History UsefulNotes / TheSun

As said above, its core will run outta gas some 5 billion years from now[[note]]In the meanwhile, its luminosity will increase slowly as its core contracts to continue fusing the each time more and more scarce hydrogen. That will mean ''serious'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_the_Earth#Climate_impact trouble]] for life on Earth in just around six hundred million years from now onwards[[/note]]. When this happens, the Sun will inflate a lot[[note]]"But wait!" I hear you cry. "If the core is no longer providing any radiative pressure to support the sun's upper layers, why will it ''expand'' instead of shrinking under its own weight?" I'm glad you asked. When the core fizzles, the layer immediately above the core will collapse down upon it, and in the process this layer will get more and more compressed until it ignites in nuclear fusion itself, forming a hydrogen-burning shell. Note also that the Sun is limited to the available hydrogen in its core due to its internal structure (a core and an outer region, both convective, separated by a zone where energy is transported by radiative and thermal processes. Red dwarf stars, the smallest ones, are fully convective instead, having access to ''all'' their hydrogen supply, which together with the miserly rate at which they fuse it means they'll last ''far'' more than our Daystar[[/note]] in OneWingedAngel fashion and consume at least some of the inner planets — likely including Earth, causing a [[ApocalypseHow Class 5 or Class X apocalypse]]. [[note]]Even if Earth survived, its fate would be to lose whatever water remains (see below) and atmosphere, becoming a [[DeathWorld planet covered by a magma ocean]] under the intense light of the huge red giant Sun.[[/note]] This inflation will take a short time in astronomical terms and will be ''very'' gradual by human-lifetime standards: computer models of evolution of Sun-like stars suggest the sun will need more than 2 billion years to grow from its end-of-main-sequence normal size to its full red-giant glory.[[note]][[UsefulNotes/LocalStars Delta Pavonis]], a star extremely similar and very close — about 20 ly — to the Sun is currently going through this phase. It started the process during the time that modern humans have existed — possibly even during recorded history — but only our descendants to the umpteenth generation will get to see the transformation in full. Astronomers have a mild interest in this star, since being the Sun's "near-identical older brother" — as we put it — its evolution will give hints about what's to come for old Sol.[[/note]] After a couple of million of years in this red giant phase, it will shrink again in just a few thousand years as its core begins fusing helium into carbon and oxygen[[note]]Helium ignition is a ''very'' violent [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_flash process]], liberating energies comparable to that of a supernova. However, all of that energy is used to re-expand the core and nothing unusual is visible from the outside. The Sun will be then a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_clump red clump star]], roughly fifty times as luminous as is now and eleven times larger[[/note]], re-expand again in ClippedWingAngel fashion as a red giant[[note]]As an [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch Asymptotic giant branch]], to be more exact[[/note]] when it runs out of helium at its core 100 million years later, and then finally shed its outer layers in a breathtaking display known as a "planetary nebula". [[note]]So named because such nebulae appear as an extensive disc in a telescope, and can be confused for a planet by an observer who doesn't know any better.[[/note]] What will remain afterward is the tiny, exposed core of the Sun, now shrunk to a super-dense[[note]]one teaspoon of white dwarf matter would weigh several tons at the surface of the Earth[[/note]] white dwarf the size of the Earth, slowly cooling to a black dwarf over the next quadrillion years ([[TimeAbyss more than 70 times the current age of the universe]]). More than a few astronomers and physicists have pointed out that at least by this point, the Sun will be harboring [[http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/images/2007/11/23/diamond_2_5.jpg one big-ass diamond]].

But we might not have that long to wait before things get ugly. According to current models of stellar evolution, in a paltry ''one'' billion years the Sun will brighten enough that Earth's oceans will evaporate. We likely won't be around then, though — either because ScienceMarchesOn and we will be on planets far away, or because we will kill ourselves.

Commonly referred to as Sol in SpeculativeFiction as in "Navigator, set a course for [[UsefulNotes/TheSolarSystem the Sol System]]."

The surface gravity on the Sun is a whopping 28.02 g, which is 28x stronger than Earth's gravity. Assuming you somehow survive the extreme heat and radiation, you would literally be crushed by your own weight.

Despite being made of ionized gas, the tremendous pressure in its interior squeezes the core into a very dense ball, bringing the Sun's average density up above that of liquid water. As one astronomy professor said, if you put the Sun in a bucket of water it'll sink. The core is less than a quarter of the Sun's diameter, but it exists at over 100 ''billion'' times sea level pressure, up to 150 times the density of liquid water at its center [[note]]13.2 times the density of lead[[/note]], and a temperature of 15 million Kelvins (15 million° Celsius, 27 million Fahrenheit). The only thing keeping the Sun from collapsing in on itself still further is the nuclear fusion reaction going on in its core — so much heat is produced that the radiation literally lifts up the outer layers against their own weight. Nevertheless, when compared to even the largest planets in the solar system, the Sun is ''freakin' huge.'' It's over a hundred times bigger across than the Earth, and weighs over 300,000 times as much. In fact, all of the planets, asteroids, and comets in the solar system ''combined'' have only about one-tenth of 1% of the Sun's mass. If the Sun had a solid surface — which it doesn't — you'd experience 28 times Earth's surface gravity if you stood on it.

As said above, its core will run outta gas some 5 billion years from now[[note]]In the meanwhile, its luminosity will increase slowly as its core contracts to continue fusing the each time more and more scarce hydrogen. That will mean ''serious'' [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_the_Earth#Climate_impact trouble]] for life on Earth in just around six hundred million years from now onwards[[/note]]. When this happens, the Sun will inflate a lot[[note]]"But wait!" I hear you cry. "If the core is no longer providing any radiative pressure to support the sun's upper layers, why will it ''expand'' instead of shrinking under its own weight?" I'm glad you asked. When the core fizzles, the layer immediately above the core will collapse down upon it, and in the process this layer will get more and more compressed until it ignites in nuclear fusion itself, forming a hydrogen-burning shell. Note also that the Sun is limited to the available hydrogen on its core due to its internal structure (a core and an outer region, both convective, separated by a zone where energy is transported by radiative and thermal processes. Red dwarf stars, the smallest ones, are fully convective instead having access to ''all'' their hydrogen supply, which together with the miserly rate at which they fuse it means they'll last ''far'' more than our Daystar[[/note]] in OneWingedAngel fashion and consume at least some of the inner planets — likely including Earth, causing a [[ApocalypseHow Class 5 or Class X apocalypse]]. [[note]]Even if Earth survived, its fate would be to lose whatever water remains (see below) and atmosphere, becoming a [[DeathWorld planet covered by a magma ocean]] under the intense light of the huge red giant Sun.[[/note]] This inflation will take a short time in astronomical terms and will be ''very'' gradual by human-lifetime standards: computer models of evolution of Sun-like stars suggest the sun will need more than 2 billion years to grow from its end-of-main-sequence normal size to its full red-giant glory.[[note]][[UsefulNotes/LocalStars Delta Pavonis]], a star extremely similar and very close — about 20 ly — to the Sun is currently going through this phase. It started the process during the time that modern humans have existed — possibly even during recorded history — but only our descendants to the umpteenth generation will get to see the transformation in full. Astronomers have a mild interest in this star, since being the Sun's "near-identical older brother" — as we put it — its evolution will give hints about what's to come for old Sol.[[/note]] After a couple of million of years in this red giant phase, it will shrink again in just a few thousand years as its core begins fusing helium into carbon and oxygen[[note]]Helium ignition is a ''very'' violent [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_flash process]], liberating energies comparable to that of a supernova. However, all of that energy is used to re-expand the core and nothing unusual is visible from the outside. The Sun will be then a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_clump red clump star]], roughly fifty times as luminous as is now and eleven times larger[[/note]], re-expand again in ClippedWingAngel fashion as a red giant[[note]]As an [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch Asymptotic giant branch]], to be more exact[[/note]] when it runs out of helium at its core 100 million years later, and then finally shed its outer layers in a breathtaking display known as a "planetary nebula". [[note]]So named because such nebulae appear as an extensive disc in a telescope, and can be confused for a planet by an observer who doesn't know any better.[[/note]] What will remain afterward is the tiny, exposed core of the Sun, now shrunk to a super-dense[[note]]one teaspoon of white dwarf matter would weigh several tons at the surface of the Earth[[/note]] white dwarf the size of the Earth, slowly cooling to a black dwarf over the next quadrillion years ([[TimeAbyss more than 70 times the current age of the universe]]). More than a few astronomers and physicists have pointed out that at least by this point, the Sun will be harboring [[http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/images/2007/11/23/diamond_2_5.jpg one big-ass diamond]].

As were people in the ancient times. The Sun has been revered as a deity, or as an object of divine origins by many religions. Apollo was the [[Myth/ClassicalMythology Greek god]] of the Sun, existing alongside a counterpart in the form of the Titan Helios. The {{ancient Egypt}}ians saw it originally as the Pharaoh's soul; later it was associated with [[Myth/EgyptianMythology Ra and Horus]]. The Babylon the Sun was the justice god Shamash; in an attempt to prevent idolatry [[SpeakoftheDevil the Sun is not named in the Genesis creation narrative.]] And this is only a very small part of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity the great number of solar deities]] found in cultures. In such cultures, the Sun is often contrasted with UsefulNotes/TheMoon. The very English word for "Sun" comes from Sunne, [[Myth/NorseMythology an Anglo-Saxon]] goddess, and and she also is ultimately the source for Sunday (Sunnedaeg). However, all of those beliefs were 100% correct in the belief that the Sun was the source of all life.

* Surface Temperature: 5,504° C or 5778 K

* Surface Temperature: 5,504° C