History UsefulNotes / PrehistoricLifeAnkylosaurs

* ''Tarchia'', the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, has more than one species known, and might be considered as the Asiatic version of the North-American ''Ankylosaurus'' -- while ''Pinacosaurus'' and ''Talarurus'' could be quoted as the versions of the smaller ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' (also North-American). ''Tarchia'' was similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and the complete name of its original species was "Tarchia gigantea" (gigantea = gigantic), now invalid. This short-named ankylosaur appears in ''[[Series/PrehistoricPlanet Prehistoric Planet]]'' as one of the Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia. Both ''Saichania'' and ''Tarchia'' were described in the 1970s within the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists, but while ''Saichania'' was dug out just in this expedition, ''Tarchia'' has been already known to science but initially believed the Asian species of the North-American ''Dyoplosaurus''. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; but ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m), bigger than the 6 m long ''Euoplocephalus'' or the 5 m long ''Pinacosaurus''. Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means "brainy" (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means "beautiful" (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Like ''Tarchia'', ''Saichania'' was rather similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and has made it into popular culture recently thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing''.

* The ankylosaurs found in Europe are usually like the English ''Hylaeosaurus'' and ''Polacanthus'': small and clubless. To compensate, some are quite coolly-named. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthopholis Acanthopholis]]'' almost seems ''Polacanthus'' inverted; "''Polacanthoides''" means "false Polacanthus"; ''Priodontognathus'' means "saw-toothed jaw"; ''Struthiosaurus'' means "Ostrich-Lizard" (making thinking it was Struthiomimus-like…); while ''Anoplosaurus'' means "unarmed lizard" (all ankylosaurs were armored). ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracopelta Dracopelta]]'' is the "[[DinosaursAreDragons armored dragon]]", and "''Cryptodraco''" (today named ''Cryptosaurus'') the "hidden dragon". But the weirdest-named is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcolestes Sarcolestes]]'': "[[CarnivoreConfusion meat thief]]". Both ''Sarcolestes'' and ''Dracopelta'' were Jurassic: ''Sarcolestes'', found in Middle Jurassic England, was one of the first proper ankylosaurs to have evolved (together with the north-African ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicomellus Spicomellus]]'', described in 2021), living alongside the early sauropod ''Cetiosaurus'' and the large theropod ''Megalosaurus''. ''Dracopelta'' and ''Cryptosaurus'' were younger, roaming Late Jurassic Portugal and England respectively. ''Dracopelta'' lived along with dinosaurs more known for North America, and had already a complex armor for such a primitive ankylosaur. ''Acanthopholis'' and ''Anoplosaurus'' were Early Cretaceous kinds found in England in the XIX century, but are both known from very scant remains (''Anoplosaurus'' was often thought an ornithopod in the past).

* ''Ankylosaurus magniventris'' and the "Euoplocephalus wastebin" made of ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' have long been considered the only Late Cretaceous North American members of the club-tailed family, the Ankylosaurids. Recently, brand-new animals have been found; one of them has received the name ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus Nodocephalosaurus]]'' ("lizard with tubercled head"), resembling a {{Portmanteau}} of ''Nodo(saurus)'' and ''(Euoplo)cephalus'' plus the usual suffix -saurus. ''Dyoplosaurus'' ("double-armored lizard") was found much earlier, at the same time of ''Scolosaurus'' and ''Euoplocephalus'', but was long confused with them in paleontology. Some in the past attributed to it the famous fossil of Montana with today is assigned to the genus ''Scolosaurus'', and even the first-found fossils of the Mongolian ''Tarchia'' (see below).

* ''Shamosaurus'' and ''Gobisaurus'' were both primitive Early Cretaceous ankylosaurids outside the Ankylosaurines, their names both meaning "lizard from the Gobi Desert". Being primitive ankylosaurids they still hadn't a true "club" yet, but their descendants developed the classic club. Other ankies from China/Mongolia include ''Liaoningosaurus'' (which some believe semi-aquatic), ''Maleevus'' (named after the scientist Maleev), ''Sauroplites'' ("soldier lizard"), ''Shanxia'' (from Shan-Xi), ''Sinankylosaurus'' ("Chinese ''Ankylosaurus''"), the [[NamesTheSame deceptively-named]] ''Stegosaurides'' ("false Stegosaurus"), ''Tianzhenosaurus'' (from Tian-Zhen), and ''Tsagantegia'' (Tsagan is a Mongolian word). Many of them are known from fragmentary remains. Some, belonging to the Ankylosaurines, were surely tail-clubbed.

* The ankylosaurs found in Europe are usually like the English ''Hylaeosaurus'' and ''Polacanthus'': small and clubless. To compensate, some are quite coolly-named. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthopholis Acanthopholis]]'' almost seems ''Polacanthus'' [[NamesTheSame inverted]]; "''Polacanthoides''" means "false Polacanthus"; ''Priodontognathus'' means "saw-toothed jaw"; ''Struthiosaurus'' means “Ostrich-Lizard” (making thinking it was Struthiomimus-like…); while ''Anoplosaurus'' means "unarmed lizard" (all ankylosaurs were armored). ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracopelta Dracopelta]]'' is the “[[DinosaursAreDragons armored dragon]]”, and "''Cryptodraco''" (today named ''Cryptosaurus'') the "hidden dragon". But the weirdest-named is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcolestes Sarcolestes]]'': “[[CarnivoreConfusion meat thief]]”. Both ''Sarcolestes'' and ''Dracopelta'' were Jurassic: ''Sarcolestes'', found in Middle Jurassic England, was one of the first proper ankylosaurs to have evolved (together with the north-African ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicomellus Spicomellus]]'', described in 2021), living alongside the early sauropod ''Cetiosaurus'' and the large theropod ''Megalosaurus''. ''Dracopelta'' and ''Cryptosaurus'' were younger, roaming Late Jurassic Portugal and England respectively. ''Dracopelta'' lived along with dinosaurs more known for North America, and had already a complex armor for such a primitive ankylosaur. ''Acanthopholis'' and ''Anoplosaurus'' were Early Cretaceous kinds found in England in the XIX century, but are both known from very scant remains (''Anoplosaurus'' was often thought an ornithopod in the past).

* In the 1990s, the classic “nodosaurid” / “ankylosaurid” bipartition fell down: many nodosaurids revealed not to be so-closely related with ''Sauropelta'' or ''Edmontonia'' (which, together with their closest relatives, make the Nodosaurines); among them, the “Polacanthines” or "Polacanthids" group was created to include the European ''Polacanthus'' and the North American ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplitosaurus Hoplitosaurus]]'' ("soldier lizard"), known since the start of the XX century from scanty remains. Just in the 1990s new, more complete polacanthines or polacanthine-relatives were found in USA. The first one, following the trend to name ankylosaurs with –pelta, was called ''Mymoorapelta'' in 1993: this one was the first North American ankylosaur from Jurassic, and lived alongside [[StockDinosaurs Stegosaurus Allosaurus Diplodocus]] etc., but today is considered too primitive to be a real polacanthine.

'''Ascended Fanon to an Extreme:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianchiasaurus Tianchiasaurus]]''

* Among the ankylosaurs the most awesome case regarding naming questions comes from Jurassic China: “Jurassosaurus nedegoapeferima”. Found in the early 1990s (when the Franchise/JurassicPark-mania began), the name was proposed by Spielberg himself, but Chinese scientist Dong Zhiming (one of the three dino-experts who found the famed young ''Pinacosaurus'' dead together in Mongolia few years before) discarded it, officially naming the animal ''Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima'' (other discarded synonyms of it were "Tenchisaurus", "Tianchisaurus", and "Sangonghesaurus"). The long, bizarre species name is formed from the surnames of the film's main stars: Creator/SamNeill, Creator/LauraDern, Creator/JeffGoldblum, Sir Creator/RichardAttenborough, Creator/BobPeck, Creator/MartinFerrero, Creator/ArianaRichards, and Creator/JosephMazzello. And another Asian ankylosaur was in 2002 named ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crichtonsaurus Crichtonsaurus]]'' for Creator/MichaelCrichton. Well, ankylosaurs really have some of the most awesome names within the dinosaur world.

* Not only England: even in Usa the first dino-discoveries included an ankylosaur, one even more incomplete than the ''Hylaeosaurus'' of the Crystal Palace Park. “Palaeoscincus” was one of the dinosaurs descibed in 1856 by Joseph Leidy from simple ''isolated teeth'', which initially were believed from a skink-like lizard ("Palaeoscincus" means ancient skink). Many undetermined remains were later assigned to this dinosaur, making “Palaeoscincus” a Waste-Basket taxon, but now they are either regarded as dubious, or classified in other genera. The images of "palaeoscincus"es often seen in old dino-books are actually based upon another better-known ankylosaur, ''Edmontonia''. The first North-American ankylosaur known from decent remains was ''Nodosaurus''. Described during the Bone Wars by Marsh (which also described the teeth of another relative, ''Priconodon''), ''Nodosaurus'' ("knobbed lizard") was known only from pieces of armor with no spikes: this explains why, in classic portraits, it appears spikeless and with a generic-looking armor. Actually, the nodosaur should have had lateral spikes like its relatives. Living at the beginning of Late Cretaceous, before ''Edmontonia'' but after ''Sauropelta'', ''Nodosaurus'' became the prototype of its own family, the Nodosaurids, in which every club-less ankylosaur used once to be put.

* More complete nodosaurids appeared in Alberta at the start of the XX century, showing clearly spiky bodies: ''Panoplosaurus'' ("wholly-armored lizard") and ''Edmontonia'' (so-called because was found near Edmonton, see also ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Edmontosaurus]]''). Both were large (6 m or so) with a complex armor expecially in the frontal portion of their body. ''Edmontonia'' showed a couple of huge shoulder-spikes pointing forwards, often ''double pointed'', but lacked lateral spikes on its trunk and tail. Even though ''Edmontonia'' and ''Panoplosaurus'' were narrow-headed and devoid of horns or tail-clubs like all nodosaurs, they were surely a difficult task for the tyrannosaurs they shared the world with: maybe were they able yo inflict deep wounds in the carnivores' legs with their big spikes, as seen in modern portrayals. In 1988, famous paleontologist Bob Bakker described two new dubious genera of Late Cretaceous nodosaurs, "Chassternbergia" and "Denversaurus". The first was a homage to Charles Sternberg, one of the main north-american dino-hunters from the first half of the XX century; the second owes its name from the capital of Colorado (Bakker’s state).[[note]]Later, both were reclassified ''Edmontonia'', but now many regard "Denversaurus" as a valid taxon again.[[/note]] Even though known for only a shattered skull, ''Denversaurus'' might have given its name to the hero of [[WesternAnimation/DenverTheLastDinosaur a famous TV dino-cartoon]] broadcast just in those years.

* In the 1970s, John Ostrom (the ''Deinonychus'' TropeNamer) described an Early Cretaceous nodosaur from Montana, ''Sauropelta edwardsorum'' ("Edward's armored lizard"): Ostrom wasn’t aware of, but started the [[FollowTheLeader trend]] to name ankylosaurs with the suffix –pelta: ''Dracopelta'', ''Mymoorapelta'', ''Bissektipelta'', and many many others (one is just in the next paragraph), all found later than the ur-example except for the dubious "Stegopelta", found at the start of the XX century. Also North American were ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvisaurus Silvisaurus]]'', ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawpawsaurus Pawpawsaurus]]'', and ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texasetes Texasetes]]'', smaller relatives. ''Silvisaurus'' from Middle Cretaceous was the first discovered of the three, in the same years of ''Sauropelta''; its name (sometimes misspelled "Silviasaurus") means "forest lizard" -- the same meaning of ''Hylaeosaurus'', but with a Latin root instead of Greek (similarly to the couple of names ''Ornithomimus'' & ''Avimimus''). ''Pawpawsaurus'' and ''Texasetes'' were both Early Cretaceous and were found in the nineties: the former's name is not a reference to the fruit but to the formation it was dug out, while the latter's one refers to Texas. With its 7.5 long body, ''Sauropelta'' was the biggest nodosaurid known: it had a more slender body-frame than ''Edmontonia'' and ''Panoplosaurus'', with a longer neck and smaller head; and its armor was simpler than its Late Cretaceous cousins, with small mosaic-like scutes of different size. It had nonetheless lateral spikes all along its body, and those on the shoulders were particularly long and pointing upwards - making ''Sauropelta'' a valid opponent for the contemporaneous giant theropods like ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursSaurischianDinosaurs Acrocanthosaurus]]''. Typical nodosaurids had mosaic-like armor, very different to that of the ankylosaurids, made by wide rows put in line on the upper body. Found in 2008 is another nodosaur from Utah, ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloroplites Peloroplites]]'' ("monstrous soldier"), which was only a bit smaller than ''Sauropelta''. Other two nodosaurians found in North America in the 1990s are ''Animantarx'' ("living citadel") and ''Niobrarasaurus'' (from Niobrara, the famous inland sea which covered the Great Plains during the Cretaceous).

* The ankylosaurs found in Europe are usually like the english ''Hylaeosaurus'' and ''Polacanthus'': small and clubless. To compensate, some are quite coolly-named. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthopholis Acanthopholis]]'' almost seems ''Polacanthus'' [[NamesTheSame inverted]]; "''Polacanthoides''" means "false Polacanthus"; ''Priodontognathus'' means "saw-toothed jaw"; ''Struthiosaurus'' means “Ostrich-Lizard” (making thinking it was Struthiomimus-like…); while ''Anoplosaurus'' means "unarmed lizard" (all ankylosaurs were armored). ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracopelta Dracopelta]]'' is the “[[DinosaursAreDragons armored dragon]]”, and "''Cryptodraco''" (today named ''Cryptosaurus'') the "hidden dragon". But the weirdest-named is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcolestes Sarcolestes]]'': “[[CarnivoreConfusion meat thief]]”. Both ''Sarcolestes'' and ''Dracopelta'' were Jurassic: ''Sarcolestes'', found in Middle Jurassic England, was one of the first proper ankylosaurs to have evolved (together with the north-african ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicomellus Spicomellus]]'', described in 2021), living alongside the early sauropod ''Cetiosaurus'' and the large theropod ''Megalosaurus''. ''Dracopelta'' and ''Cryptosaurus'' were younger, roaming Late Jurassic Portugal and England respectively. ''Dracopelta'' lived along with dinosaurs more known for North America, and had already a complex armor for such a primitive ankylosaur. ''Acanthopholis'' and ''Anoplosaurus'' were Early Cretaceous kinds found in England in the XIX century, but are both known from very scant remains (''Anoplosaurus'' was often thought an ornithopod in the past).

* But it's ''Struthiosaurus'' the more interesting ankylosaur of Europe. It has been, indeed, not only the smallest known ankylosaur, but one of the smallest known quadrupedal dinosaurs ever (merely 6 ft, like a large dog). This because it was one of the several dwarf dinosaurs that decreased their size to survive in the islets of the Late Cretaceous Europe. Even though small, the struthiosaur was very well-protected, with a very complex armor reminescent of that of an american nodosaurid; today, scientists classify it in its own nodosaurid subgroup, the [[ScienceMarchesOn Struthiosaurines]]. ''Struthiosaurus'' makes also a striking example of IHaveManyNames: its remains, found in several European places, among them [[{{Dracula}} Transilvania]], were once classified in more than ''six'' genera ("Danubiosaurus" and "Crataeomus" among the others). A recent found among european ankies (2005) is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarosaurus Hungarosaurus]]'' from [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin Hungary]]: another inhabitant of the Late Cretaceous islets but bigger than ''Struthiosaurus'', it was the most complete European ankylosaur until the discovery in Spain of the Early Cretaceous ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europelta Europelta]]'' ("european armor"), made in 2013.

* In the 1990s, the classic “nodosaurid” / “ankylosaurid” bipartition falled down: many nodosaurids revealed not to be so-closely related with ''Sauropelta'' or ''Edmontonia'' (which, together with their closest relatives, make the Nodosaurines); among them, the “Polacanthines” or "Polacanthids" group was created to include the European ''Polacanthus'' and the North American ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplitosaurus Hoplitosaurus]]'' ("soldier lizard"), known since the start of the XX century from scanty remains. Just in the 1990s new, more complete polacanthines or polacanthine-relatives were found in USA. The first one, following the trend to name ankylosaurs with –pelta, was called ''Mymoorapelta'' in 1993: this one was the first North American ankylosaur from Jurassic, and lived alongside [[StockDinosaurs Stegosaurus Allosaurus Diplodocus]] etc., but today is considered too primitive to be a real polacanthine.

* Also from the same Late Jurassic North-American fauna was ''Gargoyleosaurus'' ("Gargoyle lizard"), found in 1998, more closerly related with the polacanthines than ''Mymoorapelta''. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletopelta Aletopelta]]'' and ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarpelta Cedarpelta]]'', both found in the early 2000s, lived in the Cretaceous North America, and are considered primitive ankylosaurids but sharing also resemblances with polacanthines, leading some thinking the latter were closer to club-tailed ankylosaurs than to proper nodosaurs. A striking near-polacanthine nodosaur was described in the same year of ''Gargoyleosaurus'', but comes from Early Cretaceous, the Utahraptor age: ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Gastonia]]''. Still another ankylosaur with the name ending in -a. Indeed this is the dino group with the greatest number of names ending so, giving them a [[AnimalMotifs bizarre “feminine” sound for these bulky “tanks”]]. Found in 1998 as well, ''Gastonia'' was clubless and medium-sized for an ankylosaur, but impressed researchers because of its armor, filled with long spikes pointing to all directions. Some people have hailed it as the most armored animal ever existed on Earth: in short, a perfect opponent for the neighboring ''Utahraptor''. [[RuleOfCool Indeed]], ''Gastonia'' fights the giant dromeosaurid in the ''Series/JurassicFightClub'', and ends the battle as the victory.

* Among the ankylosaurs the most awesome case regarding naming questions comes from Jurassic China: “Jurassosaurus nedegoapeferima”. Found in the early 1990s (when the Franchise/JurassicPark-mania began), the name was proposed by Spielberg himself, but chinese scientist Dong Zhiming (one of the three dino-experts who found the famed young ''Pinacosaurus'' dead together in Mongolia few years before) discarded it, officially naming the animal ''Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima'' (other discarded synonyms of it were "Tenchisaurus", "Tianchisaurus", and "Sangonghesaurus"). The long, bizarre species name is formed from the surnames of the film's main stars: Creator/SamNeill, Creator/LauraDern, Creator/JeffGoldblum, Sir Creator/RichardAttenborough, Creator/BobPeck, Creator/MartinFerrero, Creator/ArianaRichards, and Creator/JosephMazzello. And another asian ankylosaur was in 2002 named ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crichtonsaurus Crichtonsaurus]]'' for Creator/MichaelCrichton. Well, ankylosaurs really have some of the most awesome names within the dinosaur world.

* ''Ankylosaurus magniventris'' and the "Euoplocephalus wastebin" made of ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' have long been considered the only Late Cretaceous North American members of the club-tailed family, the Ankylosaurids. Recently, brand-new animals have been found; one of them has received the name ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus Nodocephalosaurus]]'' ("lizard with tubercled head"), resembling a {{Portmanteau}} of ''Nodo(saurus)'' and ''(Euoplo)cephalus'' plus the usual suffix -saurus. ''Dyoplosaurus'' ("double-armored lizard") was found much earlier, at the same time of ''Scolosaurus'' and ''Euoplocephalus'', but was long confused with them in paleontology. Some in the past attributed to it the famous fossil of Montana with today is assigned to the genus ''Scolosaurus'', and even the first-found fossils of the mongolian ''Tarchia'' (see below).

* ''Tarchia'', the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, has more than one species known, and might be considered as the asiatic version of the North-American ''Ankylosaurus'' -- while ''Pinacosaurus'' and ''Talarurus'' could be quoted as the versions of the smaller ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' (also North-American). ''Tarchia'' was similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and the complete name of its original species was "Tarchia gigantea" (gigantea = gigantic), now invalid. This short-named ankylosaur appears in ''[[Series/PrehistoricPlanet Prehistoric Planet]]'' as one of the Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia. Both ''Saichania'' and ''Tarchia'' were described in the 1970s within the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists, but while ''Saichania'' was dug out just in this expedition, ''Tarchia'' has been already known to science but initially believed the Asian species of the North-American ''Dyoplosaurus''. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; but ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m), bigger than the 6 m long ''Euoplocephalus'' or the 5 m long ''Pinacosaurus''. Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Like ''Tarchia'', ''Saichania'' was rather similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and has made it into popular culture recently thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing''.

* ''Stegouros elengassen'' was found in 2018 in southern Chile. A very small ankylosaur, only about 2.0 m long and 100 kg, ''Stegouros'' was not an ankylosaurid but a much more primitive form, similarly to the Australian ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Minmi]]'': in the past it would have been classified in the "nodosaur" ensemble. ''Stegouros''[='=]most distinctive trait is its tail: very short and with a very different armor than the one of the ankylosaurines. Whereas the latter had the club at the tip of the tail that was fully fused to form one solid mass, ''Stegouros'' had stegosaur-like plates down the full length of its tail (''Stegouros'' just means "roofed tail", ''Stegosaurus'' means "roofed lizard", and ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Stegoceras]]'' "roofed horn") that were only partially fused - thus allowing the tail to retain some articulation - with closely-packed pointed plates down each side of the tail. This has been compared to the Aztec ''macuahuitl'', a paddle-shaped wooden war club with obsidian blades embedded in its sides. While ''Stegouros''' tail spikes wouldn't have been nearly as sharp as obsidian blades, they would still be an efficient weapon. Its small size meant that this would have been little protection if a hungry carcharodontosaur or abelisaur found it, though those apex predators of South America probably preferred larger prey since a small dinosaur wouldn't be much of a meal to them.

* Also from the same Late Jurassic North-American fauna was ''Gargoyleosaurus'' ("Gargoyle lizard"), found in 1998, more closerly related with the polacanthines than ''Mymoorapelta''. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletopelta Aletopelta]]'' and ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarpelta Cedarpelta]]'', both found in the early 2000s, lived in the Cretaceous North America, and are considered primitive ankylosaurids but sharing also resemblances with polacanthines, leading some thinking the latter were closer to club-tailed ankylosaurs than to proper nodosaurs. A striking near-polacanthine nodosaur was described in the same year of ''Gargoyleosaurus'', but comes from Early Cretaceous, the Utahraptor age: ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Gastonia]]''. Still another ankylosaur with the name ending in -a. Indeed this is the dino group with the greatest number of names ending so, giving them a [[AnimalMotifs bizarre “feminine” sound for these bulky “tanks”]]. Found in 1998 as well, ''Gastonia'' was clubless and medium-sized for an ankylosaur, but impressed researchers because of its armor, filled with long spikes pointing to all directions. Some people have hailed it as [[UpToEleven the most armored animal ever existed on Earth]]: in short, a perfect opponent for the neighboring ''Utahraptor''. [[RuleOfCool Indeed]], ''Gastonia'' fights the giant dromeosaurid in the ''Series/JurassicFightClub'', and ends the battle as the victory.

* The most extraordinary discover ever about ankylosaurians happened in 2017 in Canada: in that year was described ''Borealopelta markmitchelli'' ("Mark Mitchell's armor of the North"). Early Cretaceous like ''Sauropelta'' and nicknamed the Suncor Nodosaur, this middle-sized ankylosaur preserved not only some keratinous sheaths of its armor (a bit like the skin prints of ''Carnotaurus'') and other remains of soft tissues plus stomach contents like the ''Edmontosaurus'' mummies: it has even uniquely preserved tracks of the original ''colors'', just like some Liaoning dinosaurs! The fossil, preserved by marine sediments, show it was probably reddish-brown in life. To date, ''Borealopelta'' is the only large dinosaur which has left some tracks of its original coloration: this could make it a more popular dinosaur in the future, maybe attracting the pop-writers' interest.

* ''Tarchia'', the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, has more than one species known, and might be considered as the asiatic version of the North-American ''Ankylosaurus'' -- while ''Pinacosaurus'' and ''Talarurus'' could be quoted as the versions of the smaller ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' (also North-American). ''Tarchia'' was similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and the complete name of its original species was "Tarchia gigantea" (gigantea = gigantic), now invalid. This short-named ankylosaur appears in ''[[Series/PrehistoricPlanet Prehistoric Planet]] as one of the Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia. Both ''Saichania'' and ''Tarchia'' were described in the 1970s within the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists, but while ''Saichania'' was dug out just in this expedition, ''Tarchia'' has been already known to science but initially believed the Asian species of the North-American ''Dyoplosaurus''. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; but ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m), bigger than the 6 m long ''Euoplocephalus'' or the 5 m long ''Pinacosaurus''. Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Like ''Tarchia'', ''Saichania'' was rather similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and has made it into popular culture recently thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing''.

* Many ankylosaurines (the clubbed ankylosaurids) are known from Asia, mostly from Late Cretaceous: ''Pinacosaurus'' is the most common in fossil record, but there were many others. Other than ''Saichania'' described below, particularly worthy of note both for their historical relevance and for their fossil completeness are ''Tarchia'', ''Saichania'', and ''Talarurus''. ''Talarurus'' ("basket tail") was the second Asian ankylosaur discovered after ''Pinacosaurus'', more precisely in the Russian expedition led by Ivan Efremov; it had a narrow head, rather similarly to a nodosaur but with the typical four hornlets of ankylosaurids, and short limbs. Surprisingly, ''Talarurus'' has appeared at the beginning of the Disney's ''WesternAnimation/{{Dinosaur}}'', although only with a simple unnamed cameo. Though not described yet, "[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_informally_named_dinosaurs Hanwulosaurus]]" could actually be the biggest Asian ankylosaur: 9 m long, bigger than ''Tarchia'' itself. It is known from a rather complete skeleton, but until the official description we cannot say much more about it. Some think it belongs to its own subgroup of ankylosaurians.

* ''Tarchia'', the biggest described Asian ankylosaur with more than one species known, might be considered as the asiatic version of the North-American ''Ankylosaurus'', while ''Pinacosaurus'' and ''Talarurus'' could be quoted as the versions of the smaller ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' (also North-American). ''Tarchia'' was similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and the complete name of its original species was "Tarchia gigantea" (gigantea = gigantic), now invalid. It appears in ''[[Series/PrehistoricPlanet Prehistoric Planet]] as one of the Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia. Both ''Saichania'' and ''Tarchia'' were described in the 1970s within the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists, but while ''Saichania'' was dug out just in this expedition, ''Tarchia'' has been already known to science but initially believed the Asian species of the North-American ''Dyoplosaurus''. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; but ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m), bigger than the 6 m long ''Euoplocephalus'' or the 5 m long ''Pinacosaurus''. Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Like ''Tarchia'', ''Saichania'' was rather similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and has made it into popular culture recently thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing''.

'''Ankylosaurs from the West:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyoplosaurus Dyoplosaurus]]'' & ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodocephalosaurus Nodocephalosaurus]]''

* ''Ankylosaurus magniventris'' and the "Euoplocephalus wastebin" made of ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' have long been considered the only Late Cretaceous North American members of the club-tailed family, the Ankylosaurids. Recently, brand-new animals have been found; one of them has received the name ''Nodocephalosaurus'' ("lizard with tubercled head"), resembling a {{Portmanteau}} of ''Nodo(saurus)'' and ''(Euoplo)cephalus'' plus the usual suffix -saurus. ''Dyoplosaurus'' ("double-armored lizard") was found much earlier, at the same time of ''Scolosaurus'' and ''Euoplocephalus'', but was long confused with them in paleontology. Some in the past attributed to it the famous fossil of Montana with today is assigned to the genus ''Scolosaurus'', and even the first-found fossils of the mongolian ''Tarchia'' (see below).

'''Ankylosaurs from the East:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarchia Tarchia]]'' & ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talarurus Talarurus]]''

* Many ankylosaurines (the clubbed ankylosaurids) are known from Asia, mostly from Late Cretaceous: ''Pinacosaurus'' is the most common in fossil record, but there were many others. Other than ''Saichania'' described below, particularly worthy of note both for their historical relevance and for their fossil completeness are ''Tarchia'' and ''Talarurus''. ''Tarchia'', the biggest described Asian ankylosaur with more than one species known, might be considered as the asiatic version of the North-American ''Ankylosaurus'', while ''Pinacosaurus'' and ''Talarurus'' could be quoted as the versions of the smaller ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' (also North-American). ''Tarchia'' was similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and the complete name of its original species was "Tarchia gigantea" (gigantea = gigantic), now invalid. ''Talarurus'' ("basket tail") was the second Asian ankylosaur discovered after ''Pinacosaurus'', more precisely in the Russian expedition led by Ivan Efremov; it had a narrow head, rather similarly to a nodosaur but with the typical four hornlets of ankylosaurids, and short limbs. Surprisingly, ''Talarurus'' has appeared at the beginning of the Disney's ''WesternAnimation/{{Dinosaur}}'', although only with a simple unnamed cameo. Though not described yet, "[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_informally_named_dinosaurs Hanwulosaurus]]" could actually be the biggest Asian ankylosaur: 9 m long, bigger than ''Tarchia'' itself. It is known from a rather complete skeleton, but until the official description we cannot say much more about it. Some think it belongs to its own subgroup of ankylosaurians.

'''The Beautiful One:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saichania Saichania]]''

* Both ''Saichania'' and ''Tarchia'' were described in the 1970s within the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists, but while ''Saichania'' was dug out just in this expedition, ''Tarchia'' has been already known to science but initially believed the Asian species of the North-American ''Dyoplosaurus''. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; but ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m), bigger than the 6 m long ''Euoplocephalus'' or the 5 m long ''Pinacosaurus''. Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Like ''Tarchia'', ''Saichania'' was rather similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and has made it into popular culture recently thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing''.

[[/folder]]

* Both ''Saichania'' and ''Tarchia'' were described in the 1970s, in the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; but ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m), bigger than the 6 m long ''Euoplocephalus'' or the 5 m long ''Pinacosaurus''. Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Like''Tarchia'', ''Saichania'' was rather similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and has made it into popular culture recently thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing''.

* ''Ankylosaurus magniventris'' and the "Euoplocephalus wastebin" made of ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' have long been considered the only Late Cretaceous North American members of the club-tailed family, the Ankylosaurids. Recently, brand-new animals have been found; one of them has received the name ''Nodocephalosaurus'' ("lizard with tubercled head"), resembling a {{Portmanteau}} of ''Nodo(saurus)'' and ''(Euoplo)cephalus'' plus the usual suffix -saurus. ''Dyoplosaurus'' ("double-armored lizard") was found much earlier, at the same time of ''Scolosaurus'' and ''Euoplocephalus'', but was long confused with them in paleontology. Some in the past attributed to it the famous fossil of Montana with today is assigned to the genus ''Scolosaurus''.

* Many ankylosaurines (the clubbed ankylosaurids) are known from Asia, mostly from Late Cretaceous: ''Pinacosaurus'' is the most common in fossil record, but there were many others. Other than ''Saichania'' described below, particularly worthy of note both for their historical relevance and their fossil completeness are ''Tarchia'' and ''Talarurus''. ''Tarchia'', the biggest described Asian ankylosaur with several species known, might be described as the asiatic version of the North-American ''Ankylosaurus'', while ''Pinacosaurus'' and ''Talarurus'' could be considered the versions of the smaller ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' (also North-American). ''Tarchia'' was similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and the complete name of its original species was "Tarchia gigantea" (gigantea = gigantic), now invalid. ''Talarurus'' ("basket tail") was the second Asian ankylosaur discovered after ''Pinacosaurus'', more precisely in the Russian expedition led by Ivan Efremov; it had a narrow head, rather similarly to a nodosaur but with the typical four hornlets of ankylosaurids, and short limbs. Surprisingly, ''Talarurus'' has appeared at the beginning of the Disney's ''WesternAnimation/{{Dinosaur}}'', although only with a simple unnamed cameo. Though not described yet, "[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_informally_named_dinosaurs Hanwulosaurus]]" could actually be the biggest Asian ankylosaur: 9 m long, bigger than ''Tarchia'' itself. It is known from a rather complete skeleton, but until the official description we cannot say much more about it. Some think it belongs to its own subgroup of ankylosaurians.

'''Beautiful Dinosaur:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saichania Saichania]]''

* Both ''Saichania'' and ''Tarchia'' were found in the 1970s, in the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; but ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m), bigger than the 6 m long ''Euoplocephalus'' or the 5 m long ''Pinacosaurus''. Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Like''Tarchia'', ''Saichania'' was rather similar in look to ''Ankylosaurus'', and has made it into popular culture recently thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing''.

'''Beautiful Ankylosaur:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saichania Saichania]]''

* Many ankylosaurines (the clubbed ankylosaurids) are known from Asia, mostly from Late Cretaceous: ''Pinacosaurus'' is the most common in fossil record, but there were many others. Other than ''Saichania'' described below, particularly worthy of note are ''Tarchia'' and ''Talarurus''. ''Tarchia'' (lit. "brainy"), the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, might be described as the asiatic version of the North-American ''Ankylosaurus'', while ''Pinacosaurus'' and ''Talarurus'' (lit. "basket tail") could be considered the versions of the smaller ''Euoplocephalus'' and ''Scolosaurus'' (also North-American). ''Talarurus'' was the second Asian ankylosaur discovered after ''Pinacosaurus'', more precisely in the Russian expedition led by Ivan Efremov, but is much rarer than the latter; it also had a narrow head, with the typical four hornlets of ankylosaurids, and short limbs. Surprisingly, ''Talarurus'' has appeared at the beginning of the Disney's ''WesternAnimation/{{Dinosaur}}'', although only with a simple unnamed cameo. Though not described yet, "[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_informally_named_dinosaurs Hanwulosaurus]]" could actually be the biggest Asian ankylosaur: 9 m long, bigger than ''Tarchia'' itself. It is known from a rather complete skeleton, but until the official description we cannot say much more about it. Some think it belongs to its own subgroup of ankylosaurians.

* Both ''Saichania'' and ''Tarchia'' were found in the 1970s, in the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; but ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m), bigger than the 6 m long ''Euoplocephalus'' or the 5 m long ''Pinacosaurus''. Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Interestingly, ''Saichania'' has made it into popular culture thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing'', superseding more well-known stock Ankylosaurs.

'''Ankylosaurs from the East:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talarurus Talarurus]]'' & "[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_informally_named_dinosaurs Hanwulosaurus]]"

* Many ankylosaurines (the clubbed ankylosaurids) are known from Asia, mostly from Late Cretaceous: ''Pinacosaurus'' is the most common in fossil record, but there were many others. Other than ''Saichania'' and ''Tarchia'' described below, particularly worthy of note is ''Talarurus''. ''Talarurus'' ("basket tail") was the second Asian ankylosaur discovered after ''Pinacosaurus'', more precisely in the Russian expedition led by Ivan Efremov, but is much rarer than the latter; it also had a narrow head, with the typical four hornlets of ankylosaurids, and short limbs. Surprisingly, ''Talarurus'' has appeared at the beginning of the Disney's ''WesternAnimation/{{Dinosaur}}'', although only with a simple unnamed cameo. Though not described yet, "Hanwulosaurus" could actually be the biggest Asian ankylosaur (9 m long): it is known from a rather complete skeleton, but until the official description we cannot say much more about it. Some think it belongs to its own subgroup of ankylosaurians.

'''Beautiful and Brainy:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saichania Saichania]]'' & ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarchia Tarchia]]''

* Both ''Tarchia'' and ''Saichania'' were found in the 1970s, in the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m). Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Interestingly, ''Saichania'' has made it into popular culture thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing'', superseding more well-known stock Ankylosaurs.

* The ankylosaurs found in Europe are usually like the english ''Hylaeosaurus'' and ''Polacanthus'': small and clubless. To compensate, some are quite coolly-named. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthopholis Acanthopholis]]'' almost seems ''Polacanthus'' [[NamesTheSame inverted]]; "''Polacanthoides''" means "false Polacanthus"; ''Priodontognathus'' means "saw-toothed jaw"; ''Struthiosaurus'' means “Ostrich-Lizard” (making thinking it was Struthiomimus-like…); while ''Anoplosaurus'' means "unarmed lizard" (all ankylosaurs were armored). ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracopelta Dracopelta]]'' is the “[[DinosaursAreDragons armored dragon]]”, and "''Cryptodraco''" (today named ''Cryptosaurus'') the "hidden dragon". But the weirdest-named is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcolestes Sarcolestes]]'': “[[CarnivoreConfusion meat thief]]”. Both ''Sarcolestes'' and ''Dracopelta'' were Jurassic: ''Sarcolestes'', found in Middle Jurassic England, was one of the first proper ankylosaurs to have evolved, living alongside the early sauropod ''Cetiosaurus'' and the large theropod ''Megalosaurus''. ''Dracopelta'' and ''Cryptosaurus'' were younger, roaming Late Jurassic Portugal and England respectively. ''Dracopelta'' lived along with dinosaurs more known for North America, and had already a complex armor for such a primitive ankylosaur. ''Acanthopholis'' and ''Anoplosaurus'' were Early Cretaceous kinds found in England in the XIX century, but are both known from very scant remains (''Anoplosaurus'' was often thought an ornithopod in the past).

* But it's ''Struthiosaurus'' the more interesting ankylosaur of Europe. It has been, indeed, not only the smallest known ankylosaur, but one of the smallest known quadrupedal dinosaurs ever (merely 6 ft, like a large dog). This because it was one of the several dwarf dinosaurs that decreased their size to survive in the islets of the Late Cretaceous Europe. Even though small, the struthiosaur was very well-protected, with a very complex armor reminescent of that of an american nodosaurid; today, scientists classify it in its own nodosaurid subfamily, the [[ScienceMarchesOn Struthiosaurines]]. ''Struthiosaurus'' makes also a striking example of IHaveManyNames: its remains, found in several European places, among them [[{{Dracula}} Transilvania]], were once classified in more than ''six'' genera ("Danubiosaurus" and "Crataeomus" among the others). A recent found among european ankies (2005) is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarosaurus Hungarosaurus]]'' from [[ExactlyWhatItSaysOnTheTin Hungary]]: another inhabitant of the Late Cretaceous islets but bigger than ''Struthiosaurus'', it was the most complete European ankylosaur until the discovery in Spain of the Early Cretaceous ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europelta Europelta]]'' ("european armor"), made in 2013.

'''The First Antarctic Dinosaur:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctopelta Antarctopelta]]''

* The Australian ''Minmi'' was the first ankylosaur ever found in the southern emisphere, in 1980, but was steadily reached by a second animal in 1986: another primitive ankylosaur, this time discovered in Antarctica, maybe related with ''Minmi''. It was the very first dinosaur ever discovered in the Ice Continent, yet has had to expect ''twenty years'' to be named, in year 2006: ''Antarctopelta'' appropriately. Since it's known from a scant remain, no much we can say about it. It's only worthy remembering at dinosaur times Antarctica was not in the South Polar region, but attached to Australia in the Southern Emisphere and totally devoid of the immense ice-cap, so the antarctopelta lived in a non-glacial world like the other mesozoic dinosaurs. ''Antarctopelta'' according to recent research belonged to a small clade named the Parankylosaurians ("almost ankylosaurs") together with the Australian ''Kunbarrasaurus'' (formerly classified as ''Minmi'') and the South-American ''Stegouros'' described in 2021. It lived alongside the "south-polar hypsilophodont" in Late Cretaceous, see UsefulNotes/PrehistoricLifeHadrosaurPredecessors, and possibly had a tail similar to ''Stegouros''.

----

* The most awesome case regarding naming questions comes from Jurassic China: “Jurassosaurus nedegoapeferima”. Found in the early 1990s (when the Franchise/JurassicPark-mania began), the name was proposed by Spielberg himself, but chinese scientist Dong Zhiming (one of the three dino-experts who found the famed young ''Pinacosaurus'' dead together in Mongolia few years before) discarded it, officially naming the animal ''Tianchiasaurus nedegoapeferima'' (other discarded synonyms of it were "Tenchisaurus", "Tianchisaurus", and "Sangonghesaurus"). The long, bizarre species name is formed from the surnames of the film's main stars: Creator/SamNeill, Creator/LauraDern, Creator/JeffGoldblum, Sir Creator/RichardAttenborough, Creator/BobPeck, Creator/MartinFerrero, Creator/ArianaRichards, and Creator/JosephMazzello. And another asian ankylosaur was in 2002 named ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crichtonsaurus Crichtonsaurus]]'' for Creator/MichaelCrichton. Well, ankylosaurs really have some of the most awesome names within the dinosaur world.

Other than the clubbed ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Ankylosaurus]]'' and ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Euoplocephalus/Scolosaurus]]'', frequently-portrayed North American ankylosaurs include the club-less ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Nodosaurus, Sauropelta, Edmontonia]]'', and ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Gastonia]]''. The European ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Polacanthus]]'' and ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Hylaeosaurus]]'' have been common sights as well because of their historical relevance, while ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Pinacosaurus]]'' is the most-often seen Asian ankylosaur. Among kinds found in other continents you might see ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Minmi]]'' from Australia, as well as a mention of the "Antarctic ankylosaur" ''Antarctopelta'' as it was the very first dinosaur found there, though it isn't often named. The animal of the image is the recently-found ''Borealopelta''.

* Also from the same fauna was ''Gargoyleosaurus'' ("Gargoyle lizard"), found in 1998, more closerly related with the polacanthines than ''Mymoorapelta''. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletopelta Aletopelta]]'' and ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarpelta Cedarpelta]]'', both found in the early 2000s, lived in the Cretaceous North America, and are considered primitive ankylosaurids but sharing also resemblances with polacanthines, leading some thinking the latter were closer to club-tailed ankylosaurs than to proper nodosaurs. A striking near-polacanthine nodosaur was described in the same year of ''Gargoyleosaurus'', but comes from Early Cretaceous, the Utahraptor age: ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Gastonia]]''. Still another ankylosaur with the name ending in -a. Indeed this is the dino group with the greatest number of names ending so, giving them a [[AnimalMotifs bizarre “feminine” sound for these bulky “tanks”]]. Found in 1998 as well, ''Gastonia'' was clubless and medium-sized for an ankylosaur, but impressed researchers because of its armor, filled with long spikes pointing to all directions. Some people have hailed it as [[UpToEleven the most armored animal ever existed on Earth]]: in short, a perfect opponent for the neighboring ''Utahraptor''. [[RuleOfCool Indeed]], ''Gastonia'' fights the giant dromeosaurid in the ''Series/JurassicFightClub'', and ends the battle as the victory.

'''Jurassic North-American Tanks:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoyleosaurus Gargoyleosaurus]]'' & ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymoorapelta Mymoorapelta]]''

* In the 1990s, the classic “nodosaurid” / “ankylosaurid” bipartition falled down: many nodosaurids revealed not to be so-closely related with ''Sauropelta'' or ''Edmontonia'' (which, together with their closest relatives, make the Nodosaurines); among them, the “Polacanthines” or "Polacanthids" group was created to include the European ''Polacanthus'' and the North American ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplitosaurus Hoplitosaurus]]'' ("soldier lizard"), known since the start of the XX century from scanty remains. Just in the 1990s new, more complete polacanthines or polacanthine-relatives were found in USA. The first one, following the trend to name ankylosaurs with –pelta, was called ''Mymoorapelta'' in 1993: this one was the first North American ankylosaur from Jurassic, and lived alongside [[StockDinosaurs Stegosaurus Allosaurus Diplodocus]] etc., but today is considered too primitive to be a real polacanthine. Also from the same fauna was ''Gargoyleosaurus'' ("Gargoyle lizard"), found in 1998, more closerly related with the polacanthines than ''Mymoorapelta''. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletopelta Aletopelta]]'' and ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarpelta Cedarpelta]]'', both found in the early 2000s, lived in the Cretaceous North America, and are considered primitive ankylosaurids but sharing also resemblances with polacanthines, leading some thinking the latter were closer to club-tailed ankylosaurs than to proper nodosaurs. A striking near-polacanthine nodosaur was described in the same year of ''Gargoyleosaurus'', but comes from Early Cretaceous, the Utahraptor age: ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Gastonia]]''. Still another ankylosaur with the name ending in -a. Indeed this is the dino group with the greatest number of names ending so, giving them a [[AnimalMotifs bizarre “feminine” sound for these bulky “tanks”]]. Found in 1998 as well, ''Gastonia'' was clubless and medium-sized for an ankylosaur, but impressed researchers because of its armor, filled with long spikes pointing to all directions. Some people have hailed it as [[UpToEleven the most armored animal ever existed on Earth]]: in short, a perfect opponent for the neighboring ''Utahraptor''. [[RuleOfCool Indeed]], ''Gastonia'' fights the giant dromeosaurid in the ''Series/JurassicFightClub'', and ends the battle as the victory.

* Both ''Tarchia'' and ''Saichania'' were found in the 1970s, in the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m). Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name. Interstingly, ''Saichania'' has made it into popular culture thanks to recurring antagonist dinosaur Tank from ''Anime/DinosaurKing'', superseding more well-known stock Ankylosaurs.

* ''Stegouros elengassen'' was found in 2018 in southern Chile. A very small ankylosaur, only about 2.0 m long and 100 kg, ''Stegouros'' was not an ankylosaurid but a much more primitive form, similarly to the Australian ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Minmi]]'': in the past it would have been classified in the "nodosaur" ensemble. ''Stegouros''[='=]most distinctive trait is its tail: very short and with a very different armor than the one of the ankylosaurines. Whereas the latter had the club at the tip of the tail that was fully fused to form one solid mass, ''Stegouros'' had stegosaur-like plates down the full length of its tail (''Stegouros'' just means "roofed tail", while ''Stegosaurus'' means "roofed lizard") that were only partially fused - thus allowing the tail to retain some articulation - with closely-packed pointed plates down each side of the tail. This has been compared to the Aztec ''macuahuitl'', a paddle-shaped wooden war club with obsidian blades embedded in its sides. While ''Stegouros''' tail spikes wouldn't have been nearly as sharp as obsidian blades, they would still be an efficient weapon. Its small size meant that this would have been little protection if a hungry carcharodontosaur or abelisaur found it, though those apex predators of South America probably preferred larger prey since a small dinosaur wouldn't be much of a meal to them.

'''Ankylosaurs from the East:''' ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talarurus Talarurus]]'' and "[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_informally_named_dinosaurs Hanwulosaurus]]"

* Both ''Tarchia'' and ''Saichania'' were found in the 1970s, in the third historical expedition in Mongolia, this time led by Polish scientists. 8.5 m long, ''Tarchia'' is the biggest described Asian ankylosaur, as large as ''Ankylosaurus''; ''Saichania'' too was very large (7 m). Both ankylosaurs have names that can appear funny for some: ''Tarchia'' in Mongolian means “brainy” (its first remain found was a skull with a large braincase) and ''Saichania'' in Mongolian means “beautiful” (a reference to the beauty of its well-preserved skeleton). They were among the last-surviving Asian ankylosaurs, and thanks to their size both should have been hard targets for every predator when adults, even for the mighty ''Tarbosaurus''es (which were slightly smaller, less-powerful cousins of the North American ''Tyrannosaurus''es). Also interesting is ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaurasaurus Minotaurasaurus]]'' (the "[[OurMinotaursAreDifferent minotaur]] dinosaur", found in 2009), similar to ''Tarchia'' & ''Saichania'' but with unusually-long "horns" --- hence its name.

* In the 1990s, the classic “nodosaurid” / “ankylosaurid” bipartition falled down: many nodosaurids revealed not to be so-closely related with ''Sauropelta'' or ''Edmontonia'' (which, together with their closest relatives, make the Nodosaurines); among them, the “Polacanthines” or "Polacanthids" group was created to include the European ''Polacanthus'' and ''Hylaeosaurus'' (the latter could not be one of them however), and the North American ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplitosaurus Hoplitosaurus]]'' ("soldier lizard"), known since the start of the XX century from scanty remains. Some today think polacanthines were a subset of nodosaurids, but others don't agree. Just in the 1990s new, more complete polacanthines or possible polacanthines were found in USA. The first one, following the trend to name ankylosaurs with –pelta, was called ''Mymoorapelta'' in 1993: this one was the first North American ankylosaur from Jurassic, and lived alongside [[StockDinosaurs Stegosaurus Allosaurus Diplodocus]] etc., but today is considered by many too primitive to be a real polacanthine. Also from the same fauna was ''Gargoyleosaurus'' ("Gargoyle lizard"), found in 1998, closely related with the polacanthines. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletopelta Aletopelta]]'' and ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarpelta Cedarpelta]]'', both found in the early 2000s, lived in the Cretaceous North America, and are considered primitive ankylosaurids but sharing also resemblances with polacanthines, leading some thinking the latter were closer to club-tailed ankylosaurs than to proper nodosaurs. The most striking polacanthine, however, was described in the same year of ''Gargoyleosaurus'', but comes from Early Cretaceous, the Utahraptor age: ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Gastonia]]''. Still another ankylosaur with the name ending in -a. Indeed this is the dino group with the greatest number of names ending so, giving them a [[AnimalMotifs bizarre “feminine” sound for these bulky “tanks”]]. Found in 1998 as well, ''Gastonia'' was clubless and medium-sized for an ankylosaur, but impressed researchers because of its armor, filled with long spikes pointing to all directions. Some people have hailed it as [[UpToEleven the most armored animal ever existed on Earth]]: in short, a perfect opponent for the neighboring ''Utahraptor''. [[RuleOfCool Indeed]], ''Gastonia'' fights the giant dromeosaurid in the ''Series/JurassicFightClub'', and ends the battle as the victory.

* In the 1990s, the classic “nodosaurid” / “ankylosaurid” bipartition falled down: many nodosaurids revealed not to be so-closely related with ''Sauropelta'' or ''Edmontonia'' (which, together with their closest relatives, make the Nodosaurines); among them, the “Polacanthines” or "Polacanthids" group was created to include the European ''Polacanthus'' and ''Hylaeosaurus'' (the latter could not be one of them however), and the North American ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplitosaurus Hoplitosaurus]]'' ("soldier lizard"), known since the start of the XX century from scanty remains. Some today think polacanthines were a subset of nodosaurids, but others don't agree. Just in the 1990s new, more complete polacanthines or possible polacanthines were found in USA. The first one, following the trend to name ankylosaurs with –pelta, was called ''Mymoorapelta'' in 1993: this one was the first North American ankylosaur from Jurassic, and lived alongside [[StockDinosaurs Stegosaurus Allosaurus Diplodocus]] etc., but today is considered by many too primitive to be a real polacanthine. Also from the same fauna was the confirmed polacanthine ''Gargoyleosaurus'' ("Gargoyle lizard"), found in 1998. ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletopelta Aletopelta]]'' and ''[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarpelta Cedarpelta]]'', both found in the early 2000s, lived in the Cretaceous North America, and are considered primitive ankylosaurids but sharing also resemblances with polacanthines, leading some thinking the latter were closer to club-tailed ankylosaurs than to proper nodosaurs. The most striking polacanthine, however, was described in the same year of ''Gargoyleosaurus'', but comes from Early Cretaceous, the Utahraptor age: ''[[UsefulNotes/StockDinosaursOrnithischianDinosaurs Gastonia]]''. Still another ankylosaur with the name ending in -a. Indeed this is the dino group with the greatest number of names ending so, giving them a [[AnimalMotifs bizarre “feminine” sound for these bulky “tanks”]]. Found in 1998 as well, ''Gastonia'' was clubless and medium-sized for an ankylosaur, but impressed researchers because of its armor, filled with long spikes pointing to all directions. Some people have hailed it as [[UpToEleven the most armored animal ever existed on Earth]]: in short, a perfect opponent for the neighboring ''Utahraptor''. [[RuleOfCool Indeed]], ''Gastonia'' fights the giant dromeosaurid in the ''Series/JurassicFightClub'', and ends the battle as the victory.