History UsefulNotes / Peru

The southern army, led by Jose de San Maritn, managed to occupy Lima and declared the independence in July 28th 1821, and was achieved three years later after the northern army, led by Simon Bolivar, defeated Jose de la Serna, the last viceroy in the battles of Junin and Ayacucho. Its identity started to form once the Peruvians refused UsefulNotes/{{Bolivia}}'s (and Simon Bolivar's) plans for a Latin American Confederation and, later, a union between these two states.

The Age of Guano came to and end with the UsefulNotes/{{War of the Pacific}} (1879-1883) between Peru, Bolivia and Chile, not only Peru lost the war and was forced to cede it's saltpeter rich southern provinces of Arica, Tacna and Tarapaca but most of its army and infrastructure were destroy followed the occupation of most of the country (including Lima) by the Chilean troops.

In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. In 1975, the general was deposed and the regime started to become a democracy again. Following a period of instability in the 80s and early 90 characterized by a general inflation and the surgent of guerrillas in the countryside, the country finally gained a political stability in the 2000s. From here, it had its usual problems of political violence and drug trafficking, coupled with a sustaining economic growth.

--> "Llamas!"

-->"Cuzco, Machu Picchu".
-->"Ahh, Peru".

'''Peru''', or '''Republic of Peru''' (''República del Perú'' in Spanish) is a country in western South America, it's the third largest country in South America (After Brazil and Argentina), also, it's among the countries with most variety in natural regions and subclimates in the world. How many you ask? There are somewhere over 100 subclimates subdivided in three natural regions: the coast, formed mainly by deserts and small valleys, the Andes mountains, and the jungle (the Amazon rainforest). Its population surpasses 29 million, with its capital and largest city, Lima, encompassing 9 million inhabitants, diversified between the indigenous populations and the mestizos, with a small percentage of Blacks, Asians and Europeans. Religiously however, it is mostly Catholic with a growing number of Evangelical congregations.

Needless to sat that the ''conquistadores'' were not going to accept

What followed was an open rebellion against the Spanish crowd led by Gonzalo Pizarro (Francisco Pizarro's brother and successor) who managed to capture and execute the first viceroy, Blasco Nuñez Vela, but were eventually defeated by Vela's successor, Pedro de la Gasca which marked the end of the encomiendas and the beginning of the Vice-royalty of Peru

Following the rise of the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain (1713) the Vice-royalty experienced a series of reforms,the most important where the creation of the Vice-royalties of Bogota (UsefulNotes/{{Colombia}}) and Rio de la Plata (UsefulNotes/{{Argentina}}), the expulsion of the Jesuit order and confiscation of their lands and the appointment of ''criollos'' (descendants of Spaniards born in America) to the government

Despite this reforms, the eighteen century saw the decline of the Vice-royalty power, the rebellions of Tupac Amaru II, Jose Santos Atahualpa and Mateo Pumacahua led to the implementation of increasingly strict rules regarding the indean population that only got worst during the UsefulNotes/{{Napoleonic Wars}} when several cities refused to recognize spanish authority and established it's own ''juntas''. Interestingly, during this period, Lima remained a strong royalist bastion, thanks to the fact that the city held a privileged position in the colonies, with its own nobility and merchant society that relied on strong commercial ties with the metropolis

The first decade of the 19th century saw the rising of several separatists groups in Peru, mainly formed by students from the universities and colleges of Lima, Cuzco and Trujillo but, because of the aforementioned royalist presence in Lima and the increasingly militaristic governments of the Viceroys Jose Fernando de Abascal and Joaquin de la Pezuela, those movements didn't enjoyed the same grade of success than the ones from Bogota and Rio de la Plata

The Age of Guano came to and end with the UsefulNotes/{{War of the Pacific}} (1879-1883) between Peru, Bolivia and Chile, not only Peru lost the war and was forced to cede it's saltpeter rich southern provinces of Arica, Tacna and Tarapaca but most of its army and infrastructure were destroy followed the occupation of most of the country (including Lima) by the Chilean troops

Following the war, the country entered the period of Reconstruction which was plagued by civil wars between former war generals that ended with Nicolás de Pierola's victory

The beginning of the twentieth century was marked by the rule of the Peruvian Upper Class in a period known as the Aristocratic Republic where the presidents were chosen by and amongst a group formed by the wealthiest citizens. This period gained its peak during the eleven year government of Agusto B. Leguia. Leguia's government saw the modernization of the largest cities at the price of neglect of the Andean provinces and the countryside. In reaction to his government, two political parties appeared that would affect the future development of the country, the APRA and the Peruvian Communist Party (PCP), the increasingly discontent with the government plus the economic crash of 1929 led to the deposition of Leguia. The following years would witness the alternation between military dictatorships and democratic governments

Classicaly, it is said that the Inca Empire peacefully died right the moment Atahualpa was killed, which is a '''BIG''' misconception, the truth is that after his death, his other generals continued the fight against the Spaniards, however, they were aided by various indigenous people who saw in them a chance to free themselves from the Tawantinsuyu and, ironically, the Inca elite who were enemies of Atahualpa. Eventually, this would lead to the coronations as puppet rulers first of Túpac Hualpa as a who died three months after his coronation, and then Manco Inca who, like Túpac Hualpa and Atahualpa, was a son of Huayna Cápac.

However, Manco Inca realised that the small contingent of Pizarro was nothing more than the screening for the Spanish Army and they intended to conquer the country, this lead to his flight from Cuzco to the city of Vilcabamba near the jungle, from where he and other three rebel Incas would lead a war against the spaniard ''conquistadores'', these four are known as the Incas of Vilcabamba and their war lasted between the years 1537 and 1572.

Meanwhile, Charles the First of Spain was not amused with the actions of the ''conquistadores'', who made themselves warlords and dukes of the conquered territory and literally worked to death the indigenous population, as well as the execution of Atahualpa by a lesser man, which was an outrage amongst the court, eventually, and, by the aid of Bartolome de las Casas, who was horrified by the abuse of the ''conquistadores'' towards the indigenous people, promulgated the New Laws (Leyes Nuevas) which put an end to the system of ''Encomiendas'', which were hereditary territorial posessions of the ''conquistadores'', and paved the way to the Viceroyalty system.

What followed was an open rebellion against the spanish crowd led by Gonzalo Pizarro (Francisco Pizarro's brother and successor) who managed to capture and execute the first viceroy, Blasco Nuñez Vela, but were eventually defeated by Vela's successor, Pedro de la Gasca which marked the end of the encomiendas and the begining of the Viceroyalty of Peru

Viceroy Francisco de Toledo is credited as the real "founder" of the viceroyalty, he broke the power of the ''encomenderos'', reorganized the native population in reductions, strenghtened the presence of the Catholic churh, established the Inquisition and fortified the coasts against the attacks of pirates.

During the next centuries, the viceroyalty of Peru expanded its borders encompasing all of South America minus UsefulNotes/{{Brazil}}, it's capital, Lima, became along with Mexico City in the largest and wealthiest city of the New World mainly thanks to the exports of silver from Potosi and Pasco, although under the mantle of opulence, it lied a deeply segregated society ruled by the spanish nobility and high clergy.

Following the rise of the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain (1713) the Viceroyalty experienced a series of reforms,the most importants where the creation of the Viceroyalties of Bogota (UsefulNotes/{{Colombia}}) and Rio de la Plata (UsefulNotes/{{Argentina}}), the expulsion of the Jesuit order and confiscation of their lands and the appointment of ''criollos'' (descendants of spaniards born in America) to the government

Despite this reforms, the eighteen century saw the declive of the Viceroyalty power, the rebelions of Tupac Amaru II, Jose Santos Atahualpa and Mateo Pumacahua led to the implementaion of increasingly strict rules regarding the indean population that only got worst during the UsefulNotes/{{Napoleonic Wars}} when several cities refused to recognize spanish authority and established it's own ''juntas''. Interestingly, during this period, Lima remained a storng royalist bastion, thanks to the fact that the city held a privileged position in the colonies, alberging its own nobility and merchant society that relied on strong commercial ties with the metropolis

The first decade of the 19th century saw the rising of several separatists groups in Peru, mainly formed by students from the universities and colleges of Lima, Cuzco and Turjillo but, because of the aforementioned royalist presence in Lima and the increasingly militaristic governments of the Viceroys Jose Fernando de Abascala and Joaquin de la Pezuela, those movements didn't enjoyed the same grade of succes than thei ones from Bogota and Rio de la Plata

The newly independed republics of South America saw in the Spanish presence in Peru a threat to their own independence, hence the two main powers, Argentina and Gran Colombia, organized separatedly and invasion force to the Viceroyalty.

The first years of the new Republic of Peru were marked by political and economical instability, alternating between wars with it's neighbors and coup d'etats, it wouldn't be until the government of Ramon Castilla around the 1850's that the country achieved a lenghty period of stability.

Following the UsefulNotes/{{Chincha Islands War}} that pitched Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia against Spain, the country entered their golden age also called the Age of Guano, the mass production and exportation of this product launched Peru into an economic boom that saw the rise of a new upper class, the modernization of the country and the influx of inmigrants, mainly from China, Japan, Italy and Germany.

The Age of Guano came to and end with the UsefulNotes/{{War of the Pacific}} (1879-1883) between Peru, Bolivia and Chile, not only Peru lost the war and was forced to cede it's saltpeter rich southern provinces of Arica, Tacna and Tarapaca but most of its army and infrastructure were destroy followed the ocupation of most of the country (including Lima) by the Chilean troops

Follwoing the war, the country entered the period of Reconsturction wich was plagued by civil wars between former war generals that enede with Nicolas de Pierola victory

The begining of the twentieth century was marked by the rule of the Peruvian Upper Class in aperiod known as the Aristocratic Republic where the presidents were chosen by and amongst a group formed by the wealthiest citizens. This periot gained its peak during the eleven year government of Agusto B. Leguia. Leguia's government saw the modernization of the largest cities at the price of neglect of the andean provinces and the countryside. In reaction to his government, two political parties appeared that would affect the future development of the country, the APRA and the Peruvian Comunist Pary (PCP), the increasingly discontent with the government plust the economic crash of 1929 led to the deposition of Leguia. The following years would witness the alternation between military dictatorships and democratic governments


In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. In 1975, the general was deposed and the regime started to become a democracy again. Following a period of instability in the 80s and early 90 caracterize by a general inflation and the surgent of guerrillas in the countryside, the country finally gained a political stability in the 2000s. From here, it had its usual problems of political violence and drug trafficking, coupled with a sustaining economic growth.

-->-- '''The thing for which Peru is most known amongst turists'''.

'''Peru''', or '''Republic of Peru''' (''República del Perú'' in Spanish) is a country in western South America, it's the third largest country in South America (After Brazil and Argentina), also, it's amongst the countries with most variety in natural regions and subclimates in the world, how many you ask? about over 100 subclimates subdivided in three natural regions: the coast, formed mainly by desserts and small valleys, the andes and the jungle (the amazon rainforest); its population surpasses the 29 million with it's capital and largest city, Lima encompassing 9 million habitants, diversified between the indigenous populations and the mestizos, with a small percentage of blacks, asians and europeans, religiously however, its mostly catholic with a growing number of evangelical congregations.

Peru has two official languages: the Spanish, the most spoken one; and the Quechua, the most spoken of the indigenous languages, there are however, many other indigenous languages like the Aymara and the various languages of the people of the Amazon Forest.

Classicaly, it is said that the Inca Empire peacefully died right the moment Atahualpa was killed, which is a '''BIG''' misconception, the truth is that after his dead, his other generals continued the fight against the Spaniards, however, they were aided by various indigenous people who saw in them a chance to free themselves from the Tawantinsuyu and, ironically, the Inca elite who were enemies of Atahualpa, eventually, this would lead to the coronations as puppet rulers first of Túpac Hualpa as a who died three months after his coronation, and then Manco Inca who, like Túpac Hualpa and Atahualpa, was a son of Huayna Cápac.

'''Peru''', or '''Republic of Peru''' (''República del Perú'' in Spanish) is a country in western South America, it's the third largest country in South America (After Brazil and Argentina), also, it's amongst the countries with most variety in natural regions and subclimates in the world, how many you ask? about over 100 subclimates; its population surpasses the 29 million, diversified between the indigenous populations and the mestizos, religiously however, its mostly catholic.

Peru has two official languages: the Spanish, the most spoken one; and the Quechua, the most spoken of the indigenous languages, there are however, many other indigenous languages like the Aimara and the various languages of the people of the Amazon Forest.

'''Republican Period'''

Following the Chincha Islands War that pitched Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia against Spain, the country entered their golden age also called the Age of Guano, the mass production and exportation of this product launched Peru into an economic boom that saw the rise of a new upper class, the modernization of the country and the influx of inmigrants, mainly from China, Japan, Italy and Germany.

The Age of Guano came to and end with the War of the Pacific (1879-1883) between Peru, Bolivia and Chile, not only Peru lost the war and was forced to cede it's saltpeter rich southern provinces of Arica, Tacna and Tarapaca but most of its army and infrastructure were destroy followed the ocupation of most of the country (including Lima) by the Chilean troops

The southern army, led by Jose de San Maritn, managed to occupy Lima and declared the independence in July 28th 1821, and was achieved three years later after the northern army, led by Simon Bolivar, defeated Jose de la Serna, the last viceroy in the battles of Junin and Ayacucho. Its identity started to form once the Peruvians refused UsefulNotes/{{Bolivia}}'s (and Simon Bolivar's) plans for a Latin American Confederation and, later, a union between these two states. It entered into periods of instability and short-term stability before and after the WarOfThePacific, fought with UsefulNotes/{{Chile}}. This instability led to a brief period (from 1836 to 1839) where the country was split into two parts, the Republics of North Peru and South Peru, with the former forming the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. After the reunification, there were periods of instability coupled with periods of economical development.

In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. In 1975, the general was deposed and the regime started to become a democracy again. From here, it had its usual problems of political violence and drug trafficking, coupled with a sustaining economic growth.

Following the rise of the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain (1713) the Viceroyalty experienced a series of reforms,the most importants where the creation of the Viceroyalties of Bogota (UsefulNotes/{{Colombia}}) and Rio de la Plata (UsefulNotes/{{Argentina}}), the expulsion of the Jesuit order and confiscation of their lands and the appointment of ''criollos'' (descendants of spaniards born in America)to the government

Its independence was achieved in 1821, led by José de San Martín. It also was one of the last Spanish colonies to achieve it. Its identity started to form once the Peruvians refused UsefulNotes/{{Bolivia}}'s (and Simon Bolivar's) plans for a Latin American Confederation and, later, a union between these two states. It entered into periods of instability and short-term stability before and after the WarOfThePacific, fought with UsefulNotes/{{Chile}}. This instability led to a brief period (from 1836 to 1839) where the country was split into two parts, the Republics of North Peru and South Peru, with the former forming the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. After the reunification, there were periods of instability coupled with periods of economical development.

The situation amongst the ''conquistadores'' was not harmonic on the other hand, the rivalry between Pizarro and Diego de Almagro over the city of Cuzco ended in what is known as the Wars of the Conquistadores amongst the two and all who supported either of them, this war was carried on by the brothers of Pizarro and of Almagro and lasted between 1537 and 1546.

Classicaly, it is said that the Inca Empire peacefully died right the moment Atahualpa was killed, which is a '''BIG''' misconception, the truth is that after his dead, his other generals continued the fight against the Spaniards, however, they were aided by various indigenous people who saw in them a chance to free themselves from the Tawantinsuyu and, ironically, the Inca elite who were enemies of Atahualpa, eventually, this would lead to the coronations of Túpac Hualpa, first of the Sapa Inca who died three months after his coronation, and Manco Inca who, like Túpac Hualpa and Atahualpa, was a son of Huayna Cápac.

However, Manco Inca realised that the small contingent of Pizarro was nothing more than the screening for the Spanish Army and they intended to conquer the country, this lead to his flight from Cuzco to the city of Vilcabamba, from where he and other three rebel Incas would lead a war against the spaniard ''conquistadores'', these four are known as the Incas of Vilcabamba and their war lasted between the years 1537 and 1572.

-->'''Precolumbine Period'''

-->'''Colonial Period'''

* The Late Horizon: Follows the rise of the Inca Empire, lead by Pachacutec, and its eventual expansion, which would eventually cover most of the northern territory of Chile, the coast and mountains of Perú as well as parts of the forests, Ecuador, and parts of Colombia and Bolivia; it ends with the capture of Atahualpa and its execution the 26th of July in 1533




The Inca Empire fell from the moment Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' defeated and captured Emperor Atahualpa, 1532. The Spanish Empire conquered the rest of the region in 10 years, establishing a Viceroyalty which included most of its South American colonies.

Peru has two official languages: the Spanish, the most spoken one; and the Quechua, the most spoken of the indigenous languages, there are however, many other indigenous languages like the Aimara and the various languages of the people of the Amazon Jungle.

* Prehorizon Era: Ranges from the prehistory, covers the Caral civilization and diverse foundings as Toquepala and the temple of the crossed hands.
* The Early Horizon
* The Early Intermediate
* The Middle Horizon
* The Late Intermediate




to the largest state in Pre-Columbian America, the Inca Empire. The Inca Empire fell from the moment Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' defeated and captured Emperor Atahualpa, 1532. The Spanish Empire conquered the rest of the region in 10 years, establishing a Viceroyalty which included most of its South American colonies.

->The red hoist and fly stripes symbolize the blood of Peru's fallen freedom fighters, and the white central stripe represents peace.

Its territory was home to quite a few ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization to the largest state in Pre-Columbian America, the Inca Empire. The Inca Empire fell from the moment Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' defeated and captured Emperor Atahualpa, 1532. The Spanish Empire conquered the rest of the region in 10 years, establishing a Viceroyalty which included most of its South American colonies.

Spanish is the official language and the most spoken one, coexisting with various indigenous languages, the most spoken of these being Quechua.

-->-- '''First thing that most people say whenever they think of Peru'''.

'''Peru''', or '''Republic of Peru''' (''República del Perú'' in Spanish) is a country in western South America. Its territory was home to quite a few ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization to the largest state in Pre-Columbian America, the Inca Empire. The Inca Empire fell from the moment Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' defeated and captured Emperor Atahualpa, 1532. The Spanish Empire conquered the rest of the region in 10 years, establishing a Viceroyalty which included most of its South American colonies.

[[AC:The Peruvian Flag]]
http://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/flag_of_peru_svg_4763.png
-> A vertical triband with red outer bands and a white middle band. Red represents the blood that was spilled for the fight for independence and white represents peace.

'''Peru''', or '''Republic of Peru''' (''República del Perú'' in Spanish) is a country in western South America. Its territory was home to quite a few ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization to the largest state in Pre-Columbian America, the Inca Empire. The Inca Empire fell from the moment Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' defeated and capture Emperor Atahualpa, 1532. The Spanish Empire conquered the rest of the region in 10 years, establishing a Viceroyalty which included most of its South American colonies.

Its independence was achieved in 1821, led by José de San Martín. It also was one of the last Spanish colonies to achieve it. Its identity started to form once the Peruvians refused UsefulNotes/{{Bolivia}}'s (and Simon Bolivar's) plans for a Latin American Confederation and, later, a union between these two states. It entered into periods of instability and short-term stability before and after the War of the Pacific, fought with UsefulNotes/{{Chile}}. This instability led to a brief period (from 1836 to 1839) where the country was split into two parts, the Republics of North Peru and South Peru, with the former forming the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. After the reunification, there were periods of instability coupled with periods of economical development.

In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. 7 years, the general was deposed and the regime started to become a democracy again. From here, it had its usual problems of political violence and drug trafficking, coupled with a sustaining economic growth.

-->-- '''First thing that people say whenever they think of Peru'''.

'''Peru''', or '''Republic of Peru''' (''República del Perú'' in Spanish) is a country in western South America and Lima is its capital. Its territory was home to quite a few ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization to the largest state in Pre-Columbian America, the Inca Empire. The Inca Empire fell from the moment Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' defeated and capture Emperor Atahualpa, 1532. The Spanish Empire conquered the rest of the region in 10 years, establishing a Viceroyalty which included most of its South American colonies.

'''Peru''', or '''Republic of Peru''' (''República del Perú'' in Spanish) is a country in western South America. Its territory was home to quite a few ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization to the largest state in Pre-Columbian America, the Inca Empire. The Inca Empire fell from the moment Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' defeated and capture Emperor Atahualpa, 1532. The Spanish Empire conquered the rest of the region in 10 years, establishing a Viceroyalty which included most of its South American colonies.

--> '''First thing that people say whenever they think of Peru'''.

* "Llamas!"

--> '''First thing that people say whenever they think of Peru.

Its independence was achieved in 1821, led by José de San Martín. It also was one of the last Spanish colonies to achieve it.
Its identity started to form once the Peruvians refused UsefulNotes/{{Bolivia}}'s (and Simon Bolivar's) plans for a Latin American Confederation and, later, a union between these two states. It entered into periods of instability and short-term stability after the War of the Pacific, fought with UsefulNotes/{{Chile}}. This instability led to a brief period (from 1836 to 1839) where the country was split into two parts, the Republics of North