The Ural river, which originates in Russia’s Ural Mountains and flows through modern-day Russia and Kazakhstan into the Caspian Sea, has been a life giver for centuries. It provided water to the medieval Silk Road city of Saray Maly and now is the primary water source for the 4.2 million people that live on its banks. However, the third longest river in Europe has been gradually depleting for decades due to a combination of harmful water management policies, local dependence on the river, industrial pollution and climate change.

Soviet and post-Soviet conservation efforts

The significance of the Ural basin to the Eurasian region’s vitality has been recognised for a long time. During the Soviet period, numerous measures were taken to protect the Ural river. Part of the Ural river from Barbastau to the Nord Caspian Sea had protected status; and in 1972 the USSR reduced water withdrawal for industrial needs in an attempt to reduce pollution. A few years later, in 1977, a permanent inter-republic committee was established which was dedicated to the conservation and appropriate use of natural resources in the Ural basin. Following the fall of the USSR, these issues were governed by two agreements between Kazakhstan and Russia reached in 1992 and 2010, and a Russian-Kazakh Committee for Appropriate Use and Conservation of the Ural Basin.

In more recent years, an agreement was signed on the preservation of the transboundary ecosystem between Russia and Kazakhstan in October 2016, providing for joint actions to improve the river’s ecosystem. This was followed by a Russian-Kazakh commission meeting for the first time in November 2018 to discuss the river, recognising the national and subregional importance of the basin. In July 2019 a Russian-Kazakh meeting of officials and environmentalists concluded by recommending the creation of a bilateral body to address ecological issues associated with the river. On October 28, 2020 the second meeting of the Russian-Kazakh Commission for the Preservation of the Ural Transboundary River System took place.

The number and pace of these meetings is not enough to address the urgency of the ongoing environmental crisis in the Ural river. In his correspondence with The Third Pole, Aleksandr Chibilyov, one of the foremost experts on the geography of the Ural region – highlighted his report of the October 2019 meeting, which mentions the lack of recognition by speakers when presented with joint institutional and economic conservation mechanisms recommendations. These were a result of a scientific seminar held in Uralsk in July 2019, which highlighted the opportunities for the 2021-2024 programme of Russian-Kazakh cooperation on the conservation of the Ural ecosystem.

A perfect storm

In the 1990s, scientists were already calculating that the sturgeon population – which has been around for 250 million years – had declined catastrophically. The situation has only deteriorated since then – in a 2017 special report on the Ural Basin, a Kazakh-Russian group of scientists attested to up to 20 billion tons of industrial waste in the Ural basin (these include the Ural’s tributaries, of which Sakmara is the largest, providing 80% of the Ural’s water after the construction of the Iriklinsky reservoir). Such statistics explain the death of 110 tons of fish in December 2018 at Atyrau, Kazakhstan’s largest oil-producing region. The oil industry along with hydroelectricity complexes built to provide energy for Russia’s industrial sector in the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regions has had significant effects on the Ural.

The case of the depletion of sturgeon is particularly emblematic of the consequences of inadequate freshwater management. The research of Viktor Lagutov, an ecologist, environmental consultant, and founder of the Ural Basin project, highlights the importance of transboundary cooperation and integrated water management to prevent further deterioration. The economic, social and environmental components of sustainable developments are embodied in his research, and in the Ural basin project’s proposal for an international Ural sturgeon park. In an interview with The Third Pole, Lagutov underlined the vital importance of such a park, stating that there “are no alternatives” and further stated, “governance in Russia and Kazakhstan is clearly inadequate for sustainable development and the restoration of the Ural”, highlighting mismanagement, corruption and ignorance, as well as the ineffectiveness of the UN’s Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD).

The Ural basin currently has 13 large scale water reservoirs, each of which has a capacity of at least 10 million cubic metres. The construction of such reservoirs began during the Soviet period with the parallel construction of hydroelectric power stations. But today, many of the reservoirs built in the higher and middle parts of the basin are used inefficiently. Furthermore, the plethora of dams and hydroelectric stations has all but stopped river flow, causing the channel bed to overgrow with reeds and algae. In response to The Third Pole’s questions, Alexander Chibilyov pointed towards his comments that water usage and the need to fill reservoirs remain in spite of the natural cycles of high and low water years. That the water level of the Ural river is depleting is no surprise considering that half its tributaries’ water no longer reaches it.

The combination of these factors poses serious and immediate risks to the region’s inhabitants and beyond. In early autumn 2019, citizens of Uralsk in West Kazakhstan were left without drinking water, the water having become so shallow that water pumps no longer worked, necessitating dredging as a temporary solution to the problem. In his interview with The Third Pole, Lagutov argued that “only the threat of losing the river as a drinking source can somehow force people into searching for a solution”.

Understanding the urgency

Recent joint efforts by Russia and Kazakhstan show that the gravity of the ecological crisis in the Ural basin has been realised, but as of yet, no substantial action has been taken to address the pressing issues. The Ural and its tributaries are carriers of unique biological and landscape diversity, not to mention vital sources of water supply. Climate change is having a particularly strong effect on Kazakhstan, with temperatures already increasing by 1.37 degrees Celsius over the last 100 years and increasing desertification. Concrete action, such as awarding at least parts of the river special status, needs to be taken to reverse the already considerable ecological destruction that has been wrought on the basin, and to mitigate future damage for this endangered river.

The Russian lower house of Parliament, the Duma, on Wednesday ratified a new START nuclear treaty with the US.

The United States and Russia had "agreed in principle" to extend the arms treaty by five years following a phone call between US President Joe Biden and Russian President Vladimir Putin Tuesday.

A Kremlin description of the call between the two leaders said they had both "expressed satisfaction" that diplomatic notes had been exchanged earlier Tuesday confirming that the treaty would be extended,

The extension doesn't require approval from lawmakers in the US.

Deadline approaching

The White House press secretary Jen Psaki said the two leaders agreed to have their teams "work urgently" to iron out the details of the extension before the treaty's expiration date, February 5.

*insert cutesy minimalist diagram on the US nuclear weapon modernisation program here*◊

The New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), was signed in 2010 by former US President Barack Obama and his Russian counterpart at the time, Dmitry Medvedev.

The treaty limits each party to 700 deployed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) or deployed submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), 1,550 nuclear warheads on deployed ICBMs and SLBMs, and 800 deployed and non-deployed ICBM launchers.

It also envisions a rigorous inspection regime to verify compliance.

The last nuclear arms control agreement

Biden had indicated during his presidential campaign that he favored extending the treaty, and Russia has long proposed its extension without any conditions or changes.

However, negotiations to extend the treaty were stalled by the administration of former US President Donald Trump, which insisted on tougher inspections for Russia and for China to be included, which Beijing refused.

During Trump's term, the US withdrew from a separate nuclear weapons control agreement with Russia, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty, making New START the last remaining nuclear weapons control treaty between Russia and the US.

Russia said it found the world’s first cases of H5N8 avian influenza in humans though the virus isn’t yet spreading between people.

Authorities have sent information on the seven cases detected in workers at a poultry farm in southern Russia to the World Health Organization, Anna Popova, the country’s public-health chief, said in televised comments on Saturday.

“It is not transmitted from person to person. But only time will tell how soon future mutations will allow it to overcome this barrier,” she said. The discovery of this strain now “gives us all, the whole world, time to prepare for possible mutations and the possibility to react in a timely way and develop test systems and vaccines.”

The affected workers at the poultry farm, where an outbreak among birds was reported in December, had mild cases and have recovered, Popova said.

According to the WHO website, “Though human infections with A(H5) viruses are rare and generally occur in individuals exposed to sick or dead infected birds (or their environments), they can lead to severe illness or death in humans.” Six of 14 cases of H5N6 avian flu in humans reported since 2014 were fatal, the WHO said in a post dated Nov. 2016.