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Like the rest of North Africa, Tunisia was part of the homeland of the Berbers, mainly those of the Zenata confederation. While the majority of the population are descended from those same Berbers, very few people still speak the language nowadays.
From the 9th century BCE, Tunisia was the heart of the Carthaginian thalassocracy, founded by Phoenician colonists from Tyre (now in UsefulNotes/{{Lebanon}}). It controlled the Mediterranean trade routes and established colonies in UsefulNotes/{{Spain}} and UsefulNotes/{{Italy}}, often clashing with the [[UsefulNotes/{{Greece}} Greeks]], who also had colonies there. The capital, Carthage, is located less than 20 km away from Tunis and is today a gentrified suburb of the capital. It began to decline from the 3rd century BCE, coinciding with the rise of UsefulNotes/TheRomanRepublic. Following [[UsefulNotes/PunicWars three disastrous wars]] with Rome, the forces of Scipio Aemilianus entered Carthage in 146 BCE and razed it to the ground, bringing an end to the empire.
The Romans rebuilt Carthage and made it the capital of a province called Africa, from ''Afri'', its exonym for Carthaginians. Its rule (later supplanted by UsefulNotes/TheRomanEmpire and then the [[UsefulNotes/ByzantineEmpire Byzantines]]) persisted until the 7th century CE, although there was a century-long interruption after the barbarian invasions when Carthage was occupied by the Vandals. Under the Romans, the region prospered; Africa was one of the wealthiest Roman provinces, just behind UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}} and Italy itself. It was rich in farmland and mainly exported agricultural products. The Romans generally had an amicable relationship with the Berbers. Carthage was important in Christian history; the father of Latin Christianity, Tertullian, came from there, as did the Donatist movement, an early church schism that split African Christians and made many unwilling to accept the orthodoxy.
In 705, Carthage was attacked and destroyed by the Umayyad Caliphate, who mainly directed its dealings in Ifriqiya (as it called the province of Africa) from Kairouan, an inland city it built some 30 years earlier. Subsequently, the Berbers converted to Islam en masse. Near the end of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids, the Berbers became increasingly influenced by the dissenting Kharijite sect, which still survives as the Ibadi communities on the island of Djerba. Following the Fourth Fitna, the Abbasid governor of Ifriqiya fell from power and was replaced by the Aghlabids, who ''de facto'' ruled independent of Baghdad despite claiming allegiance. The Aghlabids conquered UsefulNotes/{{Malta}} and UsefulNotes/{{Sicily}} in 800s; Muslim rule would endure there until the late 1000s and the islands remained majority Muslim until two centuries later. Its legacy is clearly seen in Malta; although Malta was reconverted to Christianity, the Maltese language is actually a descendant of Tunisian Arabic.
The Shia Fatimid Caliphate, which created UsefulNotes/{{Cairo}} and unified the Levant and Arabia, is mostly associated with Egypt today, but actually originated from Tunisia. When the caliph decided to move to his new capital in the Nile Delta, his followers back home declared themselves independent as the Zirid Emirate, which essentially meant they had made enemies in both the east (their former masters) and the west (the staunchly Sunni Almoravids). In revenge, the Fatimids directed the Banu Hillal, a nomadic Arab tribe infamous for its propensity to warfare and loose association with Islam, towards the Maghreb. The invasions led to the rapid Arabization as well as pastoralism of the region, both previously being alien to Berbers outside the Sahara, since the natives had no choice but to retreat to the mountains and desert due to the arrival of the invaders. Its influence is as such that the Arab clans of the Maghreb have since been classified as Pre-Hillalian and Hillalian. The destruction of the Zirids briefly led to Norman rule of Tunisia before the Almohads of UsefulNotes/{{Morocco}} took over. During its reign and that of its successors, Hafsids, hundreds of thousands of Andalusian Muslims emigrated to North Africa due to the Reconquista and brought with them new ideas; Creator/IbnKhaldun, who was born in Tunis to Andalusian parents, became a pioneer of modern historiography and sociology.
In 1574, Tunisia was conquered by the [[UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}} Ottoman Empire]] with the assistance of Algerian corsairs from the Barbary Coast. Nevertheless, for the majority of its rule, Tunisia was effectively autonomous, ruled by a hereditary bey who only paid nominal tribute to the Sublime Porte. The region became a [[UsefulNotes/{{France}} French]] protectorate (read: colony) in 1881, after the French used the pretext that it was planning to attack Algeria, by then an integral part of France. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, the French Tunisian colonial government pledged alliance to the Vichy regime after the Fall of France, which led to the Tunisian Campaign in 1943 that finally ended the Allies' North African campaign.
From the 9th century BCE, Tunisia was the heart of the Carthaginian thalassocracy, founded by Phoenician colonists from Tyre (now in UsefulNotes/{{Lebanon}}). It controlled the Mediterranean trade routes and established colonies in UsefulNotes/{{Spain}} and UsefulNotes/{{Italy}}, often clashing with the [[UsefulNotes/{{Greece}} Greeks]], who also had colonies there. The capital, Carthage, is located less than 20 km away from Tunis and is today a gentrified suburb of the capital. It began to decline from the 3rd century BCE, coinciding with the rise of UsefulNotes/TheRomanRepublic. Following [[UsefulNotes/PunicWars three disastrous wars]] with Rome, the forces of Scipio Aemilianus entered Carthage in 146 BCE and razed it to the ground, bringing an end to the empire.
The Romans rebuilt Carthage and made it the capital of a province called Africa, from ''Afri'', its exonym for Carthaginians. Its rule (later supplanted by UsefulNotes/TheRomanEmpire and then the [[UsefulNotes/ByzantineEmpire Byzantines]]) persisted until the 7th century CE, although there was a century-long interruption after the barbarian invasions when Carthage was occupied by the Vandals. Under the Romans, the region prospered; Africa was one of the wealthiest Roman provinces, just behind UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}} and Italy itself. It was rich in farmland and mainly exported agricultural products. The Romans generally had an amicable relationship with the Berbers. Carthage was important in Christian history; the father of Latin Christianity, Tertullian, came from there, as did the Donatist movement, an early church schism that split African Christians and made many unwilling to accept the orthodoxy.
In 705, Carthage was attacked and destroyed by the Umayyad Caliphate, who mainly directed its dealings in Ifriqiya (as it called the province of Africa) from Kairouan, an inland city it built some 30 years earlier. Subsequently, the Berbers converted to Islam en masse. Near the end of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids, the Berbers became increasingly influenced by the dissenting Kharijite sect, which still survives as the Ibadi communities on the island of Djerba. Following the Fourth Fitna, the Abbasid governor of Ifriqiya fell from power and was replaced by the Aghlabids, who ''de facto'' ruled independent of Baghdad despite claiming allegiance. The Aghlabids conquered UsefulNotes/{{Malta}} and UsefulNotes/{{Sicily}} in 800s; Muslim rule would endure there until the late 1000s and the islands remained majority Muslim until two centuries later. Its legacy is clearly seen in Malta; although Malta was reconverted to Christianity, the Maltese language is actually a descendant of Tunisian Arabic.
The Shia Fatimid Caliphate, which created UsefulNotes/{{Cairo}} and unified the Levant and Arabia, is mostly associated with Egypt today, but actually originated from Tunisia. When the caliph decided to move to his new capital in the Nile Delta, his followers back home declared themselves independent as the Zirid Emirate, which essentially meant they had made enemies in both the east (their former masters) and the west (the staunchly Sunni Almoravids). In revenge, the Fatimids directed the Banu Hillal, a nomadic Arab tribe infamous for its propensity to warfare and loose association with Islam, towards the Maghreb. The invasions led to the rapid Arabization as well as pastoralism of the region, both previously being alien to Berbers outside the Sahara, since the natives had no choice but to retreat to the mountains and desert due to the arrival of the invaders. Its influence is as such that the Arab clans of the Maghreb have since been classified as Pre-Hillalian and Hillalian. The destruction of the Zirids briefly led to Norman rule of Tunisia before the Almohads of UsefulNotes/{{Morocco}} took over. During its reign and that of its successors, Hafsids, hundreds of thousands of Andalusian Muslims emigrated to North Africa due to the Reconquista and brought with them new ideas; Creator/IbnKhaldun, who was born in Tunis to Andalusian parents, became a pioneer of modern historiography and sociology.
In 1574, Tunisia was conquered by the [[UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}} Ottoman Empire]] with the assistance of Algerian corsairs from the Barbary Coast. Nevertheless, for the majority of its rule, Tunisia was effectively autonomous, ruled by a hereditary bey who only paid nominal tribute to the Sublime Porte. The region became a [[UsefulNotes/{{France}} French]] protectorate (read: colony) in 1881, after the French used the pretext that it was planning to attack Algeria, by then an integral part of France. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, the French Tunisian colonial government pledged alliance to the Vichy regime after the Fall of France, which led to the Tunisian Campaign in 1943 that finally ended the Allies' North African campaign.
to:
Like the rest of North Africa, Tunisia was a part of the homeland of the Berbers, mainly those of the Zenata confederation. While the majority of the population are descended from those same Berbers, very few people still speak the language nowadays.
From the 9th century BCE, Tunisia was the heart of the Carthaginian thalassocracy, founded by Phoenician colonists from Tyre (now in UsefulNotes/{{Lebanon}}).UsefulNotes/{{Lebanon}}) in the 9th century BCE. It controlled the Mediterranean trade routes and established colonies in UsefulNotes/{{Spain}} and UsefulNotes/{{Italy}}, often clashing with the [[UsefulNotes/{{Greece}} Greeks]], who also had colonies there. The capital, Carthage, is located less than 20 km away from Tunis and is today a gentrified suburb of the capital. It began to decline from in the 3rd century BCE, coinciding with the rise of UsefulNotes/TheRomanRepublic. Following [[UsefulNotes/PunicWars three disastrous wars]] with Rome, the forces of Scipio Aemilianus entered Carthage in 146 BCE and razed it to the ground, bringing an end to the empire.
The Romans rebuilt Carthage and made it the capital of a province called Africa, from ''Afri'',its their exonym for Carthaginians. Its Their rule (later supplanted by UsefulNotes/TheRomanEmpire and then the [[UsefulNotes/ByzantineEmpire Byzantines]]) persisted until the 7th century CE, although there was a century-long interruption after the barbarian invasions when Carthage was occupied by the Vandals. Under the Romans, the region prospered; Africa was one of the wealthiest Roman provinces, just behind UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}} and Italy itself. It was rich in farmland and mainly exported agricultural products. The Romans generally had an amicable relationship with the Berbers. Carthage was is important in Christian history; the father of Latin Christianity, Tertullian, came from there, as did the Donatist movement, an early church schism that split African Christians and made many unwilling to accept the orthodoxy.
In 705, Carthage was attacked and destroyed by the Umayyad Caliphate, who mainly directed its dealings in Ifriqiya (as it called the province of Africa) from Kairouan, an inland city it built some 30 years earlier. Subsequently, the Berbers converted to Islam en masse. Near the end of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids, the Berbers became increasingly influenced by the dissenting Kharijite sect, which still survives as the Ibadi communities on the island of Djerba. Following the Fourth Fitna, the Abbasid governor of Ifriqiya fell from power and was replaced by the Aghlabids, who ''de facto'' ruled independent of Baghdad despite claiming allegiance. The Aghlabids conquered UsefulNotes/{{Malta}} and UsefulNotes/{{Sicily}} in the 800s; Muslim rule would endure there until the late 1000s and the islands remained majority Muslim until two centuries later. Its legacy is clearly seen in Malta; although Malta was reconverted to Christianity, the Maltese language is actually a descendant of Tunisian Arabic.
The Shia Fatimid Caliphate, which created UsefulNotes/{{Cairo}} and unified the Levant and Arabia, is mostly associated with Egypt today, but actually originated from Tunisia. When the caliph decided to move to his new capital in the Nile Delta, his followers back home declared themselves independent as the Zirid Emirate, which essentially meant they had made enemies in both the east (their former masters) and the west (the staunchly Sunni Almoravids). In revenge, the Fatimids directed the Banu Hillal, a nomadic Arab tribe infamous for its propensity to warfare and loose association with Islam, towards the Maghreb. Theinvasions invasion led to the rapid Arabization as well as pastoralism of the region, both previously being alien to Berbers outside the Sahara, since the natives had no choice but to retreat to the mountains and desert due to the arrival of the invaders. Its influence is as such The event was so influential that the Arab clans of the Maghreb have since been to this day are classified as Pre-Hillalian and Hillalian. The destruction of the Zirids briefly led to Norman rule of Tunisia before the Almohads of UsefulNotes/{{Morocco}} took over. During its their reign and that of its successors, their successor, the Hafsids, hundreds of thousands of Andalusian Muslims emigrated to North Africa due to the Reconquista and brought with them new ideas; Creator/IbnKhaldun, Ibn Khaldun, who was born in Tunis to Andalusian parents, became a pioneer of modern historiography and sociology.
In 1574, Tunisia was conquered by the [[UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}} Ottoman Empire]] with the assistance of Algerian corsairs from the Barbary Coast. Nevertheless, for the majority of its rule, Tunisia was effectively autonomous, ruled by a hereditary bey who only paid nominal tribute to the Sublime Porte. The region became a [[UsefulNotes/{{France}} French]] protectorate (read: colony) in 1881, after the French used the pretext that it was planning to attack Algeria, by then an integral part of France. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, the French Tunisian colonial government pledged alliance to the Vichy regime after the Fall of France, which led to the Tunisian Campaign in 1943 that finally ended theAllies' North African campaign.
theater.
The Romans rebuilt Carthage and made it the capital of a province called Africa, from ''Afri'',
In 705, Carthage was attacked and destroyed by the Umayyad Caliphate, who mainly directed its dealings in Ifriqiya (as it called the province of Africa) from Kairouan, an inland city it built some 30 years earlier. Subsequently, the Berbers converted to Islam en masse. Near the end of the Umayyads and the rise of the Abbasids, the Berbers became increasingly influenced by the dissenting Kharijite sect, which still survives as the Ibadi communities on the island of Djerba. Following the Fourth Fitna, the Abbasid governor of Ifriqiya fell from power and was replaced by the Aghlabids, who ''de facto'' ruled independent of Baghdad despite claiming allegiance. The Aghlabids conquered UsefulNotes/{{Malta}} and UsefulNotes/{{Sicily}} in the 800s; Muslim rule would endure there until the late 1000s and the islands remained majority Muslim until two centuries later. Its legacy is clearly seen in Malta; although Malta was reconverted to Christianity, the Maltese language is actually a descendant of Tunisian Arabic.
The Shia Fatimid Caliphate, which created UsefulNotes/{{Cairo}} and unified the Levant and Arabia, is mostly associated with Egypt today, but actually originated from Tunisia. When the caliph decided to move to his new capital in the Nile Delta, his followers back home declared themselves independent as the Zirid Emirate, which essentially meant they had made enemies in both the east (their former masters) and the west (the staunchly Sunni Almoravids). In revenge, the Fatimids directed the Banu Hillal, a nomadic Arab tribe infamous for its propensity to warfare and loose association with Islam, towards the Maghreb. The
In 1574, Tunisia was conquered by the [[UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}} Ottoman Empire]] with the assistance of Algerian corsairs from the Barbary Coast. Nevertheless, for the majority of its rule, Tunisia was effectively autonomous, ruled by a hereditary bey who only paid nominal tribute to the Sublime Porte. The region became a [[UsefulNotes/{{France}} French]] protectorate (read: colony) in 1881, after the French used the pretext that it was planning to attack Algeria, by then an integral part of France. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, the French Tunisian colonial government pledged alliance to the Vichy regime after the Fall of France, which led to the Tunisian Campaign in 1943 that finally ended the
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* ''Film/TheManWhoSoldHisSkin'': An InternationalCoproduction, actually, but enough Tunisian involvement that it earned Tunisia a first ever nomination for the Oscar for [[UsefulNotes/AcademyAwardForBestInternationalFeatureFilm Foreign Language Film]].
to:
* ''Film/TheManWhoSoldHisSkin'': An InternationalCoproduction, actually, but enough Tunisian involvement that it earned Tunisia a first ever nomination for the Oscar for [[UsefulNotes/AcademyAwardForBestInternationalFeatureFilm [[MediaNotes/AcademyAwardForBestForeignLanguageFilm Foreign Language Film]].
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* '''Area:''' 163,610 km
(63,170 sq mi) (91st)
(63,170 sq mi) (91st)
to:
* '''Area:''' 163,610 km
sq km (63,170 sq mi) (91st)
