Line #7 UsefulNotes/Iraq


1	[[quoteright:310:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/iraq_map_3921.png]]
2	->"We're going to paradise, gentlemen. The land of sun and sand."\
3	"Daytona Beach?"\
4	"Fallujah Iraq!"
5	-->--''Film/DeltaFarce''.
6
7	Iraq ('''Arabic:''' ''العراق‎ al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''عێراق Êraq''), also known as the '''Republic of Iraq''' ('''Arabic:''' ''جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''كۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq'') is a Western Usefulnotes/{{Asia}}n[=/=][[UsefulNotes/TheMiddleEast Middle Eastern]] country bordering Usefulnotes/{{Iran}}, UsefulNotes/{{Jordan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Kuwait}}, UsefulNotes/SaudiArabia, UsefulNotes/{{Syria}}, and UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}}.
8
9	Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of Western Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in the Middle East where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
10
11	Iraq was the site to the world's oldest known civilization, Sumer, which rose in the 5th millennium BCE. Nobody knows where it came from, or what language family Sumerian was part of. The earliest Sumerian texts date back to the 27th century BCE and before, but most of the surviving literature (including [[Myth/MesopotamianMythology the various myths]]) are dated later. The city of Uruk, capital of the Sumerian civilization during the 4th millennium BCE, is thought to be Iraq's namesake. Sumer gradually intertwined with and was eventually absorbed into the Akkadian Empire, a collection of city-states founded by Sargon of Akkad in the 24th century BCE. The Akkadians spoke a Semitic language (albeit one that was much, much older than the later Semitic languages like Hebrew, Aramaic, or Arabic, and one from a branch that is now extinct) and incorporated many aspects of Sumerian culture to their own, much like how the Romans co-opted the Greeks' culture. Sargon's empire collapsed less than two centuries after it was founded, paving the way for two states to emerge in Mesopotamia: Babylonia in the south and Assyria in the north.
12
13	Babylonia and Assyria were great rivals and traded territories throughout the next millennium and a half, taking turns on dominating the region; the hegemony of the First Assyrian Empire was followed by the First Babylonian Empire, and then the Assyrians again, and so forth. This continued until the 1st millennium BCE. During the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Aramaic, a West Semitic language originally from the Levant, was introduced as the empire's lingua franca. Aramaic subsequently displaced Akkadian as the dominant language of Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent as a whole. The empire was followed by the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the last native Mesopotamian dynasty to rule the region that is famously mentioned in the [[Literature/TheBible Old Testament]] as the instigator of the Babylonian captivity. In 539 BCE, UsefulNotes/CyrusTheGreat in his final successful campaign led the Persians to conquer Babylonia, adding it into UsefulNotes/TheAchaemenidEmpire. Despite being ruled by foreigners thereafter, Mesopotamia retained its importance as a center of politics; although the base of Persian power remained in the Iranian Plateau, the center of Persian political culture from the Achaemenid to the Sassanid era was based in Babylonia (first in Babylon itself before moving to the purpose-built city of Ctesiphon, located midway between Babylon and today's Baghdad).
14
15	In the early 1st millennium CE, Mesopotamia was an important Jewish and Christian center, and was the birthplace of Mandaeism and UsefulNotes/{{Manichaeism}}. The [[Literature/TheTalmud Babylonian Talmud]] was composed during a period of three centuries in Babylonia, while Assyria became one of the last bastions of Nestorian Christianity, an ancient Christian sect that rejected the Council of Ephesus; Erbil today hosts the headquarters of the Assyrian Church of the East, the largest Nestorian congregation in the world.
16
17	In the 7th century, Mesopotamia was conquered by the Arabs, forcing the Persians to retreat to the Iranian Plateau, where they too eventually succumbed several years later. The region was subsequently Arabized and Islamized, but otherwise nothing had changed about the region's importance. The fourth caliph (and first Shia Imam) Ali briefly made the Babylonian city of Kufa his capital, and the region once more became a center of political power after the Abbasid Caliphate overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate in 750, moving the nexus of the Islamic world from Damascus to Baghdad. Baghdad became an education hub, one of the main centers of the Islamic Golden Age, and hosted the "House of Wisdom", a vast collection of scientific works and literature comparable to the ancient Library of Alexandria (indeed, some of the works in Alexandria survived only through Arabic translations collected in the House of Wisdom).
18
19	As the power of the Abbasids receded in the Middle Ages, Mesopotamia was frequently targeted by empires wishing to claim political legitimacy from the Abbasid caliphs. The golden age of Mesopotamia came to an end in the 13th century, when the Mongols invaded. In an infamous bloodbath, the Mongols absolutely went to town on Baghdad, sacking the city and destroying the House of Wisdom in one of the worst cases of vandalism and BookBurning in world history (it was said that the Mongols threw so many books from the House of Wisdom into the Tigris that the ink turned the whole river black). They also massacred the inhabitants, including the Abbasid caliph at the time. Baghdad turned from a shining city into a ghost town literally overnight and [[ShockingDefeatLegacy has never truly managed to reclaim the glory of the Islamic Golden Age since]] (not helping matters was when UsefulNotes/TimurTheLame, the so-called "Sword of Islam", showed up a century later, just as Baghdad was beginning to recover, and [[YankTheDogsChain proceeded to do the same thing all over again]]. Timur also basically destroyed the Church of the East, leaving only the aforementioned Assyrian branch as the remnant of a once-influential church sect).
20
21	In the early 16th century, Mesopotamia was conquered and briefly ruled by [[UsefulNotes/IsmailI Safavid Iran]], who brought their Shia evagelization with them, hence why most of southern Iraq today is a Shia heartland. In 1534, [[UsefulNotes/OttomanEmpire Ottoman Turkey]] wrestled the entire region from Iran. Modern-day Iraq was governed through four eyalets (Baghdad, Basra, Mosul, and Shahrizor), later reduced to three vilayets (Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul). From 1704 to 1831, the eyalets were governed under a semi-autonomous dynasty of the Mamluks, during which time the region enjoyed a brief period of national revival.
22
23	With the end of Ottoman rule after UsefulNotes/WorldWarI, Mesopotamia was captured by the British. Together with the French, they arbitrarily cut their sphere of influence under the so-called [[https://theconversation.com/the-sykes-picot-agreement-and-the-making-of-the-modern-middle-east-58780 Sykes-Picot line]], dividing the Fertile Crescent in two and with it its associated ethnic groups, despite protests by the minorities (a Kurdish revolt in 1919 established a short-lived autonomous Kurdish government in Sulaymaniyah that was unrecognized and ultimately fell in 1944). Originally, the British wanted to turn Mesopotamia into a colony, but nationalist revolts forced them to reconsider the plans. Instead of a direct colony, the British created Mandatory Iraq in 1922, a vassal state ruled by Faisal I of the Hashemite dynasty (brother of Abdullah I, the first king of Jordan), who previously ruled Syria until he was deposed by the French. The discovery of the oilfields in the late 1920s brought increased importance of Iraq among the British, who monopolized the oil industry through the Iraq Petroleum Company. However, Iraqi nationalism hampered the British to rule (it also didn't help that the Hashemite monarchy was seen as a British puppet and never really welcomed), and, in 1930, Iraq obtained a treaty with the UK for full independence two years later.
24
25	Instability prevailed over the new Iraqi state, with no less than six coups occurring during the 1930s. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, a coup in 1941 installed an anti-British government that sought the help of UsefulNotes/NaziGermany, triggering a month-long war that saw the UK occupying Iraq again. It was used as a base to attack the Vichy French-led Syrian colony and Iran, whose government's attempt to declare neutrality did not sit well with the Allies. Nationalist and communist ideas spread over Iraq and much of the Arab world after the war, fueled also by the establishment of UsefulNotes/{{Israel}}. In 1958, the Hashemite monarchy was bloodily deposed during the July Revolution (the king and some members of the royal family were executed), and Iraq officially became a republic.
26
27	The Arab nationalist Ba'ath Party first took power in 1963, but was deposed after a few months. Under Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, they regained their power again after the failure of the [[UsefulNotes/ArabIsraeliConflict Six-Day War]], managing to suppress the Kurdish revolt in 1970. Coupled with the positive direction the economy was taking, the party gained popular legitimacy. After a long party struggle, al-Bakr eventually resigned in 1979, replaced by his cousin UsefulNotes/SaddamHussein.
28
29	A year later, Saddam declared [[UsefulNotes/IranIraqWar an ultimately futile, Western-backed war against the then-new Islamic government in Iran]], citing territorial disputes that Iraq had been claiming since the end of the Ottoman period. Actually, the rest of Saddam's presidency can be characterized by a string of attempted conquests "justified" by territorial disputes, earning him the reputation of a warmonger and distrust by Iraq's neighbors (including even fellow Ba'athist Syria). The third Kurdish uprising of the 1980s led Saddam to launch a pacification campaign that was condemned for its systematic human rights violations (particularly [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfal_genocide in 1988]]). This aggressive internal and foreign policies culminated in 1990, when Iraq conquered Kuwait on the flimsy basis that the Kuwaiti government was encroaching on Iraqi lands. Since Kuwait was (and is) a neutral state, this was seen as the last straw as ''[[EveryoneHasStandards the entire world]]'', including the Soviets who had long backed Iraq, saw this as an unjustified war of aggression. [[UsefulNotes/TheGulfWar A UN coalition led by the United States ejected the invaders]], forcing the Iraqi forces to retreat. Shia Arabs and Kurds, seeing the results of the Gulf War as a sign that the Ba'athists had been weakened, tried to rebel but were put down, causing more than a million of Iraqis to flee the country. Still, the Kurds obtained provisions of a semi-autonomous state, with the creation of the Iraqi UsefulNotes/{{Kurdistan}}. Iraq spent the rest of the 1990s as a pariah state, with most of its allies abandoning it and its enemies (chiefly the US) putting sanctions and declaring the whole country a no-fly zone.
30
31	In 2003, Iraq was invaded by the United States as part of the latter's [[UsefulNotes/TheWarOnTerror War on Terror]], on the alleged basis that it was cooperating with terrorists and hosting Weapons of Mass Destruction. America being on the heels of 9/11 did not have common sense to think otherwise and wouldn't budge despite European opposition. As you probably know, all of these were infamously debunked later, but not before the Americans and their allies deposed the Ba'athists, installing a US-friendly client government that promised democracy and equality for the marginalized minorities at the expense of the Sunni Arabs. The terrorists, who by then were a fringe group in Iraq, [[SelfFulfillingProphecy came to the forefront as a result of this]], taking advantage of the now-disenfranchised Sunni Arabs. Said client government, on the other hand was dominated by the Shia Arabs, bringing Iran's influence to the mix. Cue more than a decade of nightmarish insurgency and sectarian violence that didn't end even after most of US forces left Iraq in 2011.
32
33	While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not a full, free, and secure democracy that the US promised when it invaded the country. Currently, the country is locked in a low-level, intermittent, conflict between the US and Iran, each attempting to assert their influence, mainly through the political process but also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike the occasional assassinations]]. That said, its constitutional order has stood up remarkably well--better than many analysts had predicted (leaving out ones who had an interest in saying it would be awesome because America and those who had an interest in saying it was an awful puppet regime that would never last, also because America). The relative resilience of the Iraqi regime compared to that of the one established in UsefulNotes/{{Afghanistan}} under similar conditions will be fodder for political scientists for years to come; a common (unprovable but compelling) argument is that Iraq's [[UsefulNotes/PoliticalSystemOfGermany German-inspired]] parliamentary system is actually more stable in a deeply divided society than Afghanistan's [[UsefulNotes/AmericanPoliticalSystem American-inspired]] presidential one.[[note]]We should note that in both cases, the Americans encouraged the adoption of a German-style parliamentary republic and explicitly discouraged the adoption of a "Madisonian" presidential system, perhaps recognizing its brittleness. The Iraqis went along with this for a variety of reasons (not least of which that no one man had the support needed to take an executive presidency), but in Afghanistan the Americans had specifically backed Hamid Karzai, who really, ''really'' wanted to be president and not prime minister. He managed to get his countrymen to go along with this, and Afghanistan reaped what Karzai sowed. (For what it's worth, the traditional tribal chiefs of Afghanistan called to serve as a kind of constitutional assembly after the 2002 invasion originally wanted to restore the constitutional monarchy that had been in place before the 1973 coup. When the Americans made it clear--for what proved to be very short-sighted reasons--that this wasn't an option, they reluctantly went with Karzai, and Karzai meant a presidential system.)[[/note]]
34
35	Iraq has long been one of the centers of Arabic-language culture, and Arab identity is fairly heavily ingrained among the Arabic-speaking community (to the point where Iraq was the only country not to border Israel to participate in all three Arab-Israeli Wars (1948, 1967, and 1973)). The joke in Arab high culture is that [[UsefulNotes/ModernEgypt Egypt]] writes, UsefulNotes/{{Lebanon}} publishes, and Iraq reads. Before the War on Terror, Iraq was more closely identified with the ArabianNightsDays trope, whose tone was based on Abbasid-era Baghdad.
36
37	Not to be confused with {{Qurac}}, though it is often portrayed in this manner in media.
38
39	----
40	!!Famous Iraqis:
41	* Creator/ChrisKattan is of Iraqi Jewish descent on his father's side.
42	* Creator/AliaShawkat was born in the US to an Iraqi immigrant father.
43	* Nadia Murad, recipient of the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize for her struggle to end sexual violence as a means of war. A Yazidi, she was a victim of mass rape and genocide conducted by the Islamic State against the Yazidi people during their brutal rule over northern Iraq during the 2010s.
44
45	!!Iraq and its inhabitants in fiction:
46	[[AC:{{Film}}]]
47	* ''ValleyOfTheWolvesIraq'', a Turkish film, which flopped outside of it's home country.
48	* ''Film/TheDevilsDouble'' deals with Uday Hussein's body double.
49	* ''Film/Mosul2020'' takes place in the titular city during the occupation of ISIS. The plot follows the real-life Nineveh Province SWAT Team on a dangerous mission in ISIS-held provinces.
50
51	[[AC:{{Literature}}]]
52	* Many stories of the ''Literature/ArabianNights'' take place in the Abbasid Caliphate and its capital, Baghdad. Harun al-Rashid, for example, was a real historical figure who ruled the caliphate from 786 to 809.
53	* ''Literature/TheExorcist'' opens in northern Iraq, where an archaeological expedition found a statue of the demon Pazuzu (in real life the Mesopotamian god of the wind).
54	* ''Literature/MagnusChaseAndTheGodsOfAsgard'': Samirah "Sam" Al Abbas is raised in a strict Iraqi Muslim household in the Bostonian neighborhood of Dorchester by her grandparents, who took her in after her mother's death. Since her father is Loki, she recounts experiencing ''double'' discrimination in her life, as she is frequently a target of Islamophobia by mundane people, while also being distrusted by the Norse for being the daughter of an evil god. Despite working with the Norse gods, she is a devout Muslim and worships Allah only, considering the polytheistic gods as mere angels.
55
56	[[AC:LiveActionTV]]
57	* See the shows listed in "Iraq War" in the DuringTheWar article.
58	* ''Series/GenerationKill'', which follows a group of [[UsefulNotes/YanksWithTanks US]] [[SemperFi Marines]] during the 2003 invasion and through daily life in post-Saddam Iraq.
59	* ''Series/{{JAG}}'':
60	** In "Scimitar" from 1996 an American Marine parolling the Kuwaiti border accidently crossed the Iraqi border and was captured by the Iraqis.
61	** Iraq is also the setting for several episodes post the 2003 invasion.
62	* Sayid on ''Series/{{Lost}}'' is Iraqi, so a number of his centric episodes take place in Iraq (with Hawaii doubling.)
63	* ''Series/SEALTeam's'' twelfth episode takes place during the battle of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(town) Al-Qaim]] in late 2017 as they try to recover the hard drive from a crashed Air Force drone that has been captured by Islamic State fighters.
64
65	[[AC:{{Religion}} and {{Mythology}}]]
66	* Most of the Myth/MesopotamianMythology naturally take place in Iraq.
67	* Literature/TheBible:
68	** Abraham's home country of Shinar is suggested to be the Hebrew rendering of the Sumerian civilization.
69	** Since Mesopotamian states were responsible for the end of the First Temple period, they figured a lot in books focusing on the event. The Neo-Assyrian Empire, under Shalmaneser V, conquered Israel and scattered the people living in it, creating the ten Lost Tribes of Israel. Later, the Neo-Babylonian Empire, under Nebuchadnezzar II, conquered Judah and started the Babylonian captivity by deporting the inhabitants of Judah to Babylonia.
70	* Myth/ArabMythology
71
72	[[AC:WebOriginal]]
73	* Oran, one of the heroes (well, {{Anti Hero}}es) of ''WebAnimation/BrokenSaints'', hails from Baghdad. Interestingly enough, unlike most other instances, Oran was introduced well ''before'' the second Gulf War, and was actually written in response to the Western interference in the Middle-East during the 90s. And unlike with most other instances, it is his deep religiosity which causes him ''to have doubts'' about his [[YourTerroristsAreOurFreedomFighters violent actions]].
74
75	[[AC:WesternAnimation]]
76	* While not set in Iraq ''exactly'', Agrabah from ''WesternAnimation/{{Aladdin}}'' is heavily inspired by Baghdad, being an adaptation of an Arabian Nights story (in fact, the name is a portmanteau of Agra, a city in North India, and Baghdad).
77	* Former President Saddam Hussein is {{Satan}}'s homosexual lover in ''WesternAnimation/SouthPark'', [[spoiler: as well as TheManBehindTheMan in [[WesternAnimation/SouthParkBiggerLongerAndUncut the movie]]]]. He is drawn - and acts - like most Canadians in the series: very crudely drawn and with a quite high-pitched voice. Interestingly, unlike many Canadians, he is not flatulent.
78	--> '''Saddam:''' Ayy, relax, guy! [[BlatantLies I'm just the average Joe, y'know!]]
79	* ''WesternAnimation/TheThiefAndTheCobbler'' is set in Baghdad, at least in one incarnation of the movie.
80
81	[[AC:VideoGames]]
82	* ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedMirage'', a SpinOff of ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedValhalla'' with the latter's supporting character Basim as protagonist, is set in 9th century Abbasid Baghdad.
83	* ''VideoGame/CallOfDutyAdvancedWarfare'': Several levels takes place in a futuristic ''New'' Baghdad that unlike most depictions, is now a redeveloped technological paradise, thanks to the [[NGOSuperpower ATLAS Corporation]]. CEO [[Creator/KevinSpacey Johnathan Irons]] even gloats about how his company has rebuilt the city from the ground-up in contrast to how the US Government of the past left it destroyed and broken in the opening monologue of the mission "Utopia"
84	--> '''Irons:''' "While our leaders left this place to its fate, I took this as an opportunity to seize our destiny. Fifty years of rot and we rebuilt it in ''five''. Now, New Baghdad is more than just a thriving city, it's a symbol of what's to come."
85	* ''VideoGame/CommandAndConquerGenerals'': The opening mission for the USA takes place in Baghdad. In a clear reference to Operation Desert Storm, a battalion of American tanks with heavy air support blasts its way through a line of GLA tanks with no casualties.
86	* The third instalment of the ''VideoGame/TheDarkPicturesAnthology: VideoGame/HouseOfAshes'' takes place in the Zagros Mountains region of Iraq during the final days of the 2003-US invasion. A group of US Force Recon Marines led by several CIA agents hope to recover evidence of [=WMDs=] possibly hidden below a remote village. Instead, they find something down there that is [[SealedEvilInACan way]], ''[[OurVampiresAreDifferent way]]'' worse than anything they could have ever imagined.
87	* The online game ''KumaWar'' follows events from the period in a rather literal case of a RealLifeWritesThePlot storyline.
88	* ''VideoGame/{{Overwatch}}'' has the Oasis map, which is set in Iraq. While many works written during UsefulNotes/TheWarOnTerror depict Iraq as a war-torn zone, the game goes for the opposite, depicting it as an [[SceneryPorn architect's dream]] and a center of scientific advancement.
89	* Shows up as a setting for numerous levels in ''VideoGame/ProjectReality'', in the post-Saddam phase.
90	* The pseudo-SurvivalHorror game ''VideoGame/SixDaysInFallujah'' is set during the Second Battle of Fallujah, a city in Iraq.
91	* ''VideoGame/SplinterCellConviction'' has a flashback mission set in Diwaniya during the Gulf War, where you play as [[spoiler:Victor Coste, and are rescuing your friend, Sam Fisher, who was captured in an ambush]]. ''Blacklist'' has another mission in Iraq, this time set in Mirawa near the border with Iran, where you are tasked with infiltrating an Engineer camp to gather intel.
92	----
93	[[AC:The Iraqi flag]]
94	[[quoteright:200:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/flag_of_iraq.png]]
95	->The flag employs the red, white, black, and green Pan-Arab colors. At the center is "Allahu Akbar" ("God is Great").
96	----
97	[[AC:Coat of arms of Iraq]]
98	[[quoteright:200:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/coat_of_arms_of_iraq.png]]
99	The coat of arms is a golden eagle bearing a shield with the national flag.
100	----
101	[[AC:The Iraqi national anthem]]
102	->وطني موطني
103	->الجلالُ والجمالُ والسناءُ والبهاءُ
104	->في رُباكْ في رُباكْ
105	->والحياةُ والنجاةُ والهناءُ والرجاءُ
106	->في هواك في هواك
107	->هل أراكْ هل أراكْ
108	->سالماً منعَّما وغانماً مكرَّما
109	->سالماً منعَّما وغانماً مكرَّما
110	->هل أراكْ في علاكْ
111	->تبلغ السِّماكْ؟ تبلغ السِّماكْ
112	->موطني موطني
113
114	->موطني موطني
115	->الشبابُ لن يكلَّ همُّه أن تستقـلَّ
116	->أو يبيدْ أو يبيدْ
117	->نستقي من الـردى ولن نكون للعدى
118	->كالعبيد كالعبيد
119	->لا نريدْ لا نريدْ
120	->ذلنا المؤبدا وعيشَنا المنكَّدا
121	->ذلنا المؤبدا وعيشَنا المنكَّدا
122	->لا نريدْ بل نُعيدْ
123	->مجدَنا التليدْ مجدَنا التليدْ
124	->موطني موطني
125
126	->موطني موطني
127	->الحسامُ واليَراعُ لا الكلامُ والنزاعُ
128	->رمزُنا رمزُنا
129	->مجدُنا وعهدُنا وواجبٌ من الوَفا
130	->يهزّنا يهزّنا
131	->عزُّنا عزُّنا
132	->غايةٌ تُشرِّفُ و رايةٌ تُرفرفُ
133	->غايةٌ تُشرِّفُ و رايةٌ تُرفرفُ
134	->يا هَناكْ في عُلاكْ
135	->قاهراً عِداكْ قاهراً عِداكْ
136	->موطني موطني
137	[[note]]
138	->Mawṭinī mawṭinī
139	->al-Jalālu wa-l-jamālu wa-s-sanāʾu wa-l-bahāʾu
140	->Fī rubāk fī rubāk
141	->Wa-l-ḥayātu wa-n-najātu wal-hanāʾu wa-r-rajāʾu
142	->Fī hawāk fī hawāk
143	->Hal ʾarāk hal ʾarāk
144	->Sāliman munaʿʿaman wa-ġāniman mukarraman
145	->Sāliman munaʿʿaman wa-ġāniman mukarraman
146	->Hal ʾarāk fī ʿulāk
147	->Tabluġu s-simāk tabluġu s-simāk
148	->Mawṭinī mawṭinī
149
150	->Mawṭinī mawṭinī
151	->As-sabābu lan yakilla hammuhu ʾan tastaqilla
152	->ʾAw yabīd, ʾaw yabīd
153	->Nastaqī mina r-radā wa-lan nakūna li-l-ʿidāʾ
154	->Kā-l-ʿabīd, kā-l-ʿabīd
155	->Lā nurīd lā nurīd
156	->Ḏullanā l-muʾabbada wa ʿaysanā l-munakkadā
157	->Ḏullanā l-muʾabbada wa ʿaysanā l-munakkadā
158	->Lā nurīd bal nuʿīd
159	->Majdanā t-talīd majdanā t-talīd
160	->Mawṭinī mawṭinī
161
162	->Mawṭinī mawṭinī
163	->Al-ḥusāmu wa-l-yarāʿu lā l-kalāmu wa-n-nizāʿu
164	->Ramzunā ramzunā
165	->Majdunā wa ʿahdunā wa-wājibun mina l-wafāʾ
166	->Yahuzzunā yahuzzunā
167	->ʿIzzunā ʿizzunā
168	->Ġāyatun tušarrifu wa rāyatun turafrifu
169	->Ġāyatun tušarrifu wa rāyatun turafrifu
170	->Yā hanāk fī ʿulāk
171	->Qāhiran ʿidāk qāhirān ʿidāk
172	->Mawṭinī mawṭinī
173	[[/note]]
174
175	--
176	->My homeland, my homeland,
177	->Glory and beauty, sublimity and splendor
178	->Are in your hills, are in your hills.
179	->Life and deliverance, pleasure and hope
180	->Are in your air, are in your air.
181	->Will I see you, will I see you?
182	->Safely comforted and victoriously honoured.
183	->Safely comforted and victoriously honoured.
184	->Will I see you in your eminence?
185	->Reaching to the stars, reaching to the stars
186	->My homeland, my homeland.
187
188	->My homeland, my homeland,
189	->The youth will not tire
190	->Their goal is your independence
191	->Or they die, or they die.
192	->We will drink from death, and will not be to our enemies
193	->Like slaves, like slaves.
194	->We do not want, we do not want
195	->An eternal humiliation, nor a miserable life.
196	->An eternal humiliation, nor a miserable life.
197	->We do not want, but we will bring back
198	->Our storied glory, our storied glory.
199	->My homeland, my homeland.
200
201	->My homeland, my homeland,
202	->The sword and the pen, not the talk nor the quarrel
203	->Are our symbols, are our symbols.
204	->Our glory and our covenant, and a faithful duty
205	->Moves us, moves us.
206	->Our glory, our glory,
207	->Is an honourable cause, and a waving flag.
208	->Is an honourable cause, and a waving flag.
209	->O, behold you, in your eminence,
210	->Victorious over your enemies, victorious over your enemies.
211	->My homeland, my homeland!
212	----
213	[[AC:Government]]
214	* Federal parliamentary constitutional republic
215	** President: Abdul Latif Rashid
216	** Prime Minister: Mohammed Shia al-Sudani
217	** Speaker: Mohsen al-Mandalawi ''(interim)''
218	** Chief Justice: Jassim Mohammed Abboud Hammadi
219	----
220	[[AC:Miscellaneous]]
221	* '''Capital and largest city:''' Baghdad
222	* '''Population:''' 38,433,600
223	* '''Area:''' 438,317 km
224	(169,235 sq mi) (58th)
225	* '''Currency''': Iraqi dinar (د.ع‎) (IQD)
226	* '''ISO-3166-1 Code:''' IQ
227	* '''Country calling code:''' 964
228	* '''Highest point:''' Cheekha Dar (3611 m/11,847 ft) (48th)

Context UsefulNotes / Iraq