Yehoshua of Nazareth (also known as Yehoshua bar Yosef), better known to most of the modern world as "Jesus", was a Jewish preacher who lived in the Roman province of Judea from ~8 BCE/BC to ~30 CE/AD.note Worshipped by Christians as God incarnate in a man and revered by Muslims as the penultimate prophet of their faith, Jesus is a strong contender for the title of "most influential person in history."
The commonly accepted version of events holds that Jesus was born in either Nazareth or Bethlehem as the son of a woodworker named Yosef (Joseph) and a young woman (believed by Christians and Muslims to have been a virgin) named Mariam (Mary). He excelled in Torah study, became a rabbi, and began preaching in Galilee aged around thirty. His message was a reformist perspective on Judaism, emphasizing principles of peace, mercy, charity, compassion, and repentance (most of which were considered signs of weakness in Ancient Rome, to one degree or another), and took particular efforts to appeal to Judea's downtrodden and oppressed. He is also said to have proclaimed the coming of a "Kingdom of Heaven"note , and gathered an inner circle of 12 trusted Disciples who helped spread the message, most notably Yohanan (John) the Apostle and Yehudah (Judas) Iscariot. note
Tradition holds that Jesus became a popular yet highly divisive figure, mainly due to outspoken criticism of both Roman oppression and corruption within the Jewish priesthood. Furthermore, anecdotes told by followers claim that Jesus was capable of performing miracles such as raising the dead, transfiguring water into wine, and multiplying food to feed the hungry. This eventually led to accusations both of defying Mosaic law and challenging the authority of Rome, and around 30 CE/AD Jesus was arrested, put on trial, and found guilty (tradition further holds that the conviction was unjust, and that Jesus was captured after being betrayed by Judas Iscariot). He was executed via crucifixion shortly afterwards, on the orders of Roman procurator Pontius Pilatus (Pontius Pilate).
From here on, records verge into religious tradition. The Four Gospels hold that three days after the execution, Jesus returned to life,note appearing before the remaining eleven Disciples and their followers (Judas having killed himself out of shame and regret) to deliver some final lessons and prophecies before ascending to Heaven. Spurred on by unshakable faith, the Disciples and their followers spread and preserved Jesus' teachings in secret for centuries, even in the face of systemic persecution by the Roman Empire, until eventually the faith became so widespread that its Nicaean confession was declared the Roman Empire's state religion in 380 CE/AD.
There are some who claim that Jesus as a historical figure never existed, and is a purely mythical figure whose invention is often attributed to Paul of Tarsus - a fringe theory called the "Christ Myth Theory." According to this theory, either Jesus never existed at all, or at the the very least, had almost nothing in common with Jesus as depicted in the gospel accounts. Virtually all scholars of antiquity reject this theory, and regard it as relying on false, fallacious, and bad faith arguments.
There are numerous views and speculations about Jesus' nature and deeds. He is probably best known as the founder and central figure of Christianity. Christian doctrine holds that Jesus Christnote is both the human Son of God and the divine incarnation of God on Earth.note The New Testament is mostly about Jesus (important life events, sayings, deeds, etc.) and for Christians forms the second part of the Bible. It concludes by prophesying Jesus will return a second time to defeat evil and death once and for all and set up the Kingdom of Heavensnote on Earth. Needless to say, this makes Jesus the Big Good of the Christian faith.
Muslims acknowledge Jesus (whose name they translate as Isa) as the second-greatest prophet after Muhammad himself, to the extent where Jesus' name is mentioned in the Qu'ran more times than Muhammad's.note Muslims also regard Jesus as the direct precursor to Muhammad, heightening the importance in the faith, and like Christians, believe that Jesus was the Messiah, was born of a virgin mother and will someday return to Earth. However, they dismiss the idea that any human can be the Son of God or an aspect of God; they also believe that Jesus did not die on the cross, as God intervened to prevent it, carrying Jesus' physical body to Heaven.
The mysterious Gnostic sects diverged significantly from the above, mainly due to their radical departures from traditional teachings of the Bible. They maintain that Jesus was a divine being sent by the "true God" ("Monad") to teach humanity how to Ascend to a Higher Plane of Existence and free themselves from the tyranny of the "false God" ("Yaldabaoth", or "The Demiurge"). Naturally, these views are considered anywhere from unorthodox to outright blasphemous by most Christians, Muslims, and Jews; the latter due to many Gnostic scriptures often conflating the God of the Torah / the Old Testament / the Quran with this evil "false God".
Even people who don't fit into any of the above religions may still believe Jesus Was Way Cool — many Buddhists, for example, believe Jesus was a "Bodhisattva", an enlightened beingnote who abstains from Nirvana to help other humans reach it, while some Hindus believe Jesus was an avatar of Vishnu.
Jewish teachings, meanwhile, have varied considerably across the centuries and denominations on how they view Jesus (positively or negatively) - and obviously, the Tanakhnote does not include the Christian New Testament. Regardless, one thing all Jews agree onnote is that God is one and only one: which means there are no other gods and no one else can be divine, nor can He have offspring (like a lot of other ancient gods did). Most of them also agree that you should not attribute any descriptions to God, especially not human ones. All three points explicitly include Jesus; whom most Christians just as explicitly see as at the same time the son of God, an aspect of God, and God in human form. All of this is quite apart from and despite any traits that may or may not qualify Jesus as one who might hold the title Messiahnote , or as a prophet.
That said, most secular historians agree that Jesus' end goal wasn't to create a brand new religion or even a distinct branch of Judaism, but rather to break away from an increasingly literal view of the Tanakh and try to offer a more nuanced reading that better captured the intended meanings behind the scripture at a time when an important part of Judea's religious oligarchy had become horrendously corrupt and eager to use a legalistic approach to serve their own ends - much like earlier prophets had been sent to tell people to turn around when they strayed from the spirit of the law into Exact Words. While these efforts were harshly rebuked at the time they were delivered, the adoption of Jesus's teachings as core principles first of Christianity and later of Islam, two of the most widespread and influential religions on the planetnote , make those teachings one of the world's biggest examples of being Vindicated by History.
In any case, there's one more thing to note:
While I Have Many Names most certainly appliesnote , none of them is a surname. As mentioned above, Christ is not Jesus' last name, but designates a role as Messiah and Savior. It comes from the Hebrew Māšīyaḥ, meaning "anointed", a Jewish religious title referring to both historical figures considered "saviors" of the Jewish people and the prophesied ultimate savior of their people (Christianity being founded on the belief that Jesus is this savior, and will fulfill the prophecy upon returning to Earth). To be very strictly accurate, the Greek Christos in turn is neither a name nor a title, but a declaration of faith: it's not merely a one-on-one Greek translation of the Hebrew Māšīyaḥ (as many people think), but means "He who I believe is the Messiah". So someone calling Jesus by that is declaring themselves a Christian in the process. This is why phrases like "The Passion of the Christ" make sense. Note that this also means that referring to Jesus as "Christ" or "Jesus Christ", rather than just "Jesus", constitutes an implied claim that Jesus was, in fact, the Messiah, and thus should be avoided (unless you want to implicitly declare yourself Christian) when you're drawing a distinction between the Christian and the secular or "historical" views of Jesus.
Some also use Yeshua, a shortened version of Jesus' name in Aramaic before passing through a thousand-year game of inter-lingual telephone. Yeshua is a shortened form of "Yehoshua" (commonly romanized as "Joshua"note ), which is Hebrew for "God is salvation" - fairly appropriate given the life Jesus lived and what it inspired. Shortening it to "Yeshua" is also making a point, though, albeit a different one: it will grate native Hebrew speakers (and/or Jews who care about names if not about Jesus) as being a wrong way to transliterate the Hebrew name "Yehoshua", and Christians as being imposed upon the name "Jesus". So if you use that, you're pointedly declaring yourself to be very secular indeed... or a Messianic Jew, who also use this name; albeit for yet different reasons again.
Those who wish to refer to Jesus in a secular or historical way and avoid implying anything can simply use the name Jesus, which has come to be widely known; or Jesus of Nazarethnote if you want to be specific ("Jesús" is a fairly common name in Spain and its former colonies). This way, you won't have the problem until you run into a pronoun, which some styles of writing capitalise for Jesus (implying the same declaration of the writer's Christianity as saying "Jesus Christ" would).
Trope Namer for:
- Bigger Than Jesus
- Clone Jesus
- Crystal Dragon Jesus
- Everyone is Jesus in Purgatory
- Hijacked by Jesus
- Hippie Jesus
- If Jesus, Then Aliens
- Jesus Taboo
- Jesus: The Early Years
- Jesus Was Crazy
- Jesus Was Way Cool
- Kung-Fu Jesus
- Looks Like Jesus
- No Such Thing as Space Jesus
- No Such Thing as Wizard Jesus
- Pals with Jesus
- Real Men Love Jesus
Also directly inspired the following tropes:
- All-Loving Hero
- Away in a Manger
- Crucial Cross
- Crucified Hero Shot
- Go and Sin No More
- Good Samaritan
- Good Shepherd
- A House Divided
- Incorruptible Pure Pureness
- "Last Supper" Steal
- Messianic Archetype
- Never Accepted in His Hometown
- The Paragon
- Passion Play
- Pietà Plagiarism
- Second Coming
- Turn the Other Cheek
- Walk on Water
And, indirectly:
Works about Jesus:
- JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Steel Ball Run, in which Jesus appears as a recurring character, with the remnants of Jesus' corporeal body serving as the Part's MacGuffin.
- My Last Day, a short Anime depicting the Passion.
- Saint Young Men, pals with Buddha.
- In Record of Ragnarok, Jesus appears as a spectator in the Ragnarok tournament. Unlike most depictions of Jesus, this version seems to be a normal human, lacking in any of the divine powers Jesus is known for. He is a member of the Four Sages, alongside Socrates, Confucius, and the Buddha; with Jesus, Confucius and Socrates cheering on Buddha participating in the sixth round of the tournament.
- Michelangelo Buonarroti:
- The Conversion of Saul◊ depicts Jesus shooting a beam of light down from the Heavens towards Saul.
- The Doni Tondo◊ shows the infant Jesus being handed over between Joseph and Mary.
- Pieta◊ depicts Jesus' corpse held in the arms of the Virgin Mary.
- The Risen Christ◊ is a sculpture of Jesus casually holding the cross after coming Back from the Dead.
- Gustave Doré's illustrations (of The Bible, Paradise Lost, and the Paradiso) keep a pretty standardized picture of Jesus throughout: with beard, long hair, a mostly naturalistic Holy Halo, and gestures of teaching/benediction featuring throughout Dore's many works, even those where Jesus hasn't incarnated yet.
- Leonardo da Vinci:
- Annunciation depicts the Angel Gabriel announcing the Virgin Mary that she's pregnant with Jesus.
- The Last Supper depicts Christ amidst the confused Apostles.
- The Christ Child in The Virgin of the Rocks◊ sports a circular, hollow halo and makes a sign of benediction towards the infant John the Baptist, who is bowing in adoration of his cousin.
- Andrea Mantegna's Descent into Limbo◊ depicting Christ descending into the realm of the dead on Holy Saturday to get them out is an example of Renaissance art - and also an example of a Background Halo by perspective, lighting, and lines in the picture.
- Bartolomé Esteban Murillo's Conversion of Saint Paul depicts three things: the future apostle Paul and his travelling companions to Damascus in the middle of the picture, Paul's vision of Jesus Christ shrouded in blinding light above, and a small dog curiously and somewhat sceptically looking at all of the events as an Audience Surrogate in the lower corner.
- Rembrandt:
- In his Portrait of Christ◊, Rembrandt wanted to get as close as possible to what Jesus "actually" looked like. Since he knew that Jesus was "average-looking for that time and place", Rembrandt asked an average-looking person from the region to sit for the picture.
- The Woman Taken in Adultery◊ depicts the trope namer scene for Go and Sin No More.
- Raphael Sanzio:
- Raphael Rooms: "Disputation of the Holy Sacrament" depicts Christ enthroned; with God the Father above, the Holy Spirit descending into the Eucharist below, and the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist to the right and leftnote - as a picture communicating the doctrines of both the Trinity and the Real Presence.
- The subject of Transfiguration◊ is combined: with an episode from the Gospels (the healing of a possessed boy) in the lower part of the painting, and Jesus surrounded by light shown in the sky above the scene.
- James Tissot:
- What Our Lord Saw From the Cross◊ offers an unusual perspective of the crucifixion in that it's seen from the point of view of the cross, showing various witnesses and spectators as described in the Gospel accounts.
- Christ Assisted by Angels◊ shows the angels caring for Jesus after forty days of fasting in the desert. The depicted scene is also a shoutout to the Old Testament prophet Elijah being cared for by ravens in the desert, which is why the angels are painted to be bird-like.
- Sistine Chapel:
- The altar painting sees Christ making the Last Judgement◊ while shrouded by light.
- One of the walls of the Chapel is dedicated to six portraits telling the life of Christ, from the nativity through Jesus' temptation, ministry◊, death, and resurrection◊.
- Let's just say that "strong contender for the most influential person in history" does definitely extend to "strong contender for the most influential person on art" - all through the history of art since Jesus' time. See the image links tab for some examples from different styles and times (and of course the other wiki for thousands more).
- Jesus is a recurring character in Ghost Rider, always there to help Johnny Blaze through some of the toughest spots. Interestingly, he is never referred to by name because Johnny can't bring himself to admit who he is.
- Child of the Storm: an average-looking distant cousin of Harry's named Joshua very occasionally appears to Harry as an obscure mentor figure. He's kind, wise, and quite dry-witted (it is speculated that Thor and Loki were a bad influence on him, though some wonder if it wasn't the other way around), and Harry is unsurprisingly floored when he realises who he is.
Harry: Jesus fucking Christ!
- The Empath: The Luckiest Smurf story "Smurfed Behind: The Passion Of The Smurfs", where the time-traveling Smurfs appear during the final week of Jesus' life before His crucifixion.
- Mentioned in A History of Magic as being an Anomaly-a human who awakened their magical powers without the intervention of the Incubators-and therefore was considered a threat to said Incubators, as an Anomaly powerful enough could cause a Mass Super-Empowering Event. It's why they arranged for him to be crucified. It was believed that Mary Magdalene contracte to become a Puella Magi with resurrecting him as her wish, but Kyubey discovered that 2B had covered up that she had been an Anomaly as well.
- Adaptations of Ben-Hur (1907, 1925, 1959 and 2016). In the 2016 one, Jesus is played by Rodrigo Santoro.
- From the Manger to the Cross (1912), one of the first feature films ever made.
- The Book of Clarence follows a man who tries to be the new Messiah after falling to be the 13th Apostle of Jesus.
- The Fourth Wise Man (1985) tells the story of Artaban, the fourth Magus - who spends his life looking for Jesus after missing out on visiting the newborn Jesus with the other three Magi.
- The Gospel According to St. Matthew, in which Jesus is depicted as more of an angry rabble-rouser.
- The Gospel of John: a word for word adaptation of the Gospel of John.
- Jesus (1979), a word-for-word adaptation of the Gospel of Luke with Brian Deacon in the title role.
- The King of Kings, a silent film by Cecil B. DeMille.
- King of Kings, a 1961 Epic Movie narrated by Orson Welles.
- The Gospel According to St. Matthew, a 1964 Italian film with the dialogue ripped straight from Matthew.
- The Greatest Story Ever Told, a 1965 Epic Movie with starring Max von Sydow.
- Mary Magdalene retells Jesus' ministry from Mary Magdalene’s perspective.
- Monty Python's Life of Brian gives Jesus a bit part in the beginning (reciting the Sermon on the Mount), and features a man whose life parallels that of Jesus to an extent.
- The Nativity Story: An Adaptation Expansion of The Nativity.
- The Last Temptation of Christ, a novel and film which paint Jesus as a flawed man whose life goes differently at the Crucifixion.
- Parable, an allegorical short film featuring Jesus as a circus clown.
- The Passion of the Christ, a film centered around the Eucharist, the Virgin Mary, and graphic torture.
- Risen, a mystery story about two Centurions investigating the Resurrection.
- The Robe: Jesus' crucifixion is shown indirectly, but the scene plays a pivotal part in the story. It has a strong impact at the time on Demetrius, and later Marcellus. note
- Star of the Kings tells the story of the wise men who travel west of Persia to find the newborn Jesus.
- Son of God, a Compilation Movie adapted from the History Channel's The Bible.
- The Testaments: Of One Fold and One Shepherd: based on the The Book of Mormon. The events of the The Four Gospels run in parallel to the events over in the Americas.
- The Visual Bible: Matthew: a word for word adaptation of the Gospel of Matthew.
- Last Days In The Desert, where Ewan McGregor plays Jesus during the temptations in the desert.
- The Young Messiah explores Jesus' childhood.
- The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ retells the story of Jesus as if he were twin brothers called Jesus and Christ.
- The Divine Comedy explores the aftermath of Christ's descent into Hell and Dante sees Him within the Godhead at the end of the poem.
- Left Behind, in which Jesus shows up near the end of the series to defeat The Antichrist.
- Paradise Lost imagines His role in casting the rebellious angels out of Heaven and into Hell.
- Ben-Hur, the novel and films, features Jesus as a supporting character.
- Lamb: The Gospel According To Biff, Christ's Childhood Pal, a very Affectionate Parody.
- Aslan, the lion god of Narnia in The Chronicles of Narnia, literally is Jesus according to C. S. Lewis, and repeats Broad Strokes of parts of the Bible in books one, two, and seven (respectively Genesis, The Four Gospels, and Revelation).
- The Crippled Lamb, a Christmas children's book by Max Lucado about a crippled lamb named "Joshua" who gets rejected from his own flock and feels very lonely about his disability. The story ends with Joshua witnessing the birth of Jesus alongside meeting Mary and Joseph. This story would get adapted into animation in the 1999 Direct to Video film by StarToons.
- Messiah by George Frederic Handel, an oratorio in three sections, depicting the prophesy of the coming Messiah, the Passion, and Resurrection, respectively. The page quote gets its own chorus, with Melismatic Vocals out the wazoo, as was common in Handel's time.
- The Seven Last Words of Christ, an orchestral suite (later arranged into a string quartet, and then an oratorio) by Joseph Haydn, is a musical depiction of the seven last utterances of Jesus before His death on the cross.
- The Bible, of course.
- The Four Gospels are specifically about Jesus' life, death, and resurrection.
- In Acts of the Apostles, He appears to Saul (Paul) on the road to Damascus.
- The Book of Revelation, which depicts a vision of Jesus' Second Coming.
- Outside of these books considered canonical by most churches (the Orthodox church has always been a bit iffy on Revelation), there are numerous works of apocrypha where His authority is used to affirm whatever religious or philosophical notion is contained therein, primarily amongst the Gnostics.
- The Qur'an. As explained above in the introduction, Jesus is considered a great prophet of Islam, second only to The Prophet Muhammad himself. His life and teachings constitute a significant part of the Qu'ran.
- The Book of Mormon, climaxing with His post-resurrection visit to the American continent.
- The Man Born to Be King, twelve radio plays depicting Jesus's story in highly modern language.
- Jesus (1999)
- Jesus Christ: Vampire Hunter
- Jesus of Nazareth, a 1977 television mini-series.
- ABS-CBN's May Bukas Pa, a 2009 children's religious drama series, which depicts an orphan boy interacting with Jesus.
- Some episodes of The History Channel's The Bible.
- Some episodes of NBC's AD: The Bible Continues, a follow-up series to the above.
- Black Jesus, a Divine Race Lift in present day Compton, Played for Laughs.
- Some episodes of American Gods (2017)
- The History Bites episode "Rebel With a Cause", which depicts Jesus' final week in Jerusalem from the perspective of the Romans.
- The Chosen TV Series, the world's largest crowdfunded series, known for humanizing and giving Jesus a subtle sense of humor
- Jesus Christ Superstar, a 1970 rock opera and Broadway musical focusing on Judas and Christ.
- Godspell, a 1971 musical based on the parables of Jesus.
- Hero, a modernized 2003 rock opera telling of the Gospel.
- The Last Days of Judas Iscariot, a 2005 play about a court case over the ultimate fate of Judas Iscariot after his death and betrayal of Jesus. Jesus himself, as well as other New Testament characters, make an appearance.
- He shows up as a central figure in the Touhou Project fangame The Last Comer. Of course, this being set in the Touhou universe, there is the usual twist to the formula and is under the name Iesua Nazarenus as a result.
- Shortpacked!: In an attempt to stir up some controversy and make more profit, Galasso decides to resurrect Jesus and have him work at the titular store.
Galasso: I brought back the historical Jesus Christ.
Ethan: [Spit Take] - Makes a very brief cameo at the end of And Shine Heaven Now complaining about how he hadn't been included in the montage of heroes that Took a Third Option to win the fight.
"Aw, come on, I didn’t make it onto that list of heroes? My fandom is huge! Most of the characters in this comic are in it!"
- The Miracle Maker, a stop-motion film told through the eyes of a Delicate and Sickly Jewish girl.
- The Star, a computer animated film about Jesus' birth story told from the perspective of various animals.
- Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey, Nestor helps Jesus' parents, Mary and Joseph, get to Bethlehem. Jesus has a small appearance as a newborn baby towards the end.
- The Night the Animals Talked : Another retelling of the Nativity told from the perspective of various animals. Baby Jesus’ face isn’t shown as it’s only alluded by a bright light coming from the manger.
- The Little Drummer Boy, a stop-motion television special based on the Christmas carol of the same name. Like in Nestor The Long Eared Christmas Donkey, Jesus appears towards the end as a newborn baby.
- The Small One: His birth is alluded to at the end of the film as the donkey know as The Small One is purchased by Joseph to cary his pregnant wife to Bethlehem.
- The 2011 animated film The Lion of Judah is set during the final days of Jesus' life on Earth and ends with the resurrection moments before Mary Magdalene, Salome, and Mary get notified by an angel that Jesus has risen. It's mainly focused on a baby lamb named "Judah", whose mission is to "Set people free" by rescuing animals (such as lambs and doves) from being killed. After Jesus dies on the cross, the temple where Judah is close to being killed suddenly cracks during an earthquake and sets him free. Judah is determined to finally meet Jesus despite the latter having died on the cross. The animals attempt to lure Judah away from Jesus' tomb, but he is determined to see Jesus and decides to wait three days. On the morning of the resurrection they finally meet, and Judah reunites with the main animal characters before Jesus leaves Earth. note This film is also the most kid-friendly re-telling of Jesus' crucifixion, and ends on a much happier note compared to other adaptations.note Alongside the removal of blood leading up to said death, this relies a lot on audience reaction shots (such as cutting away to the animals' reactions to Jesus getting flogged and nailed to the cross).
For more tropes that describe Jesus, try the character page for The Four Gospels.
See also the Useful Notes pages for Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Gnosticism.
Not to be confused with the manga Jesus, about a hitman-turned-teacher.