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People sometimes make the mistake of assuming that the Bolsheviks overthrew the Tsar. Not the case. There were in fact two steps in the process and two Russian Revolutions. If you count 1905 as one, there are three.

The three revolutions were:

  • The Revolution of 1905: Covered here.
  • The February Revolution: The overthrow of the Tsar. Covered in Red October.
  • The October Revolution: Covered in Red October, a name sometimes given to it. The communist takeover and subsequent Civil War.

Due to the fact that the Russians were still using the Julian calendar at the time, these revolutions took place for the rest of the world in March and November. We will use the Julian dates, with Gregorian ones given where appropriate.

1905

The first revolution, or the thing before it, depending on your POV.

Not much Surf, but plenty of former Serfs: Pre-1905 Russia

In 1905, Russia was the world's largest country in terms of territory, even larger than what Soviet Russia would end up being. It controlled Finland and large parts of modern-day Poland, in additional to the territory of post-World War II USSR.

It was a pretty ethnically diverse place too, with quite a lot of Rossiyane (Russian citizens) not being Russkie (ethnic Russians). Russia was engaged in Russification, banning the use of the local languages and the Latin scripts at times, especially in Lithuania.

Economically, 82% (according to the 1887 census) of Rossiyane were peasants. They were mostly illiterate and uneducated. The upper classes (12.5%) thought the peasants were a threat to Russia.

Imperial Russia was a militaristic-bureaucratic absolute monarchy. There was no parliament, no elections, and no political parties allowed.

Under Alexander II, whose reign had started in 1855, there had been somewhat of a relaxation of repression. The serfs had been emancipated, there were fewer restrictions on expression and elected rural councils, and the death penalty was also abolished. However, like Gorbachev later, this glasnost — yes, the term was used then too — was (arguably) not done out of compassion, but to somewhat reduce opposition to the regime. The autocracy stayed, the rural councils were dominated by the landowners, and the serfs could not afford to leave their farms in most cases.

With moderate opposition still not permissible, radicals resorted to terrorism. One group proceeded to blow up Alexander II in 1881 and that put an end to glasnost.

Under the reign of his son, the (understandably) embittered Alexander III, and later Nicholas II ("Nicky"), the repression increased, with the Okhranka (the Secret Police) gaining more power. Jews in particular suffered, with an increase in pogroms, antisemitic riots which appear to have been locally rather than centrally organized, as shown on such works as Fiddler on the Roof. And as if that's not enough, in an attempt to further distract angry citizens from the government's downward spiral, the Okhrana was said to have penned one of the 20th century's most infamous literary hoaxes: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which presented the image of a Jewish Evil Plan to Take Over the World.

This repression had the opposite effect. The resistance just got more organized.

There ain't no party like a revolutionary party

A number of political parties had been set up, despite this being illegal. They fell into four groups:

  • The Populists: Also called "Narodniks" or "Narodists" (from the Russian narod, "people"). They tried to incite the peasants into revolution. When this didn't work, some of them turned to terrorism. One group, "The People's Will", were responsible for assassinating Alexander II.
  • The Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs): Grew out of the previous lot and largely replaced them. They advocated a non-Marxist form of agrarian socialism (sometimes termed "Neo-Narodism") centered on the traditional Russian village commune, arguing that Russia's unique path of history meant that Marxist socialism wouldn't work in Russia. At first mostly just young intellectuals (and, ironically, urban-dwellers despite their ideology), they managed to make inroads in the countryside (mostly among the "rural intelligentsia" of country teachers, lawyers, and doctors, but there were some peasants too) by 1905. Split between moderates and terrorists; the latter dominated, and assassinated about 2,000 people for political reasons.
  • The Social Democrats: Marxists. At first mostly just young intellectuals, they had managed to integrate themselves somewhat into Russia's nascent labor movement by 1905. Would split into two groups in 1903, the Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. More on that later.
  • The Liberals: The two major parties after 1905 were both broadly liberal, but still quite different:
    • The Octobrists: So called because they supported the October Manifesto. These were right-liberals/conservative liberals. Generally drawn from the more liberal-minded members of the high nobility and business elite, they wanted a stable and rational constitutional monarchy but didn't much care about democracy. Their basic model was something like Imperial Germany.
    • The Constitutional Democrats: Better known as the Kadets (from their initials in Russian "KD"). Left-liberals, these were generally drawn from the intelligentsia and professional classes—lawyers, doctors, academics, middle-managers and so on. They wanted full democracy based on universal (manhood) suffrage in Russia; their model was explicitly the British Political System of King (well, Tsar), Lords, and Commons, with all real power flowing from the Commons. Interestingly, they tended to have further left views on economics from most Western liberals of their day, and were willing to work with the SRs, Social Democrats, and other leftists on redistributive economics and a welfare state (though they still fundamentally disagreed with the leftists on the need to overthrow capitalism).
  • The Anarchists, though not a political party as they opposed electoralism on principle, were also highly influential, mainly in peasant quarters where they were close to the Populists, but the rising industrial sphere as well.

Alexander III (1881-1894) managed to either stabilize or improve the situation in many respects, both in the economic (support of domestic industry, Siberian railway construction begun) and military (unification and upgrades) spheres, so by the end of his rule internal conflicts somewhat cooled down (not that his customs policy pleased everyone, but it worked). Then he died and Nicholas II came to the throne. According to his diaries, Nicholas didn't really feel up to the task. He was a bit insecure, mistook his stubborness for resolve and he had been raised to believe that the autocracy was the best method of government (having trained as a soldier, he didn't have a lot of skill or experience as a statesman, which is why he was enthusiastic about the last part). Oh, and his father had insisted on not preparing him for the job until he turned 30... and Nicholas wouldn't reach that age until four years after Alexander's death. Oops.

The Great Games: Russian Foreign Policy

In 1890, the new Kaiser of Germany, William II sank the career of Bismarck by sacking him. Bismarck would predict later on that the next war in Europe would start over the Balkans. He was very much right.

This meant Germany became increasingly assertive and teamed up with Austria-Hungary. With the Ottoman Empire in trouble, Austria-Hungary could increase its influence in the Balkans. This concerned Russia for two reasons. One, the area was populated by Slavs, the ethnic group that Russians belong to who traditionally looked up to the Tsar as their protector. Two, the Dardanelles was a vital link from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean.

Russia was also involved in a contest of influence with Britain in Central Asia; the "Great Game", as Rudyard Kipling called it, a precursor to the later, much more well known Cold War. This would be resolved as Germany grew more powerful and certain events occured in 1904-5.

Russia wanted to expand into The Far East to compensate for its declining European influence. It also needed a Pacific port that was ice-free all year round — Vladivostok was summer-only.

  • The Russian Navy used to winter in Nagasaki until Russian-Japanese relations deteriorated under Nicholas II.
  • Under Alexander III, while some European powers weren't too happy about tariff wars, relations with Japan improved. Soon after his death mutual "most favoured nation" treatment was agreed to in an 1895 treaty, but this trend was reversed later.

It had the perfect place. The port today is called Lüshunkou and was known to the Chinese at that time as Lüshun. The British, the other Western powers and Russia called it Port Arthur, after a guy who had arrived there during the Second Opium War.

In 1897, the Russian Navy arrived, the Chinese lent them the place and they started to fortify it. The Japanese weren't too happy about that. They concluded an alliance with the British that if either Japan or Britain was attacked by at least 2 nations, the other ally would join the war and come to its aid. Practically speaking it meant that if anyone joined the Russians in an attack on the Japanese, the British Empire would then join on the side of Japan.

It's noteworthy that Nicholas II probably also had an abiding grudge against the Japanese, owing to the Otsu scandal, an unpleasant incident that occurred when he visited the country as Tsarevich. While travelling to Kyoto, Nicholas was attacked by one of his Japanese bodyguards, who struck at him with a saber. Nicholas suffered a permanent scar on his forehead and probably would have been killed if his cousin hadn't intervened. The Japanese apologized profusely to Nicholas, sending more than 10,000 telegrams wishing him a speedy recovery, even as the Emperor publicly expressed his sorrow and one woman even committed jigai, slitting her throat as an act of contrition. Despite all this, Nicholas cut his trip short and returned home. It was a sign of things to come in...

The Russo-Japanese War, or Lesson One in Far Eastern Politics — Don't Underestimate the Japanese

In order to distract the opposition to the government in St. Petersburg and Moscow, Russia decided to provoke a "short, victorious war" against Japan by rejecting Japanese proposals to resolve the Korea issue. The Russian Minister of War had used this phrase in his proposal, hoping it would help to "stave off revolution" at home. After all, Japan was just a semi-feudal country populated by "little yellow monkeys" (as Tsar Nick called them), right?

Wrong. The Meiji Restoration had increased Japan's military power considerably, making them much stronger than Russia with modern weapons and vehicles, manned by troops and crews trained by Germans for land combat and Britons for naval. The Russians did very badly with disastrous incompetence. The Baltic Fleet spent 8 months sailing 18,000 miles/28,000 km to the Pacific (almost starting a war with Britain en route in the "Dogger Bank Incident", in which the Russians mistook British trawlers for Japanese torpedo boats, opened fire, and killed 3 fishermen), arrived at Tsushima in May 1905... and was pretty much defeated within an hour and all but completely wiped out within the day.

  • Supposedly, this possibility was considered after the China-Japan war, both against the opinion of Great Prince Alexei Alexandrovich who thought Japan was a crucial ally (against Great Britain) and despite the notion of Chief of the General Staff N.Obruchev that such war would be logistically impracticable.
  • To the present day, the word Tsushima is used in Russian as a synonym of total disaster.

The Russians entered peace negotiations, and had to leave Manchuria. In 1910, Japan would take Korea.

This was a national humiliation, and made Europe take notice; it was the first defeat of a (semi-)European power by an Asian one in modern times. Though the most bitter irony of it all was that Russia admitted defeat in a war that it was actually winning — while suffering from several serious tactical defeats like Mukden and Tsushima, the strategic Russian position was virtually unassailable. The Siberian Railroad allowed it to supply its army by land, beyond the threat of the Japanese Navy, Port Arthur could be held almost indefinitely, and Vladivostok was widely considered so impregnable that it was never actually attacked — the only action there was one token shelling that killed a couple of cows.

In Japan, on the other hand, the situation was so dire that the kids and the geezers began to be drafted, the food reserves were running at historical lows, the government debt skyrocketed and the country was actually on the brink of collapse. However, the indecisiveness of the generals, the defeatism of the press (it was controlled by liberal intelligentsia that in Russia had a history of vitriolic hatred to any government) and general remoteness of the action meant that the war had begun to be perceived as lost in Russia.

In short, Russia simply gave up the fight — and the man who surrendered Port Arthur was later court-martialed for treason, but acquitted for political reasons. The peace talks were also dominated by Russians so much, that one of the Japanese envoys famously wondered who actually won there. However, the war did much to bring the population's trust in the government to a historic low.

Other events were already in motion...

Pulling the trigger on the revolution — and the crowd

There were a series of large-scale strikes going on in St. Petersburg, leading to a lack of electricity and newspapers.

On 9 January, a peaceful protest, led by an Orthodox priest (and Okhranka double agent) named Gapon, marched on the Winter Palace. Cavalry opened fire, there were stampedes and hundreds of people died. Nicholas II was out of the city, but it permanently damaged his reputation. Strikes, riots and terrorism broke out all over Russia.

There was a mutiny on The Battleship Potemkin, where the officers were murdered and the crew sailed the ship to Romania. The famous "Odessa Steps" sequence shown in the famous movie of the same name commissioned by the USSR in 1925 (celebrating its 20th anniversary) did not actually happen.

In Moscow and St. Petersburg, workers soviets (the word "soviet" literally means council in Russian) were set up.

The government bought off the liberals with the October Manifesto - which granted some democratic concessions, including the establishmennt of an elected legislature (the Duma) - and the peasants via cancelling mortage repayments (redemption fees) which had caused them problems, which distracted everyone long enough to send in the army to destroy the soviets.

If the opponents of the Tsar thought the autocracy was weakened by these concessions, they were in for a disappointment. Almost immediately after the October Manifesto was promulgated, the Tsar passed the Fundamental Laws - which basically eliminated the legislative powers of the Duma by giving the Tsar and his cronies on the State Council a veto - and negotiated a substantial loan from the French that secured the regime financially. So, some changes had been made, but not enough yet to threaten Tsar Nick's supreme position too badly.

The revolutionaries... were pretty much nowhere to be found. Only Trotsky played a noticeable role in the whole thing.

1905-1917

Rather "Felonious" Monk, and his possible toadies

Whether or not he was Russia's greatest love machine is a subject for historical speculation, as is his precise role in the whole revolution. He certainly played a role though, albeit inadvertently. From historical records, however, it seems he at least has a serious case for the title of "greatest love machine". Grigori Rasputin's force of will and unique personality seemed to endear himself to many a noble lady who should have known better, and his willingness to blend sex and Christianity may have been enough to convince his would-be lovers that it was God's will.

  • There's still controversy about how much is truth and how much rumors in regards to Rasputin's sexual adventures, ranging from "nothing" to "all and more" with authors mostly biased toward one or other version depending on attitudes to Orthodox Christianity and Radicals.

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were apparently rather a frisky couple, having 9 kids, a lot even by Victorian standards. These were married off among the royal houses of Europe and produced 40 grandchildren. The most important of these for this event was Alexandra Fyodorovna Romanova, consort of Nicholas II. She was German, which would be relevant later, but there was something else that would be relevant.

Victoria and her daughter Alice (Alexandra's mother) were carriers of Haemophilia B. While that genetic disease only manifests itself in men, men can only inherit it from their carrier mothers (although some cases are spontaneous mutations - Victoria likely was one of these). By Victoria's time it was known that the daughters of haemophiliac men will always be carriers, and every daughter of a female carrier has a 50% chance of being a carrier herself. It was therefore known at the time that Alexandra could be a carrier, and if this had been an arranged marriage - well, it wouldn't have been arranged at all. But Nicholas and Alexandra chose each other and married for love, and loved each other deeply and truly from the first day they met to the very end.

And yes, Alexandra did turn out to be a carrier, as did one of her daughtersnote , and her son Alexei Nikolaevich suffered from the disease. Enter the faith healer who would help him: Grigory Rasputin. The common way to treat haemophilia of the time was aspirin, which as a potent blood thinner was one of the worst things to give to a hemophiliac. Rasputin may have advised against its use, so Alexei got visibly better.

Although it's vanishingly unlikely that Rasputin and Alexandra ever had a sexual relationship, their enemies spread libels about them using every method at their hands. Of course, one of the tricks in the bag of any republican revolutionary is to make the queen out to be a scheming foreign whore. (Worked with Marie Antoinette too.)

Nonetheless, Rasputin's ability (or sheer luck) in keeping Alexei alive quickly made him intimate with the Imperial family, and he was very good at taking advantage of this to insert himself (har, har, har...) into high society. The aristocracy was not on board with this development, of course. When World War I started, his power grew even bigger due to Nicky being hen-pecked (and willingly so), Alexandra more than willing to give marching orders to her husband, and Rasputin having Alexandra's ear in pretty much everything. It eventually came to pass that if you wanted to get an exemption from military duty, or any other favor from the Tsar, you went to Rasputin, who would give advice to Alexandra, which would more than likely get the Tsar to do what you asked, even if it meant violating the laws he set down. Absolute power is nifty, isn't it?

Nifty also was that Rasputin's actions made him the aristocrats' perfect scapegoat for all the ills of the regime. Blame Nicholas? The Tsar-Autocrat, placed on the throne by the Hand of God? Perish the thought! Better to lay the blame at the feet of a dirty, unshaven, wild-eyed starets of peasant stock from God-Knows-Where, whose intensity and seemingly magical ability to enchant women (and calm the Tsarevich) could easily be the work of the Devil.

Enter Prince Felix Yusupov. A distant cousin of the Tsar in the female line, married (inexplicably) to the Tsar's niece, Yusupov had a great interest in appearing courageous and patriotic. He was also deeply and secretly involved with the British SIS, a precursor of MI6; his chauffeur happened, just by chance of course, to be a close childhood friend of the head of the SIS ("C"). So one night, Yusupov sends Rasputin an invitation to his house to party...

...and here is where the truth becomes The Legend.

Yusupov claimed that he invited Rasputin to his home to engage in some partying. He then fed Rasputin cakes and wine containing potassium cyanide: Rasputin cleaned the plate and asked for more. Yusupov then lost patience and shot the starets four times: he fell, then "roared up" and attacked Yusupov. By this time his conspirators had arrived, and they beat (and, Yusupov alleged later) castrated Rasputin: he still survived. In desperation, they dumped him over the Petrovsky Bridge. When his body was fished out of the river, they supposedly found water in his lungs, which "proved" that he'd drowned. In later years Yusupov even claimed that Rasputin had died of hypothermia, freezing to death as he attempted to claw through the ice covering the river. What brave men they were, Yusupov would later tell his hosts in exile; how courageous, how patriotic for them to think only of Tsar and Country while perpetrating such a sad, but regrettably necessary, task.

It took science ninety years to debunk this tissue of nonsense and lies.

It turns out (from Rasputin's autopsy, only found after the fall of the Iron Curtain) that Rasputin was never poisonednote , never beatennote , never drownednote , and never frozennote . He was shot four times, and died minutes later without regaining consciousness. So much for legend. At least Yusupov, who was exiled due to the murder (and survived the Revolution as a result) got to dine out on the story - literally - for decades; when the money stopped coming in from sympathetic anti-Communists, he changed his tactic and earned his keep by suing movie studios who put him and his wife into the movies as supposedly fictional characters.

The investigation was still ongoing when the revolution occurred and put paid to investigating anything about the Imperial family.

As a final note, Rasputin claimed that if he was killed by a member of the royal family, said royal family would follow him shortly. When he died and Nicky and his family refused to drop dead, this was considered the final proof that he was nothing but a faker. 18 months later, however, they were executed as a matter of tying up loose ends, and the rest is history.

Duma Locomotion

The Tsarist regime had decided to let the opposition have a little drive in the royal vehicle, hoping that it would calm them down and prevent Grand Theft Autocracy. It didn't work, partly because they'd locked the glove compartment (considering the original purpose of it, it rather restricted the opposition).

The Duma would be set up with two chambers. The first was elected via a very strange method that essentially meant that the votes of an individual nobleman were worth far more than that of individual peasants (of course). The second (the State Council) was appointed by the Tsar.

The first elections to the Duma were largely won by the liberals and the reformists, with the Kadets making up the majority party.

Ordering Stolypin's Necktie: The First Duma

When the first Duma met in 1906, they were rather bitter. They felt, rightly, that they'd been cheated and wanted an increase in rights. The autocracy told them this wasn't going to happen. After two months, Nicky ordered the Duma to be dissolved. Annoyed at this, 200 deputies met in Vyborg (later Finland) and urged the people of the Russian Empire not pay their taxes or obey conscription orders.

This didn't quite work. Instead of passive disobedience, they got active disobedience — violence. The regime had a good excuse for repression. The Vyborg group were arrested and barred from standing again. Pyotr Stolypin was appointed as chief minister and martial law was declared. There were over 2,500 executions in 5 years, leading to the hangman's noose being called "Stolypin's necktie".

The Kadets Fail Politics: The Second Duma

Another Duma was elected, meeting in February 1907. The Kadets had discredited themselves through their association with Stolypin, leading extremists on both sides to dominate the situation.

Stolypin, despite his repression, was willing to deal with the Duma on reforms. He implemented a land reform policy, allowing peasants to leave the commune and have patches of consolidated land (like Western Europe) rather than engage in strip farming, as well as encouraging voluntary resettlement in places like Siberia. Wanting to preserve Tsarism, he called this a "wager on the strong", hoped that it would de-revolutionise the peasants and said that it needed 20 years to work. Stolypin was assassinated in 1911, and the First World War meant it got eight, and it wasn't working anyway. Peasants were reluctant to leave the commune for uncertain individual farms and only 10% of land was consolidated by 1914.

Some historians have since pointed to the gradual development of a slightly more prosperous class of peasants known as kulaks as evidence that the wager on the strong may have worked eventually, but without Stolypin's influence, nobody in the government had much interest in making it work. In any case, the kulaks were eventually purged by Stalin twenty years down the line.

The Marxists get Bolshie

There had been rather a disagreement in the Social Democrats for a while over how to get a revolution in Russia and who should be admitted to the party. The main parties were George Plekhanov vs. a man named Vladimir Ulyanov, who is far better known by his revolutionary pseudonym - Lenin. Plekhanov's arguments were supported by a Ukrainian named Lev Bronstein, who was himself better known by the name Leon Trotsky.

In 1903, the issue had come to a head at a meeting of the Social Democrats in London. The SD congress was evenly split, but after a series of votes had gone in his favour, Lenin felt he represented the majority, and his group became known as the Bolsheviks (from the Russian word Bolshoi {as in the USSR Bolshoi Opera} for "majority"). The group led by Martov, Lenin's co-editor on the party paper Iskra, became the Mensheviks (from the Russian Menshoi for "minority").

The differences hardened, resulting in two different parties:

  • Mensheviks, who held to the stagist Marxist view that Russia was not ready for the revolution of the proletariat and had to go through the bourgeois revolution first, which would facilitate industrialization and the consequent expansion of the working class. That the party should have a looser organizational framework, work with the liberals and Populists to bring about the revolutions and place a certain focus on social reform to ease the conditions for the growing working class.
  • Bolsheviks, who felt that the two revolutions could be merged into one. The central committee and party would be run under Democratic Centralism (technically free debate, but once a decision is made it is final), and there should be no co-operation with bourgeois parties.

The Third and Fourth Dumas

Compared with their predecessors, these Dumas were not exceptionally notable, mostly thanks to the effects of Stolypin's rigging the vote to ensure that parties sympathetic to the Tsar made up a majority. Perhaps for this reason, these Dumas lasted a bit longer than the first two because the Tsar had less reason to object to them.

Firing The Guns of August

When Archduke Franz Ferdinand was shot in Sarajevo and Austria made a move on Serbia, Russia made a move on Austria. Slavs United and all. Germany then made a move on Russia, decided to make a move on France via Belgium, so Britain moved on Germany. This all started World War One.

Speaking of moving, there was far more movement on the Eastern Front than on the others. In the early stages of the war, Russian successes led to Germany having to move two divisions over to that front, leading to the stalemate on the Western Front.

Things didn't go quite so well from then on in.

How Not To Fight A War

Imperial Russia was well-armed and well-equipped for war, but its command structure was undoubtedly the worst of any of the major powers (see World War One). The country had greater armaments output than Germany and its soldiers had the most artillery and machine-guns of any warring country and fought bravely, but their replacements suffered from poor training because the Russian Army had only become the world's best-equipped army within the past five years - most of the reserves had only trained with the older equipment and weaponry. While the artillery had excellent training the cavalry was merely average and the infantry generally poor (with a few exceptions). Worse, the artillery and the infantry utterly failed to co-ordinate in the tactical attack (thereby dooming all attacks to failure) and in the tactical defense (making it very costly for the infantry). To add insult to injury the Calvary also constituted a separate 'army within the army' (having up to a fifth of the army's small-arms) which often acted independently and refused to act in support of the infantry. The Russians were also plagued by logistical problems; ammo-rationing was even tighter for the Russians than it was for the other powers, food supplies were incredibly temperamental with no food arriving for days and then two or three days' worth of food arriving all at once, and there were even some instances of Central Asian and other rural soldiers cutting down telegraph poles for firewood because they had no idea what they were or why they were important.

The Russians mounted a reasonable tactical and strategic defense throughout the war (even in the desperation-year of 1915) but only managed offensive successes against Austria-Hungary into 1916, largely because the sad-sack Austro-Hungarian command system was even more dysfunctional than their own (and their troops less well-armed to boot). When the Germans basically took over the running of the Austro-Hungarian war effort in the east the Russians' ability to make headway on the attack became nil, though their defensive powers remained undiminished. 1.7 million Russians would die in the war, with 5.9 million wounded.

Nicholas II took over personal command of the military campaign in 1915. A make or break decision; Tsar Nick was now personally responsible for any further Russian defeats, so the security of the royal family relied on the success of the army. This also meant that the Tsarina, Alexandra was in charge back in St. Petersburg Petrograd. As we've mentioned earlier, she was German, so the name was changed to a Russified version since people were suspicious of German names by then, especially with her in charge.

Mir, Khleb, Zemlya! (Peace, Bread, Land!)

To top it all, there was a famine developing in Russia. With food being diverted to the front, rotting in the sidings or being forcibly requisitioned by the army, popular unrest was growing.

The February Revolution

In January 1917, General Krimov told the President of the Duma, Michael Rodzianko, that the army no longer had faith in the Tsar and would support a revolution. Rodzianko didn't take action, but warned Nicholas that the situation was in trouble. Nicholas responded by ordering the Duma to disband.

Commodity prices increased six-fold and strikes broke out en masse. The use of force to end the strikes was authorised, but many units refused to obey orders and mutinied. As noted above, Nicholas attempted to close down the Duma, but its members refused to leave, Rodzianko telling Nicholas to appoint a government that had the people's confidence. Nicholas did not respond and a Provisional Government was established regardless. At last, Nicholas officially offered to share power with the Duma, but they basically told him to get stuffed; his efforts were too little, too late.

At this point, the High Command told Nicholas II the game was very much up and that he should abdicate in favour of his young son. He did so, but the throne was offered to Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, who declined it. The Tsarist dynasty was over.

To Be Continued in the Red October...


Depictions in fiction

  • Hetalia: Axis Powers has a rather dark segment concerning the 1905 revolts. More specifically "Bloody Sunday," which coincides with Ivan/Russia's Start of Darkness.
  • The Battleship Potemkin:
  • Dmirty Bykov's cryptohistorical novel Pravda, which is built on premise that everything we are told and taught about Russian revolutions is fake, and describes history of these revolutions in a way of Picaresque, with Lenin being Lovable Rogue and lost successor to Imperial throne, Trotsky being non-existent, and Stalin being a mentally retarded brute.
  • Erast Fandorin novel The Diamond Chariot has the weapons that kick the 1905 Revolution into high gear being smuggled into the country by a Japanese spy.
  • The tenth and final season of Revolutions is a narrative history of the Russian Revolutions. Because these revolutions are so complex, the season is divided in two halves; the first half focuses on how revolutionary currents and internal tensions in 19th-century Russia led to the 1905 Revolution.
  • Dan Carlin's Hardcore History covers this period a bit in his Blueprint for Armageddon series when talking about the underlying problems for eventual toppling of the Tsarist monarchy.

Alternative Title(s): The Russian Revolution, October Revolution

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