ALF: In "ALF's Special Christmas", Alf meets a girl named Tiffany at the hospital. A doctor says there's nothing he can do and she has less than a year to live. Tiffany is based on an actual child who died that year and the episode is dedicated to her.
The Baby-Sitters Club (2020): Stacey lives with Type 1 diabetes, which can sometimes make her sick or at least very uncomfortable when she experiences a sudden lapse in her blood sugar. It was also really bad before she had been diagnosed, because she wasn't getting proper treatment. She still manages to live a normal tween lifestyle despite this (her health greatly improves after she gets an insulin pump).
Paula from The Big Leap is a cancer survivor who had a double mastectomy, and in the premier we can see several drugs related to that in her home. The cancer returns halfway through the season, with her noticeably becoming more drawn and tired. The penultimate episode shows begins with her in her last few days before she passes away.
Drusilla is frail and weak when she first appears on the series. She was believed to have been killed by a mob in Prague, but apparently was only severely injured (How that mistake happens with a creature that turns to dust when killed is anyone's guess), to the point that normal vampiric healing couldn't restore her. Spike manages to restore her to full health by draining power off of Angel.
Darla was a High-Class Call Girl suffering from syphilis and waiting for her death. Then the Master gave her a visit...
Quite a few in Charite — well, the series plays in a hospital. First, there are Ida with an appendectomy and Marie with broken legs after a Bungled Suicide, later Sister Therese with tuberculosis and Rajani with smallpox.
Charmed (1998): The episode "Awakened" revolves around Prue and Phoebe discovering that Piper is terminally ill with the disease Oroya Fever. While real life symptoms of Oroya Fever include being covered in warts and rashes, Piper only experiences coughing, exhaustion, and fainting, all done adorably. Being the main character, Piper survives, but not until after the crying and good-byes.
In Dark Matter (2015), both Two and Three turn out to have had girlfriends before the crew's total memory wipe who had to put in stasis because they were succumbing to fatal conditions. In Sarah (Three's lover)'s case, it was due to a substance from Ferrous Corp's mining operations polluting the planet where she lived. Sarah dies in "Episode Seven" after she's brought out of stasis and her pod loses power due to the killer android trying to kill everyone, but it's later revealed that Five saved her as a Virtual Ghost. Dr Shaw (Two's lover) is given an injection of Two's new advanced nanites after she's revived in the episode "Built, Not Born" and is healthy when she and the crew part ways at the end of the episode, but the series is cancelled before we learn if it will be permanent (she'd had an injection of Two's old nanites before in the backstory, and it had only been a temporary fix). Sarah is transferred to an android body in the same episode.
Good Girls: Getting expensive treatment for her chronically ill daughter is why Ruby goes along with the initial robbery plan.
In House, Remy "Thirteen" Hadley has Huntington's Disease, inherited from her mother. While the full brunt of the disease doesn't rear its ugly head during the series, it does endanger her life in one episode when she is forced to take medications that are dangerous to her with her disease by a man holding hostages and trying to find a diagnosis.
In How I Met Your Mother, The Mother becomes one during the course of the finale, and we see her in a hospital bed for a few seconds. In the end, she dies of her (unspecified) illness, leaving Ted to go back to Robin 25 years after meeting her.
Shannon (Maggie Grace) is asthmatic and needs to have an inhalator handy. Sawyer once stole her medicine and tried to use it to bargain.
Juliet's sister is an Ill Girl whose cancer and resulting infertility is what drove Juliet to do some rather... illegal things as a fertility doctor. When Juliet goes to the island, she is afraid to leave her sister alone, but, with typical ill girl sweetness, her sister convinces her to go.
Merlin (2008): Happens frequently with Morgana, most notably in A Remedy To Cure All Ills in which the Monster of the Week deliberately makes her sick in order to heal her and so win King Uther's trust.
Misfits: Nikki's heart disease results in a heart transplant. Unfortunately, the heart she receives comes with teleportation Power Incontinence.
Invoked in Once Upon a Time: Wendy Darling pretends to be this to gain Henry's sympathy and convince him to go along with Peter Pan's (secretly evil) plan.
When Aya is sent to a special school, she shares a room with a girl named Asami Oikawa who has exactly the same illness.
In the TV special that serves as an epilogue, Aya's love interest Haruto has become a doctor and one of his patients is a girl named Mizuki Nagashima, who has Aya's same illness and has lost the will to live. Haruto and Aya's sister Ako, who's now a nurse, decide to help her as much as they can.
When Oshin is a teenager, her older sister Haru catches tuberculosis thanks to her workplace's very unsafe work conditions and is sent back home. She dies of it, entrusting Oshin with her Tragic Dream of becoming a hair stylist.
Oshin's best friend Kayo has a rather delicate little sister named Sayo, who dies of pneumonia. Oshin searches for Kayo, who has been missing for two years already after escaping from an Arranged Marriage, to tell her about Sayo's demise and convince her to return home.
Brona from Penny Dreadful suffers from Tuberculosis which kills her at the end of Season 1 to set her up as Frankenstein's Bride. Unlike some ill girls who become The Pollyanna, she is absolutely furious about her condition but refuses to let it be her defining characteristic.
Hester from the Fox series Scream Queens (2015), a sorority pledge with scoliosis who earned the nickname "Neckbrace".
Mary of Second Chance (2016) is terminally ill with cancer (or implied to be, as she mentioned that her chemo stopped working). However, because of her mentally-off brother, Otto, she goes so far as to revive and clone a person to fight her cancer.
Beautifully subverted on She Spies when the girl figure a charity group is a front for a criminal enterprise. DD gets close to the little girl in the wheelchair who's the poster child for the charity. DD is thus stunned when the girl stabs her with a drugged needle. Meanwhile, their boss goes through records and sees that the exact same girl has been used for the charity's posters going back a decade. It turns out she's not only the mastermind of the scheme but actually in her 30s with a genetic disorder that halted her aging. The gals stop the gang from escaping with DD hauling the "girl" out of her wheelchair and berating her for taking advantage of people and mocking actually sick kids. She then lets the woman drop...at which point, it turns out that while she was lying about her age, the woman really did need the wheelchair.
In The Sinner, Cora's beloved younger sister Phoebe spent her whole life in and out of the hospital due to an unspecified illness, eventually succumbing to lymphoma before she turned twenty.
Many, MANY of these show up in Soap Operas, specially Latin-American Telenovelas:
The titular Esmeralda was born blind. This is later revealed to be due to congenital cataracts and she successfully regains her sight after an operation. Her personality switches from sweet and gentle while blind to tough, stubborn and unforgiving almost overnight.
The female lead from the Chilean telenovela Corazón de María is an upper class Ill Girl with a severe Heart Trauma. She gets a heart transplant coming from a middle-to-low class bride killed in a tragic car accident right after her wedding. The drama starts when she starts searching for the donor María's family to thank them for the heart donation, and then she meets and falls for her handsome and hard-working husband Miguel...
Alicia, a cute young girl in a wheelchair from María la del barrio, doubles as a love interest for a certain boy named Nandito. The scene where the Big BadSoraya threatens poor Alicia for kissing Nandito while screaming "MALDITA LISIADA!" ("Goddamned crippled bitch!") and then throws her off her wheelchair is so ridiculous and overacted that it has reached Memetic Mutation levels.
One of the "Lost Loves" cases from Unsolved Mysteries dealed with two little girls in a cancer ward, one with throat cancer and another with ovarian cancer. The two became fast friends, and the first one promised that she'd make the other girl the godmother of her firstborn to help her deal with how she wouldn't be able to have children. 20-something years later, the first girl was still searching for her friend... And a later episode revealed that she eventually found her.
Scully takes on this role for one season after it is revealed that the tests performed on her during her abduction have left her with (probably terminal) cancer. In accordance with the conventions of the trope, her appearance is relatively unaffected by the illness, and the only visible symptom is a Deadly Nosebleed.
In the episode "Hell Money", Kim, the daughter of a Chinese immigrant, is this. Her condition drives her father to play a game run by Triads wherein he must bid his organs.
Male Examples
Parodied in an episode of Big Time Rush. Logan, the band's resident nerd, decides to become cooler by creating a "swagger" app which teaches him how to be popular and fun. James, the Pretty Boy of the group, naturally has a high level of swag...but as Logan becomes more and more awesome, he inadvertently sucks the coolness directly out of James, leaving him physically weak and sickly. It's all Played for Laughs, especially when Logan decides he doesn't like being cool anymore and deletes the app, which somehow immediately returns James to normal.
Breaking Bad's Walter White has lung cancer which slowly kills him throughout the series. In order to support his family and pay for medicine, he goes into the drug trade, using his knowledge as a chemistry teacher to make crystal meth.
Game of Thrones: Jojen gets noticeably paler and weaker and his seizures become more frequent as he and Meera journey north of the Wall with Bran.
Hawking: Portrays the 21-year-old Stephen Hawking as more of a very smart sickly man than a Genius Cripple, unlike conventional depictions of Hawking as an older man.
Jappening con Ja: In this Chilean humor show, there was a sketch named "El Enfermito" ("The Ill Dude"). It had an unnamed adult man permanently bedridden and hospitalised due to an unexplained Soap Opera Disease, and Hilarity Ensues (in a way) whenever his friends drop by to visit him. It's not as funny now due to the actor's own health taking massive hits through the years, which eventually killed him.
Kamen Rider Fourze: Kengo suffers from an unspecified weakness that rendered him unable to use the Fourze system as well as the Power Dizer; he's actually been nicknamed "King of the Infirmary" due to the amount of time he's spent there (even when he's not just using it as an excuse to help fight the Monster of the Week). The Aquarius Zodiarts uses her healing powers to cure him about 2/3 of the way through the series. This is later jossed in Episode 45, when his illness/weakness comes back full force.
Kamen Rider Ryuki: Kitaoka Shuichi, even though he's quite a bit older than the usual victim of this trope.
Mirai Sentai Timeranger: Ayase / Time Blue suffered from the incurable Osiris Syndrome throughout the entire series. However, after time has been altered near the finale, a cure for his disease is found.
Nirvana in Fire: Mei Changsu was poisoned and is slowly dying as a result, complete with turning deathly pale and coughing up blood.
Danny's asthma causes some characters to perceive him as weak — to this day Charlie is constantly worrying about him and trying to keep her promise to watch over him. Justified given that this is a lawless, unforgiving Crapsack World and other than plant-based medicines there's not a lot that can restore his breathing if he has an attack. In "No Quarter", Danny also uses this to his advantage, to get the drop on the mook Private Richards who's been harassing him.
"The Longest Day" has Aaron Pittman and Rachel Matheson meet Philip Blackmore, who has been dying of injuries ever since he fell off a horse. Rachel decides to lead the Blackmores into believing that they can save their son, and then just take off with Aaron and let Philip die.
Castiel of Supernatural becomes one near the end of Season 9, due to the Grace he stole from another angel slowly burning out. By the start of Season 10, he's progressed to an Incurable Cough of Death and is exhausted most of the time. Tellingly, he was even involved in a Noodle Incident in which he not only failed to keep a demon from hurting Sam, but apparently didn't or wasn't able to heal Sam afterwards.
. Slowly she's robbed of her ability to walk, talk, or eat and even daily mundane tasks are a challenge for her, until she dies. What's sadder is that it doesn't affect the mind at all, meaning she can see just how helpless she's becoming...