History UsefulNotes / Peru

'''Peru''', or '''Republic of Peru''' (''República del Perú'' in Spanish) is a country in western South America, it's the third largest country in South America (after UsefulNotes/{{Brazil}} and UsefulNotes/{{Argentina}}), also, it's among the countries with most variety in natural regions and subclimates in the world. How many you ask? There are somewhere over 100 subclimates subdivided in three natural regions: the coast, formed mainly by deserts and small valleys, the Andes mountains, and the jungle (the Amazon rainforest). Its population surpasses 29 million, with its capital and largest city, Lima, encompassing 9 million inhabitants, diversified between the indigenous populations and the mestizos, with a small percentage of Blacks, Asians and Europeans. Religiously however, it is mostly Christian Catholic with a growing number of Evangelical congregations.

The situation amongst the ''conquistadores'' was not harmonic on the other hand, the rivalry between Pizarro and Diego de Almagro over the city of Cuzco (and later the new capital, Lima) and fact that the partition of the lands were more in favour of Pizarro than the latter ended in what is known as the Wars of the Conquistadores amongst the two and all who supported either of them, this war was carried on by the brothers and familiars of Pizarro and Almagro, lasting between 1537 and 1546.

During the next centuries, the vice-royalty of Peru expanded its borders encompassing all of South America minus UsefulNotes/{{Brazil}}, it's capital, Lima, became along with Mexico City in the largest and wealthiest city of the New World mainly thanks to the exports of silver from Potosi and Pasco, although under the mantle of opulence, it lied a deeply segregated society ruled by the Spanish nobility and high clergy.

* '''Capital and largest city:''' Lima

* '''ISO-3166-1 Code:''' PE

** Vice President: vacant
** Prime Minister: TBD
** President of Congress: Mirtha Vásquez (acting)

** President: Francisco Sagasti

** Prime Minister: Violeta Bermúdez

* '''Area:''' 1,285,216 km (496,225 sq mi) (19th)

** Prime Minister:Violeta Bermúdez

----

Peru has the Spanish as the official language, and the most spoken one. Also having two sub-official ones: Quechua, And Aymara There are however, many other indigenous languages like the Ashaninka and the various languages of the people of the Amazon Forest, like Shipibo-Konibo.

Peru has two official languages: the Spanish, the most spoken one; and the Quechua, the most spoken of the indigenous languages. There are however, many other indigenous languages like the Aymara and the various languages of the people of the Amazon Forest.

[[folder: Notable Peruvians]]:

* Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. First latinamerican writter of the world and held as the first mestizo born of America. He wrote several books of the history and events in the continent such as the ''Florida del Inca'', his most known work however is the ''Comentarios Reales del Inca'', which is a recopilation of the history of Peru during the Tawantinsuyu and the events of the start of the Viceroyalty.

Atahualpa however made a mistake in rellying only in his numerical advantage without having the foresight of any hidden cards the Spaniards could use against him, which so happened to be the horse and the cannons the Spaniards brought with them, alongside the native auxiliars that they had in reserve, which served to rout the imperial guard and eventually lead to Atahualpa's own capture.

It must be noted that the term ''Horizon'' arose to denote a time when a culture had hegemony or primacy over the others contemporany to it, and therefore, set a trend amongst them. While such thing could be done by conventional conquest, they are not synonimous.

->The tradition says that the Libertador San Martín dreamed the first flag of Per&uacute after seeing the flamingos of the coast flying in the sky; the red hoist and fly stripes symbolize the blood of Peru's fallen freedom fighters that fought for the independence of the country and the white central stripe represents peace.

The Viceroyalty itself was a system used [[OlderThanTheyThink before the stablishment of the American holdings]] and served as well to rule the other kingdoms attached to the Spanish crown -Aragon, Napoles and eventually Portugal-, in general, it has two periods that reflect the approaches of the ruling dynasties.

'''Peru''', or '''Republic of Peru''' (''República del Perú'' in Spanish) is a country in western South America, it's the third largest country in South America (after UsefulNotes/{{Brazil}} and UsefulNotes/{{Argentina}}), also, it's among the countries with most variety in natural regions and subclimates in the world. How many you ask? There are somewhere over 100 subclimates subdivided in three natural regions: the coast, formed mainly by deserts and small valleys, the Andes mountains, and the jungle (the Amazon rainforest). Its population surpasses 29 million, with its capital and largest city, Lima, encompassing 9 million inhabitants, diversified between the indigenous populations and the mestizos, with a small percentage of Blacks, Asians and Europeans. Religiously however, it is mostly Catholic with a growing number of Evangelical congregations.

* The Classical Period

* The Postclassical Period

Huayna Capac and his heir perished due to an illness never heard from before (most likely smallpox, a disease brought by the Spaniards), leaving a succesion crisis inside of the Empire. The elite of Cusco and the religious leaders supported Huascar as the next Inca to lead the Tawantinsuyu; however, Atahualpa, having the support of the army, lead a civil war that in which he managed to capture Huascar, take the Maskaypacha (crown) for himself and seize ''de facto'' control of the Tawantinsuyu.

It's in this frame of time that Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' entered the territories of the Empire and made their way to Tumbes. Atahualpa, having heard of the bearded men before and knowing of their mortality (therefore, ruling out the possiblity of them being gods) arranged to meet them in Cajamarca, bringing with himself a thousand strong men as guards with other thousands in reserve for the ambush.

Eventually, Pizarro and Atahualpa met in Cajamarca, the Spaniards frightened by the army before them (them being a few men) before being rallied by Pizarro to go on until they were surrounded, Pizarro used a translator to tell Atahualpa that he had to abandon his idolatric ways and submit to God and the King of Spain. What followed is still debated by historians, however it's agreed that Atahualpa intended to kill or capture the Spaniards and take whatever they had with him, and when he was given the Bible, Atahualpa looked at it and later tossed it away, making his intentions to the Spaniards explicit.

Atahualpa made a mistake in rellying only in his numerical advantage without having the foresight of any hidden cards the Spaniards could use against him, which so happened to be the horse and the cannons the Spaniards brought with them, which served to rout the guard and eventually lead to Atahualpa's capture.

Eventually, Atahualpa hoped to play with the greed of the Spaniards at his favour and made an offer of a personal rescue of a rooms filled with gold and silver each. As time passed, the spaniards grew evermore paranoid due to the fear of being overrun and slain by the Inca's armies, something that seems to be a certainty as Atahualpa had given orders to his generals to await his word before moving.

Pizarro isn't thought to have desired for Atahualpa's subsequent trial and execution, and was even planning to have him shipped to Spain before the court of Charles I, however th urging of his men and his own nerves eventually won and made a mock trial to kill the Inca.

Atahualpa was to be killed in the pyre for the crimes of idolatry, polygamy, incest and the execution of his brother Huascar, the latter point being one of dubious certainty given that he indeed died but is not known if it was by the direct command of Atahualpa and the formers being extrajudicial accusations given that he was not part of the Spanish Empire and he couldn't be judged by under its law. Atahualpa made one last request and asked to be baptised so he would die by the garrote vil instead, a tool of extrangulation; baptised as Francisco, he was executed the 26th of July of 1533.

Classically, it is said that the Inca Empire peacefully died right the moment Atahualpa was killed, which is a '''BIG''' misconception, the truth is that after his death, his other generals continued the fight against the Spaniards, however, they were aided by various indigenous people who saw in them a chance to free themselves from the Tawantinsuyu and, ironically, the Inca elite who were enemies of Atahualpa. Eventually, this would lead to the coronations of puppet rulers such as Túpac Hualpa, who died three months after his coronation, and Manco Inca who was another brother of Túpac Hualpa and Atahualpa.

However, Manco Inca realised that the small contingent of Pizarro was nothing more than the screening for the Spanish Army and they intended to conquer the country, this lead to his flight from Cuzco to the city of Vilcabamba near the jungle, from where he and other three rebel Incas would lead a war against the Spaniard ''conquistadores'', these four are known as the Incas of Vilcabamba and their war lasted between the years 1537 and 1572.

The situation amongst the ''conquistadores'' was not harmonic on the other hand, the rivalry between Pizarro and Diego de Almagro over the city of Cuzco (and later the new capital, Lima) ended in what is known as the Wars of the Conquistadores amongst the two and all who supported either of them, this war was carried on by the brothers of Pizarro and of Almagro and lasted between 1537 and 1546.

Meanwhile, Charles the First of Spain was not amused with the actions of the ''conquistadores'', who made themselves warlords and dukes of the conquered territory and literally worked to death the indigenous population, as well as the execution of Atahualpa by a lesser man, which was an outrage amongst the court, eventually, and, by the aid of Bartolome de las Casas, who was horrified by the abuse of the ''conquistadores'' towards the indigenous people, promulgated the New Laws (Leyes Nuevas) which put an end to the system of ''Encomiendas'', which were hereditary territorial possessions of the ''conquistadores'', and paved the way to the Vice-royalty system.

What followed was an open rebellion against the Spanish crowd led by Gonzalo Pizarro (Francisco Pizarro's brother and successor) who managed to capture and execute the first viceroy, Blasco Nuñez Vela, but were eventually defeated by Vela's successor, Pedro de la Gasca which marked the end of the encomiendas and the beginning of the Vice-royalty of Peru.

Viceroy Francisco de Toledo is credited as the real "founder" of the viceroyalty, he broke the power of the ''encomenderos'', reorganized the native population in reductions, strengthened the presence of the Catholic Church, established the Inquisition and fortified the coasts against the attacks of pirates.

The Viceroyalty itself was a system used [[OlderThanTheyThink before the stablishment of the American holdings]] and served as well to rule the other kingdoms attached to the spanish crown, in general has two periods that reflect the approaches of the ruling dynasties.

The first years of the new Republic of Peru were marked by political and economical instability, alternating between wars with it's neighbors and coup d'etats, it wouldn't be until the government of Ramon Castilla around the 1850's that the country achieved a lengthy period of stability.

->The tradition says that the Libertador San Martín dreamed the first flag of Perú after seeing the flamingos of the coast, the red hoist and fly stripes symbolize the blood of Peru's fallen freedom fighters, and the white central stripe represents peace.

* Creator/MichaelBentine. Although born in England, comedian, author and TV presenter Bentine was a Peruvian citizen through his father. He was bilingual in Spanish and never forgot his roots in this country, fronting appeals in the UK for aid after natural disasters in Peru. He visited frequently, and, as a member of the family that founded Peru's first airline company, was familiar with the country, its strengths and weaknesses, and worked tirelessly to raise awareness of its existence outside South America.

* The Habsburg Period: Also known as the Austrian period, it had the greatest parallels to the Middle Ages and even to the Roman Empire itself in its way to rule. The Habsburgs, having experiences with running [[HolyRomanEmpire empires]] before, used indirect rule, the influence of the Catholic Church and alliances with the local nobility to keep the Empire together, which they managed to at the cost of the Peninsular holdings being eclipsed by the American kingdoms they ruled, on the flip side, Hispanic America was left out of much of the modern changes that were happening in Europe at the time and only recieved it by hand of the Jesuit order.

The Viceroyalty itself was a system used [[OlderThanWhatTheyThink before the stablishment of the American holdings]] and served as well to rule the other kingdoms attached to the spanish crown, in general has two periods that reflect the approaches of the ruling dynasties.

* The Habsburg Period: Also known as the Austrian period, it had the greatest parallels to the Middle Ages and even to the Roman Empire itself in its way to rule. The Habsburgs, having experiences with running [[THeHolyRomanEmpire empires]] before, used indirect rule, the influence of the Catholic Church and alliances with the local nobility to keep the Empire together, which they managed to at the cost of the Peninsular holdings being eclipsed by the American kingdoms they ruled, on the flip side, Hispanic America was left out of much of the modern changes that were happening in Europe at the time and only recieved it by hand of the Jesuit order.

* The Habsburg Period: Also known as the Austrian period, it had the greatest parallels to the Middle Ages and even the Roman Empire itself in its way to rule. The Habsburgs, having experiences with running [[THeHolyRomanEmpire empires]] before, used indirect rule, the influence of the Catholic Church and alliances with the local nobility to keep the Empire together, which they managed to at the cost of the Peninsular holdings being eclipsed by the American kingdoms they ruled.

*

Atahualpa was to be killed in the pyre for the crimes of idolatry, polygamy, incest and the execution of his brother Huascar, the latter point being one of dubious certainty given that he indeed died but is not known if it was by the direct command of Atahualpa and the formers being extrajudicial accusations given that he was not part of the Spanish Empire and he couldn't be judged by under its law. Atahualpa made one last request and asked to be baptised so he would die by the garrote vil instead, a tool of extrangulation; baptised as Francisco, he was executed the 25th of July of 1533.

'''Colonial Period'''

Huayna Capac and his heir perished due to an illness never heard from before (most likely smallpox, a disease brought by the Spaniards), leaving a succesion crisis inside of the Empire. The elite of Cusco and the religious leaders supported Huascar as the next Inca to lead the Tawantinsuyu; however, Atahualpa, having the support of the army, lead a civil war that managed to capture Huascar and seize ''de facto'' control of the Tawantinsuyu.

It's in this frame of time that Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' entered the territories of the Empire and made their way to Tumbes. Atahualpa, having heard of the bearded men before and knowing of their mortality (therefore, ruling out the possiblity of them being gods) arranged to meet them in Cajamarca, bringing with himself a thousand strong men as guards.

Atahualpa made a mistake in rellying only in his numerical advantage without having the foresight of any hidden cards the Spaniards could use against him, which so happened to be the horse and the cannons the Spaniards brought with them, which served to rout the guard and eventually lead to Atahualpas capture and execution.

It's in this frame of time that Francisco Pizarro and his ''conquistadores'' entered the territories of the Empire and made their way to Tumbes. Atahualpa, having heard of the bearded men before and knowing of their mortality (therefore, ruling out the possiblity of them being gods) arranged to meet them in Cajamarca, bringing with himself a thousand strong men as guard.

What followed is still debated by historians, however it's agreed that Atahualpa intended to kill or capture the Spaniards and take whatever they had with him

The events that lead to the fall of the Tawantinsuyu were both external and internal: The Incas practiced polygamy and the Inca himself could have many children

Its territory was home to various ancient cultures like the Norte Chico civilization, most known as Caral, the most ancient city in the American Continent (About 5000 years old), and various others; the Precolumbine history is studied in six stages:

* Initial Period: Ranges from the prehistory, covers the Caral civilization and diverse foundings as Toquepala and the temple of the crossed hands.
* The Early Horizon: Covers the time of the Chavin hegemony upon other cultures, such as the Paracas and its decadence.
* The Early Intermediate: Ranges between the decadence of Chavin and the rise of the Wari, the Nazca, the Moche and other cultures appeared in this period.
* The Middle Horizon: Spans the rise and fall of the Wari Empire in Perú, features other cultures such as the Chachapoyas.
* The Late Intermediate: Houses the time between the fall of Wari and the victory of the Inca Confederacy upon the Chancas, which would eventually lead to the Inca Empire, the cultures that appear are, amongst others, the Tiawanaco, the Chimu and The Inca Confederacy.
* The Late Horizon: Follows the rise of the Inca Empire, lead by Pachacutec, and its eventual expansion, which would be called the Tawantinsuyu and would eventually cover most of the northern territory of Chile, the coast and mountains of Perú as well as parts of the forests, Ecuador, and parts of Colombia and Bolivia; it ends with the capture of Atahualpa and his execution by Francisco Pizarro the 26th of July of 1533.

Classically, it is said that the Inca Empire peacefully died right the moment Atahualpa was killed, which is a '''BIG''' misconception, the truth is that after his death, his other generals continued the fight against the Spaniards, however, they were aided by various indigenous people who saw in them a chance to free themselves from the Tawantinsuyu and, ironically, the Inca elite who were enemies of Atahualpa. Eventually, this would lead to the coronations as puppet rulers first of Túpac Hualpa as a who died three months after his coronation, and then Manco Inca who, like Túpac Hualpa and Atahualpa, was a son of Huayna Cápac.

Eventually, the eighteen century saw the decline of the Vice-royalty power, the rebellions of Tupac Amaru II, Jose Santos Atahualpa and Mateo Pumacahua led to the implementation of increasingly strict rules regarding the indean population that only got worst during the UsefulNotes/{{Napoleonic Wars}} when several cities refused to recognize spanish authority and established it's own ''juntas''. Interestingly, during this period, Lima remained a strong royalist bastion, thanks to the fact that the city held a privileged position in the colonies, with its own nobility and merchant society that relied on strong commercial ties with the metropolis.

Despite this reforms, the eighteen century saw the decline of the Vice-royalty power, the rebellions of Tupac Amaru II, Jose Santos Atahualpa and Mateo Pumacahua led to the implementation of increasingly strict rules regarding the indean population that only got worst during the UsefulNotes/{{Napoleonic Wars}} when several cities refused to recognize spanish authority and established it's own ''juntas''. Interestingly, during this period, Lima remained a strong royalist bastion, thanks to the fact that the city held a privileged position in the colonies, with its own nobility and merchant society that relied on strong commercial ties with the metropolis.

In 1968, the Armed Forces, led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, staged a coup against president Fernando Belaunde. In 1975, the general was deposed and the regime started to become a democracy again. Following a period of instability in the 80s and early 90 characterized by a general inflation and the surgent of guerrillas in the countryside, the country finally gained a political stability in the 2000s. From here, it had its usual problems of crime, corruption and drug trafficking, coupled with a sustaining economic growth.