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This is usually a feature of a Big Labyrinthine Building or Building of Adventure with Oh Look, More Rooms!, yes, but I’m talking about the specific case of such a building containing different simulated biomes or environment.
I've seen this used in Metroid Fusion and Metroid: Other M. The closest tropes I've found are Patchwork Map (which isn't specific to either indoor or artificially maintained biomes) and Planet Spaceship (which is just a spaceship the size of a planet and doesn't necessarily have anything to do with having many different biomes as you described).
Edited by FerrousFaucetAn example which really needs a trope like this is The Crystal Maze, with its four zones (Aztec, Futuristic, Medieval, Industrial), and this was lampshaded by presenter Ed Tudor-Pole who said things like "by a process of trignification, we shall travel from the fifteenth century to the twenty-fourth century".

I don’t know if this has ever had a trope page, but it’s a setting element that’s fascinated me since childhood, so here goes nothing:
A building that contains multiple “environments” (such as a jungle, a city street and a beach) all replicated as if one was really there. Each room is usually big and detailed enough that people inside can feel like they’re really there, but they can also walk on to the next environment easily, often with jarring transitions like “walking from the desert to the Arctic in minutes”.
I’m thinking of cases where the environments are physically replicated as with a greenhouse or museum exhibit, not virtually like in-universe virtual reality or a holodeck. Something like the areas in the Sound Museum towards the end of the The Magic School Bus episode “In the Haunted House” (a jungle, a city, a beach, and the snowy mountains), or how Biosphere 2 had modules that replicated a desert, marsh, rainforest, and ocean.
Edited by KaiYves