History UsefulNotes / Haiti

However, Haiti soon came to be dominated by a mixed race upper class in addition to the extremely small white upper class known as Grands Blancs. The Petits Blancs (Small Whites) who mostly owned no slaves and worked in mid to low-level jobs resented the fact that the free coloreds were often economically better off and insisted on increasingly racist laws, which in turn arose the ire of the free coloreds.

Hispaniola was "discovered" by UsefulNotes/ChristopherColumbus on December 25th, 1492 when he accidentally crashed his flagship into it ([[DrunkDriver everyone on board had a bit too much to drink at the Christmas feast]]). The island was originally inhabited by Taíno Indians, which were promptly wiped out by smallpox and the Spanish colonizers[[note]]Though more recent genetic studies indicate that there was also a lot of cross-culture [[UnusualEuphemism scoodylpooping]] going on (which isn't surprising since rape of indigenous women by Spanish men was extremely pervasive); regardless, their culture mostly vanished[[/note]]. In 1697, Hispaniola was bisected to form the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present day Haiti) and the Spanish Santo Domingo (present day Dominican Republic) by the Treaty of Ryswick. France would later take over the entire island ''de jure'' in 1795, though by the time the last Spanish had left, Haiti was already independent in fact if not yet name.

Since then the country has undergone a succession of coups, repeated occupation by the USA, the rule of the father-and-son despots known as "Papa Doc" and "Baby Doc" Duvalier (the latter rising to power at ''19''), followed by what can only be called anarchy. [[HopeSpot Things were finally settling down politically]], just in time for a horrific earthquake to hit in the January of 2010, and the country has yet to fully recover from the loss of infrastructure. In July of 2021, president Jovenel Moïse was killed by assassins and found with a [[EyeScream gouged eye]] and 12 bullet wounds inside his home.

-> ''So, today, Haiti is, as everyone is contractually obligated to point out when talking about Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. They got there through a mix of the world screwing them over a lot, their own political and economic mistakes, and then environmental catastrophes caused both by God and their own hands. But they will never not be the country that was born from the only successful [[SlaveLiberation slave uprising]] in the history of the world, that they had been created by a group of men and women who would not be slaves anymore, who beat back every [[UsefulNotes/{{France}} major]] [[UsefulNotes/UnitedKingdom world]] [[UsefulNotes/UnitedStates power]] who tried to [[GunboatDiplomacy come in and tell them how it was going to be]]. The history of Haiti is not pretty, and Haiti is not in great shape right now. But, I'm proud to know them, proud to know their history and proud to have shared it here with you over the course of this series, and I hope that from now on whenever you encounter news about Haiti, you feel a better connection to the country, and understand them a little better, because they deserve to be more to us than just "the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere." They were once the Avengers of the New World.''
-->-- '''Creator/MikeDuncan''', ''Podcast/{{Revolutions}}'' 4.19 "The History of Haiti" (airdate 17 April 2016), summing up Haitian history as well as anyone else has in English

--> ''So, today, Haiti is, as everyone is contractually obligated to point out when talking about Haiti, the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere. They got there through a mix of the world screwing them over a lot, their own political and economic mistakes, and then environmental catastrophes caused both by God and their own hands. But they will never not be the country that was born from the only successful [[SlaveLiberation slave uprising]] in the history of the world, that they had been created by a group of men and women who would not be slaves anymore, who beat back every [[UsefulNotes/{{France}} major]] [[UsefulNotes/UnitedKingdom world]] [[UsefulNotes/UnitedStates power]] who tried to [[GunboatDiplomacy come in and tell them how it was going to be]]. The history of Haiti is not pretty, and Haiti is not in great shape right now. But, I'm proud to know them, proud to know their history and proud to have shared it here with you over the course of this series, and I hope that from now on whenever you encounter news about Haiti, you feel a better connection to the country, and understand them a little better, because they deserve to be more to us than just "the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere." They were once the Avengers of the New World.''
-->--'''Creator/MikeDuncan''', ''Podcast/{{Revolutions}}'' 4.19 "The History of Haiti" (airdate 17 April 2016), summing up Haitian history as well as anyone else has in English

The cost of this was a [[FateWorseThanDeath mind-bogglingly brutal]] form of slavery, the like of which has not been seen anywhere before or since. It was said that half of the slaves sent to work in the fields died within five years.[[note]]The French had accounting methods to allow for the depreciation of a slave in 5 years - they expected them to be worked literally to death.[[/note]] Some of this was the [[ATasteOfTheLash harsh discipline]] on the plantations; some of it was the combination of long hours and maltreatment; and some of it--possibly most of it--was what we today would call [[NoOSHACompliance industrial accidents]] caused by the owners' complete disregard to safety in the interest of profit and speed, especially on sugar plantations (which used a lot of heavy machinery to extract the sugar, and which extraction process frequently involved situations where a slave could be exposed to massive industrial juice presses and large amounts of sticky, hot molten sugar).

Life for a slave was a good bit less bad on the coffee plantations of the southern mountains; coffee production doesn't require a lot of machinery for processing, and harvesting coffee is less backbreaking and more tedious and eyewateringly boring. Moreover, coffee plantations tended to be smaller affairs run by a resident owner rather than the massive, almost-corporate canefields run by the French trading houses for the production of sugar, so punishments tended not to be ''quite'' as horrible. Still, slavery is slavery; the punishments were still pretty brutal, and the loss of dignity is enough to offend anyone.

The cost of this was a [[FateWorseThanDeath mind-bogglingly brutal]] form of slavery, the like of which has not been seen anywhere before or since. It was said that half of the slaves sent to work in the fields died within five years.[[note]]The French had accounting methods to allow for the depreciation of a slave in 5 years - they expected them to be worked literally to death.[[/note]] Some of this was the [[ATasteOfTheLash harsh discipline]] on the plantations; some of it was the combination of long hours and maltreatment; and some of it--possibly most of it--was what we today would call [[NoOSHACompliance industrial accidents]] caused by the owners' complete disregard to safety in the interest of profit and speed, especially on sugar plantations (which used a lot of heavy machinery to extract the sugar, and which extraction process frequently involved situations where a slave could be exposed to massive industrial juice presses and large amounts of sticky, hot molten sugar.)

-->--'''Creator/MikeDuncan''', ''Podcast/{{Revolutions}}'' 4.19 "The History of Haiti" (airdate 17 April 2016), summing up Haitian history as well as anyone else has in Englsh

The cost of this was a [[FateWorseThanDeath mind-bogglingly brutal]] form of slavery, the like of which has not been seen anywhere before or since. It was said that half of the slaves sent to work in the fields died within five years.[[note]]The French had accounting methods to allow for depreciation of a slave in 5 years - they expected them to be worked literally to death.[[/note]] Some of this was the [[ATasteOfTheLash harsh discipline]] on the plantations; some of it was the combination of long hours and maltreatment; and some of it--possibly most of it--was what we today would call [[NoOSHACompliance industrial accidents]] caused by the owners' complete disregard to safety in the interest of profit and speed, especially on sugar plantations (which used a lot of heavy machinery to extract the sugar, and which extraction process frequently involved situations where a slave could be exposed to massive industrial juice presses and large amounts of sticky, hot molten sugar.)

The Republic of Haiti, in French ''République d'Haïti'', in Haitian Creole ''Repiblik Ayiti''. Occupies a little more than a third of the island of Hispaniola (now there's a famous name), with the UsefulNotes/DominicanRepublic taking the remainder.

** President: vacant
** Prime Minister: Claude Joseph

The cost of this was a [[FateWorseThanDeath mind-bogglingly brutal]] form of slavery, the like of which has not been seen anywhere before or since. It was said that half of the slaves sent to work in the fields died within five years.[[note]]The French had accounting methods to allow for depreciation of a slave in 5 years - they expected them to be worked literally to death.[[/note]] Some of this was the [[ATasteOfTheLash harsh discipline]] on the plantations; some of it was the combination of long hours and maltreatment; and some of it--possibly most of it--was what we today would call [[NoOSHACompliance industrial accidents]] caused by the owners complete disregard to safety in the interest of profit and speed, especially on sugar plantations (which used a lot of heavy machinery to extract the sugar, and which extraction process frequently involved situations where a slave could be exposed to large amounts of sticky, hot molten sugar.)

The cost of this was a [[FateWorseThanDeath mind-bogglingly brutal]] form of slavery, the like of which has not been seen anywhere before or since. It was said that half of the slaves sent to work in the fields died within five years.[[note]]The French had accounting methods to allow for depreciation of a slave in 5 years - they expected them to be worked literally to death.[[/note]] Some of this was the [[ATasteOfTheLash harsh discipline]] on the plantations; some of it was the combination of long hours and maltreatment; and some of it--possibly most of it--was what we today would call [[NoOSHACompliance industrial accidents]], especially on sugar plantations (which used a lot of heavy machinery to extract the sugar, and which extraction process frequently involved situations where a slave could be exposed to large amounts of sticky, hot molten sugar.)

Toussaint hoped this would be enough to keep the French metropole from interfering further in the island's affairs. After all, "rigorously legalistic enlightened absolutism" is a fair description of the state UsefulNotes/NapoleonBonaparte was building for himself back in France. However, Napoleon attempted to reintroduce slavery and sent over an army to enforce the edict. Yellow fever and the seasoned Haitian army made short work of the French and Haiti became independent in 1804, the first state in recorded history to undergo a successful slave revolution and the second state in the Americas to achieve independence after the [[UsefulNotes/TheAmericanRevolution United States]][[note]]Despite this, the USA actively supported the French against the Haitians, for fear of [[DoubleStandard inspiring a Black slave rebellion at home]].[[/note]]. However, Louverture--who, interestingly, never once declared formal independence during his time as leader of the country--was captured by French using the FalseReassurance of a parley, and died in a French jail in 1803.

Toussaint hoped this would be enough to keep the French metropole from interfering further in the island's affairs. However, UsefulNotes/NapoleonBonaparte attempted to reintroduce slavery and sent over an army to enforce the edict. Yellow fever and the seasoned Haitian army made short work of the French and Haiti became independent in 1804, the first state in recorded history to undergo a successful slave revolution and the second state in the Americas to achieve independence after the [[UsefulNotes/TheAmericanRevolution United States]][[note]]Despite this, the USA actively supported the French against the Haitians, for fear of [[DoubleStandard inspiring a Black slave rebellion at home]].[[/note]]. However, Louverture--who, interestingly, never once declared formal independence during his time as leader of the country--was captured by French using the FalseReassurance of a parley, and died in a French jail in 1803.

-->--'''Creator/MikeDuncan''', ''Podcast/{{Revolutions}}'' 4.19 "The History of Haiti", summing up Haitian history as well as anyone else has in Englsh

The cost of this was a [[FateWorseThanDeath mind-bogglingly brutal]] form of slavery, the like of which has not been seen anywhere before or since. It was said that half of the slaves sent to work in the fields died within five years[[note]]The French had accounting methods to allow for depreciation of a slave in 5 years - they expected them to be worked literally to death.[[/note]]. However, Haiti soon came to be dominated by a mixed race upper class in addition to the extremely small white upper class known as Grands Blancs. The Petits Blancs (Small Whites) who mostly owned no slaves and worked in mid to low-level jobs resented the fact that the free coloreds were often economically better off and insisted on increasingly racist laws, which in turn arose the ire of the free coloreds.

Louverture was succeeded by the radical Black supremacist Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who [[ReignOfTerror massacred most White Haitians]] remaining in Haiti in revenge, and styled himself after his old enemy Napoleon by [[FullCircleRevolution declaring himself Emperor of Haiti]], as the country became more autocratic. Dessalines was quickly assassinated, and the country was [[EvilPowerVacuum divided in two]]. General Henri Christophe established [[TheEmpire State of Haiti]] (later Kingdom of Haiti) to the north, which was if nothing else an attempt to revive old Papa Toussaint's vision of an enlightened autocracy ruling over a plantation economy in the context of racial equality (without the Whites Dessalines had killed). In the south, the Colored leader Alexandre Pétion established the [[TheRepublic Republic of Haiti]]; this was originally a genuine attempt to establish a constitutional regime (albeit one with relatively minimal popular participation), but Pétion gradually assumed more and more power in himself.[[note]]It was during this period, incidentally, that none other than UsefulNotes/SimonBolivar landed in Les Cayes in Pétion's Republic of Haiti, and went up to Port-au-Prince to meet Pétion himself. The two became friends, and Pétion agreed to help Bolívar in his effort to liberate his homeland of UsefulNotes/{{Venezuela}}--on condition that the (rich White slaveholder) Bolívar committed to racial equality and the abolition of slavery in the liberated Venezuela. Bolívar agreed--and [[IGaveMyWord kept his word]], both manumitting his own slaves as soon as he got back to Venezuela and insisting that emancipation and equality be put in the constitution of every South American nation he liberated.[[/note]] However, for a variety of reasons, Pétion abandoned the plantation-centered model and allowed Haitians of all (well, both) races to establish smaller, self-owned farms. This meant that the economy basically stopped producing sugar (the single most lucrative crop of pre-revolutionary Saint-Domingue), but oh well, at least the people were quiet.

Louverture was succeeded by the radical Black supremacist Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who [[ReignOfTerror massacred most White Haitians]] remaining in Haiti in revenge, and styled himself after his old enemy Napoleon by [[FullCircleRevolution declaring himself Emperor of Haiti]], as the country became more autocratic. Dessalines was quickly assassinated, and the country was [[EvilPowerVacuum divided in two]]. General Henri Christophe established [[TheEmpire State of Haiti]] (later Kingdom of Haiti) to the north, which was if nothing else an attempt to revive old Papa Toussaint's vision of an enlightened autocracy ruling over a plantation economy in the context of racial equality (without the Whites Dessalines had killed). In the south, the Colored leader Alexandre Pétion established the [[TheRepublic Republic of Haiti]]; this was originally a genuine attempt to establish a constitutional regime (albeit one with relatively minimal popular participation), but Pétion gradually assumed more and more power in himself. However, for a variety of reasons, Pétion abandoned the plantation-centered model and allowed Haitians of all (well, both) races to establish smaller, self-owned farms. This meant that the economy basically stopped producing sugar (the single most lucrative crop of pre-revolutionary Saint-Domingue), but oh well, at least the people were quiet.

Despite this, Louverture was actually quite proud to be French and would have been content leaving Haiti an internally autonomous French colony. "Papa Toussaint" drafted a constitution for Saint-Domingue that first and foremost declared the island's loyalty to France. It then proceeded to outline the "Louverturian state", a system of what amounted to enlightened absolutism, with all power given to the Governor-General--Toussaint himself. But the system Toussaint envisioned was also rigorously legalistic, defined by strict codes that applied to everyone (except the Governor-General, of course) and enforced the legal equality of the races. However, "cultivators"--that is, the old plantation field slaves--were still required to work on the plantation, as for all that Toussaint--himself a Black ex-slave--truly believed in equality of the races, he could not see any viable economic model for the colony other than plantation agriculture selling cash crops to the world.

Despite this, Louverture was actually quite proud to be French and would have been content leaving Haiti an internally autonomous French colony. "Papa Toussaint" drafted a constitution for Saint-Domingue that first and foremost declared the island's loyalty to France. It then proceeded to outline a system of what amounted to enlightened absolutism, with all power given to the Governor-General--Toussaint himself. But the system Toussaint envisioned was also rigorously legalistic, defined by strict codes that applied to everyone (except the Governor-General, of course) and enforced the legal equality of the races. However, "cultivators"--that is, the old plantation field slaves--were still required to work on the plantation, as for all that Toussaint--himself a Black ex-slave--truly believed in equality of the races, he could not see any viable economic model for the colony other than plantation agriculture selling cash crops to the world.

Louverture was succeeded by the radical Black supremacist Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who [[ReignOfTerror massacred most White Haitians]] remaining in Haiti in revenge, and styled himself after his old enemy Napoleon by [[FullCircleRevolution declaring himself Emperor of Haiti]], as the country became more autocratic. Dessalines was quickly assassinated, and the country was [[EvilPowerVacuum divided in two]]. General Henri Christophe established [[TheEmpire State of Haiti]] (later Kingdom of Haiti) to the north, which was if nothing else an attempt to revive old Papa Toussaint's vision of an enlightened autocracy ruling over a plantation economy in the context of racial equality (without the Whites Dessalines had killed). [[TheRepublic Republic of Haiti]] to the south, all whilst the Spanish Empire defeated the remaining French and recolonized eastern Hispaniola. However, the two Haitian states eventually reunified, and took over the eastern Spanish-speaking part of Hispaniola in 1822.

This all changed in 1791, inspired by the egalitarian sentiments of the French Revolution, and the fact that they outnumbered the whites 10-to-1, the slaves (aided by black freemen and mixed-race mulattos plus a shamefully small smattering of high-minded whites) revolted. Despite the heavy resistance ([[CrazyPrepared the slavemasters had been preparing for such revolt all their lives]]), the rebellion, led by the self-taught military genius Toussaint Louverture[[labelnote:*]]last name sometimes rendered as L'Ouverture[[/labelnote]], quickly swept over the entire island, forcing France to emancipate all of the slaves in 1794.

Despite this, Louverture was actually quite proud to be French and would have been content leaving Haiti a French colony, until UsefulNotes/NapoleonBonaparte attempted to reintroduce slavery and sent over an army to enforce the edict. Yellow fever and the seasoned Haitian army made short work of the French and Haiti became independent in 1804, the first state in recorded history to undergo a successful slave revolution and the second state in the Americas to achieve independence after the [[UsefulNotes/TheAmericanRevolution United States]][[note]]Despite this, the USA actively supported the French against the Haitians, for fear of [[DoubleStandard inspiring a Black slave rebellion at home]].[[/note]]. However, Louverture--who, interestingly, never once declared formal independence during his time as leader of the country--was captured by French using the FalseReassurance of a parley, and died in a French jail in 1803.

Louverture was succeeded by the radical Black supremacist Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who [[ReignOfTerror massacred most White Haitians]] remaining in Haiti in revenge, and styled himself after his old enemy Napoleon by [[FullCircleRevolution declaring himself Emperor of Haiti]], as the country became more autocratic. Dessalines was quickly assassinated, and the country was [[EvilPowerVacuum divided in two]], with the [[TheEmpire State of Haiti]] (later Kingdom of Haiti) to the north and the [[TheRepublic Republic of Haiti]] to the south, all whilst the Spanish Empire defeated the remaining French and recolonized eastern Hispaniola. However, the two Haitian states eventually reunified, and took over the eastern Spanish-speaking part of Hispaniola in 1822.

Despite losing the war, the French returned in 1825 to demand the Haitians pay an indemnity for French property losses incurred due to the war. In exchange, the French said, they'd recognize Haitian independence. The Haitian president of the day, Jean-Pierre Boyer (an old lieutenant of Colored independence leader Alexandre Pétion), agonized over this decision for weeks, knowing that the amount they were asking (the figure amounted to 100 million francs, or $21 billion today) was (1) exorbitant and (2) insulting, as the amount demanded clearly included "compensation" for the lost value of slaves, and was thus asking the Haitians to "buy" with cash the freedom they had won with their blood, sweat, and tears. But recognition by France was potentially the key to economic success, since if France recognized Haiti, so would the rest of the world. Also, [[GunboatDiplomacy the French had a navy and Haiti really did not]], and it seemed like [[AnOfferYouCantRefuse the French would have no qualms using that navy against Haiti should Boyer turn down their offer]].

In the end, Boyer swallowed his pride and accepted the deal. France did indeed recognize Haitian independence, and the rest of Europe (though, pointedly, ''not'' the United States) followed suit, but alas for Haiti, recognition did not bring prosperity. Haiti was forced to take out gigantic high-interest loans from French banks to pay the indemnity. While Haiti managed to pay off the French government in the mid-19th century, they didn't fully pay back the banks until '''1947'''.

Louverture was succeeded by the far more radical Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who [[ReignOfTerror massacred most White Haitians]] remaining in Haiti in revenge, and styled himself after his old enemy Napoleon by [[FullCircleRevolution declaring himself Emperor of Haiti]], as the country became more autocratic. Dessalines was quickly assassinated, and the country was [[EvilPowerVacuum divided in two]], with the [[TheEmpire State of Haiti]] (later Kingdom of Haiti) to the north and the [[TheRepublic Republic of Haiti]] to the south, all whilst the Spanish Empire defeated the remaining French and recolonized eastern Hispaniola. However, the two Haitian states eventually reunified, and took over the eastern Spanish-speaking part of Hispaniola in 1822.

Despite losing the war, the French returned in 1825 to demand the Haitians pay an indemnity for French property losses incurred due to the war. In exchange, the French said, they'd recognize Haitian independence. The Haitian president of the day, Jean-Pierre Boyer (an old lieutenant of post-Louverturean independence leader Alexandre Pétion), agonized over this decision for weeks, knowing that the amount they were asking (the figure amounted to 100 million francs, or $21 billion today) was (1) exorbitant and (2) insulting, as the amount demanded was clearly asking the Haitians to "buy" with cash the freedom they had won with their blood, sweat, and tears. But recognition by France was potentially the key to economic success, since if France recognized Haiti, so would the rest of the world. In the end, Boyer swallowed his pride and accepted the deal. France did indeed recognize Haitian independence, and the rest of Europe (though, pointedly, ''not'' the United States) followed suit, but alas for Haiti, recognition did not bring prosperity. Haiti was forced to take out gigantic high-interest loans from French banks to pay the indemnity, so while Haiti managed to pay off the French government in the mid-19th century, they didn't fully pay back the banks until '''1947'''.

Louverture was succeeded by the far more radical Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who [[ReignOfTerror massacred most White Haitians]] remaining in Haiti in revenge, and styled himself after his old enemy Napoleon by [[FullCircleRevolution declaring himself Emperor of Haiti]], as the country became more autocratic. Dessalines was quickly assassinated, and the country was [[EvilPowerVacuum divided in two]], with the [[TheEmpire State of Haiti]] (later Kingdom of Haiti) to the north and the [[TheRepublic Republic of Haiti]] to the south, all whilst the Spanish Empire defeated the remaining French and recolonized eastern Hispaniola.

Despite losing the war, the French returned in 1825 to force the Haitians pay reparations for the costs of war and loss of slavery. The figure amounted to 100 million francs, or $21 billion today, and the Haitians didn't pay back the amount until '''1947'''.

The two Haitian states eventually reunified and took over the eastern part of Hispaniola 1822, uniting the island, which displeased the Spanish-speaking of the eastern part mightily due to their incompetent rule. They fought against Haitian rule and won their independence as the Dominican Republic in 1844. The new Dominican Republic, beset by economic troubles, in turn asked to be re-colonized by the Spanish (the only place ever to be colonized three times by the same European power), but the move was highly unpopular, and this time Haiti actually [[EnemyMine lent aid]] to the Dominican independence movement they once fought against. The Spanish were force to withdraw in 1865, the year in which the UsefulNotes/AmericanCivilWar ended and thus any hope of going against the Monroe Doctrine unchallenged.

Haiti is mostly known for voodoo (despite being 95% Christian), specifically the [[HollywoodVoodoo Hollywood portrayal of it]]. This is almost certainly due to the influence of the Duvalier family; Papa Doc used the religion as a weapon of terror against the populace.

->The blue and red halves are derived from the ''Tricolore'', symbolizing the black majority and peoples of mixed descent, respectively. At the center is the coat-of-arms, featuring a Phrygian cap, a symbol of liberty, perched atop a palm tree. The tree is surrounded by six flags, symbolizing Haiti, which are in turn surrounded by tools of war, such as guns, cannons, anchors and a drum, symbolizing the Haitians' readiness to defend their homeland.

* Season 4 of ''Podcast/{{Revolutions}}'' by Creator/MikeDuncan deals with the Haitian Revolution. Duncan is particularly hard on slavery and all its supporters, although he also has some choice words for Dessalines' massacre of the remaining whites in 1804 (which he noted, in the apocryphal words of Talleyrand, "[[DoWrongRight was worse than a crime, it was a mistake]]"). Still, he came out with a deep, deep respect for Haiti, its history, and its people, as did most of his listeners, as reflected by his parting words on the season (now the page quote).

Since then the country has undergone a succession of coups, repeated occupation by the USA, the rule of the father-and-son despots known as "Papa Doc" and "Baby Doc" Duvalier (the latter rising to power at ''19''), followed by what can only be called anarchy. [[HopeSpot Things were finally settling down politically]], just in time for a horrific earthquake to hit in the January of 2010, and the country never fulled recovered from the loss of infrastructure. In July of 2021, president Jovenel Moïse was killed by assassins and found with a [[EyeScream gouged eye]] and 12 bullet wounds inside his home.