Line #14 UsefulNotes/JapaneseLanguage


1	->'''English sentence:''' Jane went to the school.\
2	'''Same Sentence In Japanese:''' School Jane To Went Monkey Apple Carburetor.
3	-->-- ''[[http://www.stmoroky.com/links/sywtlj.htm So You Want To Learn Japanese]]''
4
5	The Japanese language (日本語; ''Nihon-go'') is considered an extremely ''complicated'' language to an English speaker's ear. While certain concepts are simplified (very few real plurals, for instance), the grammar is switched around, and both the words and wording are often grounded in concepts that are either different or entirely external to the English language. And let's not even ''start'' getting into things like etiquette and connotation. Unfortunately, some of those concepts are required to understand the full depth of the original script in Japanese-language programming. Such issues are why translators and fansubbers have a "rough" and "not-often appreciated" job on their hands.
6
7	Among the various aspects of the language that may or may not have relevance to the foreign viewer are the following:
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9	[[index]]
10	* AlternateCharacterReading
11	* MediaNotes/AnimeFanSpeak
12	* UsefulNotes/{{Baka}}
13	* FormalCharactersUseKeigo
14	* FourIsDeath
15	* UsefulNotes/GenderAndJapaneseLanguage
16	* GoroawaseNumber
17	* UsefulNotes/GratuitousEnglishInJapan and [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairaigo other foreign loanwords]]
18	* UsefulNotes/GreenIsBlue
19	* ItCantBeHelped
20	* UsefulNotes/JapaneseDialects
21	* UsefulNotes/JapaneseHonorifics
22	* UsefulNotes/JapanesePronouns
23	** PronounTrouble
24	* JapaneseRanguage
25	* UsefulNotes/JapaneseRomanization
26	* UsefulNotes/JapaneseSiblingTerminology
27	* UsefulNotes/StockJapanesePhrases
28	* UsefulNotes/JapaneseWritingSystem
29	* UsefulNotes/{{Kotobagari}}
30	* UsefulNotes/NamesInJapanese
31	* OneTwoThreeFourGo
32	* SevenIsNana
33	* JustForFun/TropeNamesInJapanese (WIP)
34	* UnsoundEffect: Some Japanese onomatopoeias are for things like objects or people being sparkling clean.
35	* MediaNotes/VisualNovelFanspeak
36	[[/index]]
37
38	Some less prevalent, but useful concepts to know:
39	* Japanese verbs take two basic tenses, past and non-past. There is no future tense, so future actions either rely on conversational context or can be specified with time-related words (This is actually the same in English)
40	* Japanese ''adjectives'' ([[Website/{{Wikipedia}} which The Other Wiki]] is ''very'' hesitant to even call them that) vary fundamentally in syntax and inflection depending on what type of adjective it is. There are three basic types of these.
41	** The ''i''-adjectives, or ''keiyōshi'', basically grammatically act as verbs, except with a completely different conjugation than any verb. These adjectives end in an ''i'' hiragana[[labelnote:Except...]]嫌い ''kirai'' "to dislike or hate", which is a na-adjective and not an i-adjective[[/labelnote]], such as 悪い ''warui'' "bad" (think VideoGame/{{Wario}}), 新しい ''atarashii'' "new", and 可愛い ''[[UsefulNotes/{{Kawaisa}} kawaii]]'' "adorable". These adjectives literally mean "to be (insert adjective here)", hence you can stick these adjectives in front of noun phrases to more-or-less directly modify the noun, or stick it at the end of a sentence to create a predicate. Thus 新しい僕の車 ''atarashii boku no kuruma'' means "my new car", but 車は新しい ''kuruma wa atarashii'' gives "the car is new".
42	** Then you have adjectival nouns, also known as na-adjectives. These behave like nouns (i.e. if you want to predicate with these, you need the copula) except when you directly modify a noun phrase with it, in that case you stick ''na'' between the adjective and the phrase instead of the ''no'' that is used between two nouns. Also, you can stick ''ni'' after these to turn them into adverbial phrases.
43	** Then there's the ''rentaishi'', which are adjectives that are prohibited from making a predicate at all.
44	* Japanese has five vowels, of which four are more or less present in English as the tense 'a', 'i', 'o', and 'e'. The fifth vowel is an unrounded 'u' which forms at the same place in the mouth as English 'u', except that the lips are mostly unrounded. Furthermore, 'i' and the unrounded 'u' are subject to devoicing (which sounds to English speakers like becoming partially, but not completely, silent) between voiceless consonants such as p, t, and k. The good news is that this is much easier to actually pronounce than to write about.
45	* Japanese has a simpler syllable structure than English has. Interestingly, much of the educated vocabulary in modern Japanese was borrowed from Chinese (at various times); since Japanese has neither the contrastive tone nor the more complex syllable structure of the Chinese languages, many of these words are now homophonous in Japanese, where they would not be in Chinese. Humour based on this, such as puns and malapropisms, tends to be easier. This is especially true when noting that the kanji for words that sound the same can make the difference clear. A good example would be the title for ''Manga/AiYoriAoshi'', which literally translates as "bluer than indigo" but is simultaneously a pun on ''ai'', the word for love (an equivalent meaning would be "true blue love") and an allusion to the main character Aoi-chan.
46	* Japanese sentences are generally ordered ''Subject-Object-Verb'', though ''Object-Subject-Verb'' constructions are also possible. However, Japanese also makes heavy use of sentence fragments consisting of only a verb, with the rest implied from context.
47	** Among other mechanisms for this, words can be conjugated to indicate that something is a subjective observation rather than an objective truth. Unless you can read minds, you would never say that another person "is angry" but rather that they "seem angry", and in a sentence fragment your choice between these two phrasings indicates whether you're talking about yourself or another person.
48	** Trailing off at the end of a sentence and not saying something when the listener should understand it, or [[http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-apo2.htm aposiopesis]], is extremely common in (spoken) Japanese, especially following the conjunction "soshite" (which loosely means "and then").
49	** While Japanese has [[UsefulNotes/JapanesePronouns a large number of contextual pronouns]] compared to English, they are actually ''used'' far less often - both because of sentence fragments and because it's often preferred to refer to people by name (even when it would create repetitive sentences or someone is [[ThirdPersonPerson talking about themselves]]). Japanese fiction makes less use of [[SaidBookism "he said", "she said"]], and more of FeaturelessPlaneOfDisembodiedDialogue that relies on speech patterns to tell characters apart.
50	* Japanese does not mark plural obligatorily - if someone were talking about "kimono", there would be no way of knowing if it were one garment, two garments, ten, or ten thousand, or even AllOfThem. Japanese does have associative plurals such as "-tachi", which can be added both to regular nouns and proper nouns, and means "and all the rest" (when used for proper nouns this is often translated as e.g. "John and his friends" or "John and his party"). There is also no way to indicate a group of X's in particular; "kimono-tachi" in Japanese could mean multiple kimonos or it could mean a kimono and a bunch of other clothing sitting next to it[[note]]keep in mind that this is an example - "tachi" is typically used to denote ''living'' things, and using it with "kimono" will sound like a cute anthropomorphism[[/note]].
51	** That said, if it is important to distinguish between singular and plural, it is possible to simply add the number, e.g. "one kimono" or "ten kimono" to specify what you want. However, like a sizeable minority of languages out there (but unlike English), Japanese is a classifier language: each category of objects has its own "counter" word (like group, flock, fleet, etc. but for everything) that must be used with the actual number, and you have to learn every one. Examples include -nin (人) for people (3 people = sannin, 6 people = rokunin, though 1 person = hitori and 2 people = futari), -dai (台) for machines and vehicles, -hiki/-piki (匹) for small animals, -hon/-bon/-ppon (本) for long, cylindrical things, -mai (枚) for flat things, -satsu (冊) for books and magazines, -wa (話) for episodes, etc.
52	* In Japanese, pitch accent can alter the meaning of the word. ''Ame'', for example, can mean either rain or (hard) candy, depending on which syllable takes the higher pitch. However, the Kanto regional accent (the Tokyo accent) uses different pitch-accent than the [[UsefulNotes/JapaneseDialects Kansai Regional Accent]]. Context is (usually) the important key here. However, [[MyHovercraftIsFullOfEels not having a good grasp of the pitch system won't lead to a faux pas - 'it's raining candy outside']][[note]]incidentally, just saying "it's raining" in Japanese would sound odd, along the lines of "there's rain outside" in English - technically true, but eyebrow-raising[[/note]] is a highly unlikely phrase in real life, after all.
53	* For the most part, if you can pronounce Italian or Spanish properly, you'll have a really easy time pronouncing Japanese.
54	* Japanese has no native "v" sound. Many speakers ''can'' pronounce [v], but since "v" is a foreign sound (used exclusively in loanwords) and "b" isn't, it's easier to replace instances of borrowed [v] with the far more common [b]. (Hence, the transformation of the Norse "Verdandi" into "Belldandy" in ''Manga/AhMyGoddess'', and the many cases of confusion between "Vulcan cannon" and "Balkan cannon.") This is why glyphs that indicate the consonant "v" only exist in the Katakana syllabary, and not in Hiragana.
55	* The fact that Japanese lacks the "L"/"R" sounds that English has is now [[JapaneseRanguage the stuff of legend]], of course. However, Japanese does have a flap, which is much more prevalent in the world's languages. (The American English 'r' is an rhotic alveolar approximate and is much rarer.) Many Japanese speakers have a retroflex flap; however, a non-retroflex flap is present in the phonetic inventory of (American) English, but it's usually written as "t," "d," or "dd" (e.g. "city," "ready," "pudding"). When you say the word "pudding" at normal conversational speed, without enunciating carefully, the middle consonant is the same as the Japanese 'r' (indeed, the word "pudding" is written "purin" in Japanese).
56	* While English verbs have different forms for tense and aspect, Japanese includes very specific verb forms encoding relative social standing of speaker and listener, and honorifics/humilifics. Person (first, second, third, etc.) is never grammatically marked on the verb, but can be inferred from all the other information.
57	* There are two ways of "alphabetizing" lists by phonetic readings. The modern order, ''gojūon-jun'' ("50 sounds order," though fewer than 50 sounds are actually used), is logical and proceeds first through the vowels (in order: [a, i, u, e, o]), then through the nine initial consonants ([k/g, s/z, t/d, n, h/f/b/p, m, y, r, w][[note]]The sound-changing diacritics on some consonants don't change the order[[/note]]), also in [a, i, u, e, o] order; though not in general use before World War II, ''gojūon-jun'' is in fact the older system, having been inherited from Sanskrit via Buddhist scriptures. The pre-reform system, ''iroha-jun'', is much weirder and orders the characters according to a poem that uses each of them once (kinda like "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"); it gets its name from the initial 3 characters ''I'', ''ro'', ''ha'' ("ee", "row", "hah"), which translate as "as for the color." No one uses this system for much anymore, but the term ''iroha'' is still often used much like "ABC" in English.
58	** An example would be the Dojin created by the ''Manga/{{Genshiken}}'' crew. Its title is ''Iroha gokko'', which could mean roughly "Playing at [=ABCs=]". However, "Iro" doesn't just mean "color". It also is used in a bunch of combinations to mean things like "sensual", or "sexy" (same character). "Playtime" is obviously a bit naughty (well it ''is'' a dojinshi).
59	** In ''Manga/RanmaOneHalf'', the sign on the wall of the Tendo Dojo reads "iroha", although it is sometimes shown in reverse in the anime.
60	** In ''Manga/TsubasaReservoirChronicle'', the heroes go to the country of Oto, which uses the first line of the "Iroha" poem to sort the [[GoddamnedBats demons]] according to their strength.
61	** Irohazaka, which shows up in ''Manga/InitialD'', comes from "Iroha" and "zaka", the latter meaning "trail", from a series of distance markers along the original road which were Hiragana letters placed in the old alphabetical order. If the name was translated, it would be something like "Alphabet Road". The original is a scenic road in the famous resort town of Nikko, Tochigi prefecture, which leads from the Tokugawa Ieyasu's mausoleum in the foothills to the lake Chuzenji and Kegon falls up in the mountains. It has 48 (which is why they are marked by Hiragana letters) extremely tight hairpin turns that are extremely challenging to drift through — and this is the reason for its inclusion into the ''Initial D'' franchise.
62	* Japanese does, contrary to popular belief, have "official" swear words, that is, words that in their basic, non-mangled forms are inherently offensive. An example is くたばれ (kutabare), which can translate out to such charming things as "fuck off" and "drop dead". [[note]] In regards to the "Giggling Horseshoe" mnemonic for hiragana: "shark-chicken-shapeshifting alien+fly-elephant." [[/note]] This is, as one might guess, an inherently offensive word. However, most Japanese "swear words" are indeed mostly contractions, corruptions or manglings of other words that aren't inherently offensive (unlike most Western swears), which has led to the myth that the Japanese language does not have any "real" swear words.
63	** Note that some words that do literally translate to cuss words, for example "kuso," which literally means "shit", don't carry the same negative social baggage as they do in the US or the UK. In fact, anime aimed at children may say "kuso," "chikushou" or "shimatta" (which tends to be translated as "damnit"). The only words that Japanese publications ''must'' bleep out are related to genitalia.
64	* Japanese has a good bit of reduplication; there's even a character used to indicate repetition of the previous kanji, known as the "Dōnojiten" (々). As such, you end up with words like 時々 "tokidoki" (sometimes, "time-time"), 黙々 "mokumoku" (mute, "silence-silence"), 中々 "nakanaka" (rather), 次々 "tsugitsugi" (one after another, "next-next"), or 我々 [[UsefulNotes/JapanesePronouns "wareware"]] (TheRoyalWe or "I-I").
65	* Keigo (敬語) -- with 敬 (''kei'') meaning "honor" and 語 (''go'') meaning "speech" or "language" -- is a Japanese speech register containing the language's more polite forms of address. It is used in formal and ceremonial circumstances, and in certain cases when those of lower social position are addressing those higher-up. For example, shop clerks generally address customers using ''keigo'' forms. (A few ''keigo'' phrases are used in daily conversation as well.)\
66	\
67	There are actually a variety of concepts related to levels of politeness, level of formality, respect, and humility. Keigo is just one aspect of these. This entry is of necessity an overview only. See also UsefulNotes/JapanesePronouns, UsefulNotes/JapaneseHonorifics.\
68	\
69	Levels of [[JapanesePoliteness politeness, formality, and respect]] (indication of the difference in status between speaker and subject) can be indicated by choice of syntax. Note that the two concepts are essentially independent; speech can be respectful but informal, or formal but condescending, or polite and respectful, or neither.\
70	\
71	Politeness is most commonly indicated by the presence or absence of contractions; e.g. many verbs end in ''-masu'' in polite speech, but are shortened to ''-u'' or ''-ru'' when talking among friends. The polite form is used in more formal social situations, but not, for example, in journalistic and academic writing, hence illustrating the difference between politeness and formality. Some words and grammar constructions have an even-higher level of politeness; e.g. the copula ''desu'', despite being common in keigo, is itself a contraction of ''de gozaimasu''.[[note]]an intermediate form ''de gozaru'' was previously used, but is now antiquated to the point where it only survives as part of the stereotypical "ninja accent"[[/note]] Keigo is usually the first form of the Japanese language taught to foreigners, primarily to avoid offending native-speakers.
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73	'''Classification'''
74
75	The Japanese language is a part of the Japonic family which includes the divergent Hachijō dialects (sometimes considered a separate language) and the Ryukyuan languages.
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77	The Japonic language family is traditionally considered independent although there were attempts to connect it to Korean due to their grammatical similarities by placing both in the hypothetical "Altaic family" - this has been largely discredited as it is believed the languages only developed similarities as a result of areal features known as a "sprachbund" rather sharing a common ancestor. Other members of the proposed "Altaic" family include Mongolic, Turkic, Tungusic, and sometimes Ainuic.
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79	Some linguists have proposed that Japanese was related to the now extinct Gaya language from the Korean peninsula (which may have been Japonic instead of Koreanic like Baekje, Silla or Goguryeo were), Ainu (Ainu is generally considered a Paleo-Siberian language like Korean and the similarities are more likely due to the influence the dominant Yamato exerted on the Ainu), Sino-Tibetan (Japanese made numerous linguistic shifts because of Chinese but this was the result of heavy Chinese influence as the two are seen as unrelated in mainstream linguistics), and even Dravidian (as an extension of the Dravido-Korean hypothesis).
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81	Newer research indicates that the Japanese language may actually be Southeast Asian in origin or a creole of a Northeastern Asian language superstratum imposed on a Southeast Asian substratum. A 2015 analysis using the Automated Similarity Judgment Program resulted in the Japonic languages being grouped with the Ainu and then with the Austroasiatic languages. Other Southeast Asian language families that have been suggested include the Austronesian and Kra-Dai languages. Some of this debate stems from the genetics of Yamato as they have an unidentified Southeast Asian component and many anthropologists have frequently noted that the Japanese people have more physically in common with Southeast Asians populations than most other Northeast Asians like the Chinese or Koreans do. The Southeast Asian similarities may be from the Jomon people who were genetically heterogenous or the assimilation of Austronesian people such as the Hayato who used to live on Japan. No one knows where the Japonic languages originated from although the popular theory among Japanese people themselves is that they originated near the Yangtze River before heading to the Korean peninsula and eventually settling on the Japanese archipelago.
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83	There are still some linguists who believe in the validity of Altaic as a language family and are known as "Altaicists". Some have rebranded the language family as "Transeurasian" to avoid the negative stigma attached to Altaic's historically outlandish proposals, and because they do not believe the Altai mountains to be the "urheimat" or origin point of the languages. Research has indicated that the early Turkic, Tungusic, Mongolic, Koreanic, and Japonic speakers may have all originated around the West Liao River of modern northeastern China — or at least derived some of their ancestry from that area. However, this is not a confirmation that they all speak the descendants of a common proto-language because there is still no proper proto-Altaic reconstruction and genetic similarities do not always correlate to linguistic affiliation. It may even strengthen the more commonly accepted Altaic sprachbundization hypothesis which proposes that they were originally separate groups that became more similar because they lived in close proximity and influenced each other over a prolonged period of time.

Context UsefulNotes / JapaneseLanguage