimensions, with ''Spinosaurus'' was.
possibly being the longest (at 50 feet) but it was a specialized amphibious piscivore.
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* Carnotaurus wasn't an basal theropod from the Early Cretaceous, but rather one of the last of the abelisaurs and one of the most derived, having lived just before T. rex.
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* ''Kronosaurus'' did not grow 50 feet long. The first specimens found were in poor condition, and so the people who put the fossil together gave it too many vertebrae. It probably didn't reach much longer than 30 feet.
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* ''Kronosaurus'' did not grow 50 feet long. The first specimens found were in poor condition, and so the people who put the fossil together gave it too many vertebrae. It probably didn't reach much longer than 30 33 feet.
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* ''Deinonychus'' should be feathered.
* ''Megaraptor'' was not a dromaeosaur, but rather a carnosaur with an abnormally large hand claw.
* ''Megaraptor'' was not a dromaeosaur, but rather a carnosaur with an abnormally large hand claw.
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* ''Deinonychus'' should be feathered.
feathered, and its skull would be more elongated.
* ''Megaraptor'' was not a dromaeosaur, but rather acarnosaur wholly different type of theropod with an abnormally large hand claw.
claw, eventually becoming the type genus of its own family, the megaraptorans.
* ''Megaraptor'' was not a dromaeosaur, but rather a
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* ''Diatryma'' should be called ''Gastornis''.
* ''Dinohyus'' should be called ''Daeodon''.
* ''Archaeotherium'' and ''Megachoerus'' are one and the same.
* ''Dinohyus'' should be called ''Daeodon''.
* ''Archaeotherium'' and ''Megachoerus'' are one and the same.
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* ''Diatryma'' should be called ''Gastornis''.
* ''Dinohyus'' should be called ''Daeodon''.
* ''Archaeotherium''''Gastornis'', and ''Megachoerus'' isotope analyses proved that it was actually a herbivore, more like a giant cassowary than a prototype terror bird.
* Entelodonts areone no longer considered cousins of pigs but rather of whales and the same.
hippos.
* ''Dinohyus'' should be called ''Daeodon''.
* ''Archaeotherium''
* Entelodonts are
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* The episode does go into some detail about sexual dimorphism in ''Tyrannosaurus Rex'', citing the larger specimens, and those without full chevron bones, as being female. However, ''Sue'' herself was later found to have a chevron in her first tail vertebra, and it is thought that the differences between specimens is a result of age and geographic variation.
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* The episode does go into some detail about sexual dimorphism in ''Tyrannosaurus Rex'', citing the larger specimens, and those without full chevron bones, as being female. However, ''Sue'' herself was later found to have a chevron in her first tail vertebra, and it is thought that the differences between specimens is a result of age and geographic variation.variation, thus weakening the evidence of sexual dimorphism in the giant theropod.
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* Most of the episode is dedicated to discussing whether Tyrannosaurus Rex was an obligate scavenger or opportunistic predator. Since the episode aired, at least two Edmontosaurus specimens and a Triceratops were recovered showing bite marks matching the dentition of T-Rex that showed new bone growth around the wound, indicating that they survived attacks from the giant theropod. As such, Tyrannosaurus is now near universally thought to be an opportunistic predator, much like modern day mammalian and avian predators.
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* Most of the episode is dedicated to discussing whether Tyrannosaurus Rex ''Tyrannosaurus Rex'' was an obligate scavenger or opportunistic predator. Since the episode aired, at least two Edmontosaurus specimens and a Triceratops were recovered showing bite marks matching the dentition of T-Rex that showed new bone growth around the wound, indicating that they survived attacks from the giant theropod. As such, Tyrannosaurus is now near universally thought to be an opportunistic predator, much like modern day mammalian and avian predators.
* Most of ''Sue'''s injuries are now believed to be the result of parasitic infections and trampling by other dinosaurs after she died.
* The episode does go into some detail about sexual dimorphism in ''Tyrannosaurus Rex'', citing the larger specimens, and those without full chevron bones, as being female. However, ''Sue'' herself was later found to have a chevron in her first tail vertebra, and it is thought that the differences between specimens is a result of age and geographic variation.
* Most of ''Sue'''s injuries are now believed to be the result of parasitic infections and trampling by other dinosaurs after she died.
* The episode does go into some detail about sexual dimorphism in ''Tyrannosaurus Rex'', citing the larger specimens, and those without full chevron bones, as being female. However, ''Sue'' herself was later found to have a chevron in her first tail vertebra, and it is thought that the differences between specimens is a result of age and geographic variation.
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* ''Brontosaurus'' is now actually considered a valid genus entirely separate from ''Apatosaurus''
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Needed to fix misspelling
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* Most of the episode is dedicated to discussing whether Tyrannosaurus Rex was an obligate scavenger or opportunistic predator. Since the episode aired, at least two Edmontosaurus specimens and a Triceratops were recovered showing bite marks matching the dentition of T-Rex that showed new bone growth around the wound, indicating that they survived attacks from the giant theropod. As such, Tyrannosaurus is ow near universally thought to be an opportunistic predator, much like modern day mammalian and avian predators.
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* Most of the episode is dedicated to discussing whether Tyrannosaurus Rex was an obligate scavenger or opportunistic predator. Since the episode aired, at least two Edmontosaurus specimens and a Triceratops were recovered showing bite marks matching the dentition of T-Rex that showed new bone growth around the wound, indicating that they survived attacks from the giant theropod. As such, Tyrannosaurus is ow now near universally thought to be an opportunistic predator, much like modern day mammalian and avian predators.
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Changed line(s) 37,39 (click to see context) from:
* Most of the episode is dedicated to discussing whether Tyrannosaurus Rex was an obligate scavenger or opportunistic predator. Since the episode aired, at least two Edmontosaurus specimens and a Triceratops were recovered showing bite marks matching the dentition of T-Rex that showed new bone growth around the wound, indicating that they survived attacks from the giant theropod. As such, Tyrannosaurus is ow near universally thought to be an opportunistic predator.
to:
* Most of the episode is dedicated to discussing whether Tyrannosaurus Rex was an obligate scavenger or opportunistic predator. Since the episode aired, at least two Edmontosaurus specimens and a Triceratops were recovered showing bite marks matching the dentition of T-Rex that showed new bone growth around the wound, indicating that they survived attacks from the giant theropod. As such, Tyrannosaurus is ow near universally thought to be an opportunistic predator.
predator, much like modern day mammalian and avian predators.
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Changed line(s) 37,39 (click to see context) from:
* Most of the episode is dedicated to discussing whether Tyrannosaurus Rex was an obligate scavenger or opportunistic predator. Since the episode aired, it's been near universally accepted that Tyrannosaurus was the latter.
to:
* Most of the episode is dedicated to discussing whether Tyrannosaurus Rex was an obligate scavenger or opportunistic predator. Since the episode aired, it's been at least two Edmontosaurus specimens and a Triceratops were recovered showing bite marks matching the dentition of T-Rex that showed new bone growth around the wound, indicating that they survived attacks from the giant theropod. As such, Tyrannosaurus is ow near universally accepted that Tyrannosaurus was the latter.
thought to be an opportunistic predator.
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* One scientist asserts that pterosaurs would be rather slow on the ground. Current science suggests that this isn't the case at all. Indeed, ''Quetzalcoatlus'' would have been a LightningBruiser on the ground.
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* Most of these guys aren't even carnosaurs in the 21st century. These days, the term refers only to ''Allosaurus'' and its closest kin.
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* Most of these guys aren't even carnosaurs in the 21st century. These days, the term refers only to ''Allosaurus'' and its closest kin.
kin (although the episode does acknowledge that it's something of an informal term).
