Characters / Red World Africa

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Western Africa

West African Union

Official Name: West African Union, West African Republic (Revolutionary Socialist), Songhai Empire (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Democratic Renewal

Ideology: Military Junta^note Nationalism

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• Space-Filling Empire: The West African Union is an enormous state, the biggest state in Africa by landmass, composed of land today controlled by Mauretania, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger
• The Friend Nobody Likes: Since the invasion and annexation of Burkina Faso in 2000, the WAU has been suspended from the Economic Community of West African States. This not only severely harmed relations with other West African nations, but has effectively made the Union internationally isolated.
• Occupiers Out of Our Country: The WAU is currently embroiled in a civil war between the government and the Tuareg people, a nomadic people native to the Sahara who have fought for their land since the French colonial era. While a peace agreement in 1996 was meant to solve the conflict, a lack of integration and autonomy led to a Third Tuareg Revolt breaking out in 2007. Aided by Algerian and Libyan Jihadists, the Tuaregs now control a large portion of northern West Africa, represented by Azawad and Agadez being demilitarized in-game.

Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara

Role: Head of State

Party: Democratic Renewal

Ideology: Military Junta^note Nationalism

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• Spared by the Adaptation: In OTL, Maïnassara was assassinated during the 1999 Nigerian coup d'etat, likely by members of his own Presidential Guard. In RW, not only is he able to live 11 years longer, but he has no way of dying in the current version of the game.
• The Generalissimo: Maïnassara is the military dictator over the West African Union who took power by overthrowing the legitimate West African government in 1996

Republic of Senegal

Official Name: Republic of Senegal, Union of Senegal (Revolutionary Socialist/Communist), Kingdom of Senegal (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Senegalese Democratic Party

Ideology: National Liberalism^note Nationalism

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Abdoulaye Wade

Role: Head of State

Party: Senegalese Democratic Party

Ideology: National Liberalism^note Nationalism

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Gambia

Official Name: Gambia, Gambian Republic (Revolutionary Socialist), Gambian Socialist Republic (Communist)

Ruling Party: People's Progressive Party

Ideology: Centrist Populism^note Centrism

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Omar Jallow

Role: Head of State

Party: People's Progressive Party

Ideology: Centrist Populism^note Centrism

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Cabo Verde

Official Name: Cabo Verde, Cape Verde (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde - Democrats

Ideology: New Democracy

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José Maria Neves

Role: Head of State

Party: African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde - Democrats

Ideology: New Democracy

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Guinea-Bissau

Official Name: Guinea-Bissau, Bissau State (National Bolshevik), Kingdom of Bissau (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde - Loyalists

Ideology: Stalinism^note Communism

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João Bernardo Vieira

Role: Head of State

Party: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde - Loyalists

Ideology: Stalinism^note Communism

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Republic of Guinea

Official Name: Republic of Guinea, Commonwealth of Guinea (Revolutionary Socialist), Socialist Guinea (Communist), Guinea (Monarchist), The Republic of Guinea (Fascist)

Ruling Party: Rally of the Guinean People

Ideology: Democratic Socialism^note Moderate Socialism

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Alpha Condé

Role: Head of State

Party: Rally of the Guinean People

Ideology: Democratic Socialism^note Moderate Socialism

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Sierra Leone

Official Name: Sierra Leone

Ruling Party: All People's Congress

Ideology: Democratic Socialism^note Moderate Socialism

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Ernest Bai Koroma

Role: Head of State

Party: All People's Congress

Ideology: Democratic Socialism^note Moderate Socialism

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Republic of Liberia

Official Name: Republic of Liberia, Liberian People's Republic (Communist), Liberian People's Union (National Bolshevik), Kingdom of Liberia (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Progressive Alliance of Liberia

Ideology: African Socialism^note Revolutionary Socialism

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Sekou Conneh

Role: Head of State

Party: Progressive Alliance of Liberia

Ideology: African Socialism^note Revolutionary Socialism

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Côte d'Ivoire

Official Name: Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, Union of Ivory Kingdoms (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Ivorian Popular Front

Ideology: Moderate Socialism

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Laurent Gbagbo

Role: Head of State

Party: Ivorian Popular Front

Ideology: Moderate Socialism

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Republic of Ghana

Official Name: Republic of Ghana, Ghanaian People's Republic (Revolutionary Socialist), Ashanti Empire (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Progressive Party

Ideology: Social Liberalism^note Liberalism

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Paa Kwesi Nduom

Role: Head of State

Party: Progressive Party

Ideology: Social Liberalism^note Liberalism

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Togolese Republic

Official Name: Togolese Republic, Togolese Kingdom (Monarchist), Union of Togo (Revolutionary Socialist), Socialist State of Togo (Communist)

Ruling Party: Rally of the Togolese People - Moderates

Ideology: African Nationalism^note Nationalism

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Faure Gnassingbé

Role: Head of State

Party: Rally of the Togolese People - Moderates

Ideology: African Nationalism^note Nationalism

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People's Republic of Benin

Official Name: People's Republic of Benin, Democratic Republic of Benin (Revolutionary Socialist), Republic of Benin (Democratic), Kingdom of Dahomey (Monarchist), Christian Republic of Benin (Fascist)

Ruling Party: People's Revolutionary Party of Benin

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Mathieu Kérékou

Role: Head of State

Party: People's Revolutionary Party of Benin

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Nigeria

Official Name: Federal Republic of Nigeria, Nigerian Socialist Republic (Revolutionary Socialist/Communist), Nigerian People's State (National Bolshevik), Kingdom of Nigeria (Monarchist), Nigerian Islamic State (Fascist)

Ruling Party: National Republican Convention - Liberals

Ideology: Social Liberalism^note Liberalism

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Tom Ikimi

Role: Head of State

Party: National Republican Convention - Liberals

Ideology: Social Liberalism^note Liberalism

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Central Africa

Chad

Official Name: Republic of Chad, Union of Chad (Communist), Kanem-Bornu Empire (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: National Liberation Front of Chad

Ideology: Democratic Socialism^note Moderate Socialism

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• Allohistorical Allusion: The Toyota War, where the Chadian military expelled Libyan forces from northern Chad using Toyota pickup trucks, will happen almost identically to OTL, only 24 years later. Libya is even led by Muammar Gaddafi in both timelines.
• Civil War: Since the overthrow of President N'Garta Tombalbaye, the FROLINAT government has been embroiled in a conflict with rebel groups in southern Chad. The conflict is mainly motivated by religious tensions between the predominant Christian and Animist population, with Tombalbaye himself being a southern animist, and the Muslim-dominated government.
• Crapsack World: By the turn of 2010, Chad is suffering from multiple issues ranging from a Libyan occupation in the north to an insurgency in the south. The already unstable situation is made worse by the fact that Chadian political society is incredibly polarized between Muslims and non-muslims.
• Let No Crisis Go to Waste: In the outbreak of the Libyan Civil War, Chad will take advantage of the situation by kicking Libyan presence out of the country and occupying the Aouzou Strip in the Toyota War.

Goukouni Weddeye

Role: Head of State

Party: National Liberation Front of Chad

Ideology: Moderate Socialism

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Central African Empire

Official Name: Central African Empire, Central African State (Fascist/Nationalist), Central African Union (National Bolshevik), Central African Republic (Democratic), Central African Socialist Republic (Revolutionary Socialist), Central African People's Republic (Communist)

Ruling Party: House of Bokassa

Ideology: Absolute Monarchy^note Monarchism

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Bokossa II

Role: Head of State

Party: House of Bokassa

Ideology: Absolute Monarchy^note Monarchism

In-Game Biography: ^{Click to Show} Born as Jean-Serge Bokassa, the current Emperor of Central Africa became a Prince with the style Imperial Highness in 1976. After avoiding a possibly disasterous military coup in 1979, the head of state grew increasingly paranoid and weary of his closest advisors and even family members. By the late 1980s he had sidelined many within the Imperial Court, and ensured a clear line of succession within the family so no one would dare to remove him from power. Nevertheless, when he attempted to commit suicide in 1994 via drug overdose, his younger son but designated heir apparent Jean-Bedel Bokassa Jr. attempted to seize control. The suicide attempt failed and Emperor Bokassa was furious that his son would disobey his wishes, subsequently executing his heir and all those who declared loyalty to him during the 'coup'. After this incident, the Emperor chose a son and cabinet minister he formerly called 'weak', Jean-Serge Bokassa to succeed him as head of state. The new Crown Prince diligently waited for his father to die, and eventually he did in a plane crash above Sudan, just hours before New Years Day 1996. For 14 years, Bokassa II has reigned over the Empire, making numerous efforts to reform and democratise many aspects of the nation. However, while the economy is being decentralised and ministerial posts are being given more powers, the House of Bokassa still remains the sole legal and 'holy' leadership of Central Africa.

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Cameroon

Official Name: Socialist Union of Cameroon, Democratic People's Republic of Cameroon (Communist), Federal Republic of Cameroon (National Bolshevik), Republic of Cameroon (Democratic/Fascist), Union of Cameroonian Kingdoms (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Union of the Peoples of Cameroon - Federalists

Ideology: Revolutionary Socialism

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Henri Hogbe Nlend

Role: Head of State

Party: Union of the Peoples of Cameroon - Federalists

Ideology: Revolutionary Socialism

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São Tomé and Príncipe

Official Name: São Tomé and Príncipe

Ruling Party: Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Manuel Pinto da Costa

Role: Head of State

Party: Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Gabon

Official Name: Gabonese Republic, Gabonese Socialist State (Revolutionary Socialist), Gabonese People's Republic (Communist), Gabonese Principality (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Gabonese Democratic Party - Loyalists

Ideology: Nationalism

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Ali Bongo Ondimba

Role: Head of State

Party: Gabonese Democratic Party - Loyalists

Ideology: Nationalism

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People's Republic of the Congo

Official Name: People's Republic of the Congo, Republic of Congo (Democratic), Loango Kingdom (Monarchist), Christian Republic of Congo (Fascist)

Ruling Party: Congolese Party of Labour - Centrists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Denis Sassou Nguesso

Role: Head of State

Party: Congolese Party of Labour - Centrists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Union of the Congo

Official Name: Union of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Democratic), Kingdom of Kongo (Monarchist), Republic of Zaire (National Bolshevik/Fascist)

Ruling Party: People's Revolutionary Party

Ideology: Marxism-Leninism-Maoism^note Communism

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Joseph Kabila

Role: Head of State

Party: People's Revolutionary Party

Ideology: Marxism-Leninism-Maoism^note Communism

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Angola

Official Name: People's Republic of Angola, Republic of Angola (Non-New Democrat Democracy), Confederation of Angolan Kingdoms (Monarchist), State of Angola (Fascist)

Ruling Party: People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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José Eduardo dos Santos

Role: Head of State

Party: People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

In-Game Biography: ^{Click to Show} A veteran of the Angolan War of Independence, José Eduardo dos Santos rose to prominence under fellow revolutionary Agostinho Neto, the leader of the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola. Due to his time studying in the Soviet Union, Neto made dos Santos coordinator of the MPLA’s foreign department and then foreign minister upon the independence of Angola in 1975. He played a key role in securing foreign recognition for the MPLA government, as they faced insurgencies from the South African-aligned UNITA and FNLA guerillas. Though accused of being an adherent of the radical fractionalist line of the MPLA, dos Santos showed his loyalty to Neto by dutifully upholding the president’s policy of international non-alignment, even after Neto’s death in 1979. Since then dos Santos has served as president of Angola, isolating the country from the rest of the world and removing it from the ‘petty international politics’ of the Soviet Union. Though his hold on power is stronger than ever with the removal of the last fractionalists in the eighties and the retreat of most rebel guerillas in the nineties, dos Santos’ three decades in power has taken a toll on the president. Many fear that his weakening resolve and the lack of a designated successor may prove to be the downfall of the seemingly unbeatable revolutionary regime.

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Eastern Africa

People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

^{Flag of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (Moderate Socialist)} 

^{Flag of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (Non-Moderate-Socialist Democracy)} 

^{Flag of the Ethiopian Empire} 

^{Flag of the African Union} 

Official Name: People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Transitional Government of Ethiopia (Democratic), Ethiopian Empire (Monarchist), African Union (Zewde unites with African Socialist countries), State of Ethiopia (Fascist)

Ruling Party: Workers' Party of Ethiopia - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

The Democratic Republic of Ethiopia is a Marxist-Leninist regime governed by the infamous Workers' Party. While some reforms under the administration were successful, many suspect the nation is nearing famine.

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• Chummy Commies: Depending on the focus path taken, Ethiopia will improve ties with, and eventually join the Warsaw Pact, becoming the first non-European nation to be welcomed into the alliance.
• We ARE Struggling Together: The Workers Party is split between the Loyalists and the Internationalists
  • The Loyalists are loyal to Desalegn and Soviet-communism. They wish to maintain the status quo of Ethiopia's domestic and economic policies, while seeking membership with the Warsaw Pact.
  • The Internationalists are loyal to Seyoum Mesfin, and are committed to spreading the revolution to the rest of Africa. They are distrustful of the Soviets and consider their growing influence pseudo-colonialism.

Hailemariam Desalegn

Role: Head of State

Party: Workers' Party of Ethiopia - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

In-Game Biography: ^{Click to Show} Originally hailing from the Wolayita Zone in southern Ethiopia, Hailemariam Desalegn entered the Ethiopian political scene at a time of both crisis and transition. Having studied in both Addis Ababa and the Union of American People’s Republics, he joined the ruling Workers’ Party of Ethiopia in 1997. His rise to power was swift, as party leader Mengistu Haile Mariam was eager to promote young experts to counter the influence of former military Derg members in the government. This made Desalegn a firm loyalist of Mengistu, a fellow Welayta from southern Ethiopia. His background as a civil engineer at the Water Technology Institute made him a reliable leader for various development projects during the early noughts, and Desalegn’s successes made him increasingly popular within the party. Soon he was given a seat in the National Shengo, Ethiopia’s parliament, and made deputy leader of the Workers’ Party at the behest of Mengistu. His promotion was fiercely opposed by members of the ‘Military Faction’, former Derg members that had been sidelined in the early nineties, but most of the party united behind him. In 2006 he was promptly made Vice President after a sudden illness struck the aging General Secretary. It didn’t last long, as soon Mengistu had passed away and Desalegn assumed the role of president. Now the leader of Ethiopia, Desalegn’s young government is under increasing pressure from the continuing separatist war in Eritrea, factional infighting threatening to tear the party apart, and the looming threat of a potential famine.

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Sahle-Work Zewde

Role: Head of State (Desalegn ousted)

Party: Workers' Party of Ethiopia - Internationalists

Ideology: African Socialism^note Revolutionary Socialism

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• Internal Reformist: Zewde and her supporters are discontent with Desalegn's tightening grip on power. This has caused a split in the Workers Party between Desalegn Loyalists and Zewde's Internationalists, who want to reform Ethiopia into a less authoritarian and more inclusive socialist government. Eventually if Zewde comes into power, she will attempt to unify all of Africa under her dream of an African Socialist continent.

Tsadakan Gebretensae

Role: Head of State (Desalegn assassinated)

Party: Workers' Party of Ethiopia - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Demeke Mekonnen

Role: Head of State (Republicans wins referendum against Monarchists/Republicans defy referendum loss, wins Civil-War against Monarchists), (Democratic Election - Mekonnen Re-elected)

Party: Revolutionary Alliance

Ideology: Democratic Socialism^note Moderate Socialism

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Meles Zenawi

Role: Head of State (Democratic Election - Zenawi Elected)

Party: United Ethiopians

Ideology: New Democracy

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Beyene Petros

Role: Head of State (Democratic Election - Petros Elected)

Party: National People's Party

Ideology: Social Liberalism^note Liberalism

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Merera Gudina

Role: Head of State (Democratic Election - Gudina Elected)

Party: Social Freedom Front

Ideology: Centrism

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Chane Kebede

Role: Head of State (Democratic Election - Kebede Elected)

Party: Agrarian Party

Ideology: Agrarian Conservatism^note National Conservatism

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Haile Selassie II

Role: Head of State (Monarchists win referendum against Republicans/Monarchists defy referendum loss, wins Civil-War against Republicans)

Party: Solomonic Dynsasty

Ideology: Absolute Monarchy^note Monarchism

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Berhanu Bayeh

Role: Head of State (Derg takes power in a Military Coup)

Party: Military Administrative Council

Ideology: Revolutionary Junta^note National Bolshevism

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Eritrea

Official Name: State of Eritrea, Islamic State of Eritrea (Fascist), Kingdom of Eritrea (Monarchist), Federal Republic of Eritrea (Liberal), Republic of Eritrea (National Conservative/New Democratic/Revolutionary Socialist)

Ruling Party: Eritrean People's Liberation Front - Loyalists

Ideology: Maoism^note Communism

If Ethiopia turns Democratic or Monarchist, they will have the ability to release Eritrea as an indpendent nation to cease internal conflicts.

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Isaias Afwerki

Role: Head of State (Democratic or Monarchist Ethiopia releases Eritrea)

Party: Eritrean People's Liberation Front - Loyalists

Ideology: Ultranationalism^note Nationalism

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Djibouti

Official Name: Republic of Djibouti, Djiboutian Democratic State (Communist), Djiboutian People's Republic (Revolutionary Socialist), Sultanate of Djibouti (Monarchist), Djiboutian Islamic Union (Fascist)

Ruling Party: September Seventh Clique

Ideology: Military Junta^note Nationalism

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Zakaria Cheikh Ibrahim

Role: Head of State

Party: September Seventh Clique

Ideology: Military Junta^note Nationalism

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Mohammed Ibrahim Moussa

Role: Head of State (Ethiopia succeeds in couping Djibouti)

Party: Communist Party of Djibouti

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Somalia

Official Name: Somali Democratic Republic, Union of Somalia (Revolutionary Socialist/National Bolshevik), Federal Republic of Somalia (Democratic/Fascist), Dervish State (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Supreme Revolutionary Council

Ideology: Islamic Marxism^note Communism

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Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan

Role: Head of State

Party: Supreme Revolutionary Council

Ideology: Islamic Marxism^note Communism

In-Game Biography: ^{Click to Show} Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan started out as the personal bodyguard of General Siad Barre, the military strongman who, in 1969, seized power in Somalia and established a Marxist-Leninist state. Though General Barre initially relied almost entirely on the military for support, the disastrous Ogaden War of 1977-1978 led to a purge of the army and an attempted coup. He instead turned to the loyal men around him like Morgan, who was promoted to commander in Mogadishu and married to Barre’s daughter. Morgan would then lead the most elite forces in the Somali National Army, becoming known as the ‘Butcher of Hargeisa’ for his violent suppression of separatism in Somaliland. He was made Minister of Defense in 1990 and ultimately Commander-in-Chief later that same year, cementing his position as General Barre’s successor. When the ‘Victorious Leader’ died five years later Morgan took his place as president of Somalia after a power struggle with Barre’s son. Though he was known as a ruthless commander, Morgan’s rule began with some measured reforms to the state. He loosened the harsh restrictions imposed by General Barre and re-established ties with Ethiopia in a bid to gain outside support for his campaign against armed insurgents. Despite this, opposition towards his regime is widespread and much of the country is still ruled by rebel groups, disloyal generals, and uncooperative politicians.

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Republic of Kenya

Official Name: Republic of Kenya, Kenyan Union (Revolutionary Socialist/Communist), Kenyan National Union (National Bolshevik), Kingdom of Kenya (Monarchist), Islamic State of Kenya (Fascist)

Ruling Party: Forum for the Restoration of Democracy - Musyoka Faction

Ideology: Social Liberalism^note Liberalism

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Kalonzo Musyoka

Role: Head of State

Party: Forum for the Restoration of Democracy - Musyoka Faction

Ideology: Social Liberalism^note Liberalism

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Uganda

Official Name: Republic of Uganda, Kingdom of Buganda (Monarchist), Christian State of Uganda (Fascist)

Ruling Party: National Resistance Movement

Ideology: Maoism^note Communism

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Yoweri Museveni

Role: Head of State

Party: National Resistance Movement

Ideology: Maoism^note Communism

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Rwanda

Official Name: Republic of Rwanda, Kingdom of Rwanda (Monarchist), Rwandan State (Revolutionary Socialist/Communist)

Ruling Party: Rwandan Patriotic Front - Loyalists

Ideology: Nationalism

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Paul Kagame

Role: Head of State

Party: Rwandan Patriotic Front - Loyalists

Ideology: Nationalism

In-Game Biography: ^{Click to Show} An ethnic Tutsi from southern Rwanda, Paul Kagame was forced to flee his home amidst ethnic violence when he was only two years old. Growing up in neighboring Uganda, he joined the rebel army of future Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni in 1978, fighting to oust the government of Idi Amin. After Museveni’s victory in the Ugandan Bush War, Kagame and his old friend Fred Rwigyema were given senior military positions in the new government and quickly began planning an incursion into Rwanda. Rwigyema founded the Rwandan Patriotic Front and launched the invasion in 1990. The offensive was successful, though Kagame had to assume leadership of the RPF as Rwigyema was killed on the second day of the invasion. The Rwandan government, led by Juvénal Habyarimana, resisted for two years before being forced into a peace agreement known as the Arusha Accords. The agreement gave the RPF senior government positions and effective control of the legislature, which Kagame, now serving as minister of defense, used to strengthen his own power. After elections were held in 1995 he became Vice President in the government of Faustin Twagiramungu, though Kagame was already the country’s de-facto leader. In an effort to move Rwanda past the ethnic conflict of the last decades, Kagame introduced numerous measures to strengthen the country’s security and prioritize economic development above all. These efforts were only intensified after Twagiramungu’s resignation in 2000, as Kagame assumed the presidency. Despite his success and international acclaim, many have accused Kagame of using national unity and ethnic reconciliation to silence the opposition and move the country further from the multi-ethnic society he claims to champion.

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Burundi

Official Name: Republic of Burundi, Kingdom of Burundi (Monarchist), Burundian People's Union (Revolutionary Socialist), Burundian Union (Communist)

Ruling Party: Union for National Progress

Ideology: Nationalism

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Pierre Buyoya

Role: Head of State

Party: Union for National Progress

Ideology: Nationalism

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Tanzania

Official Name: United Republic of Tanzania, Sultanate of Zanzibar (Monarchist), Christian Republic of Tanzania (Fascist)

Ruling Party: Chama Cha Mapinduzi - Reformists

Ideology: Developmentalism^note New Democracy

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Jakaya Kikwete

Role: Head of State

Party: Chama Cha Mapinduzi - Reformists

Ideology: Developmentalism^note New Democracy

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Southern Africa

Malawi

Official Name: People's Republic of Malawi, Malawi (National Bolshevik), State of Malawi (Revolutionary Socialist), Republic of Malawi (Democratic/Fascist), Sun Empire (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Socialist League of Malawi - Loyalists

Ideology: Maoism^note Communism

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Catherine Chipembere

Role: Head of State

Party: Socialist League of Malawi - Loyalists

Ideology: Maoism^note Communism

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Mozambique

Official Name: Republic of Mozambique, People's Republic of Mozambique (Communist/National Bolshevik), Kingdom of Mozambique (Monarchist), Islamic State of Mozambique (Fascist)

Ruling Party: Mozambique Liberation Front - Moderates

Ideology: Democratic Socialism^note Moderate Socialism

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Joaquim Chissano

Role: Head of State

Party: Mozambique Liberation Front - Moderates

Ideology: Democratic Socialism^note Moderate Socialism

In-Game Biography: ^{Click to Show} Joaquim Chissano is one of the founding members of the Liberation Front of Mozambique, the movement that led the Mozambican War of Independence against Portugal. Chissano played a pivotal role in this conflict, fighting on the ground, but also negotiating the Lusaka Accord which paved the way for Mozambique’s independence in 1975. Chissano would serve as the country’s first foreign minister under President Samora Machel, the leader of FRELIMO. But the young nation soon fell into civil war, with the newly-proclaimed Marxist-Leninist government being opposed by rebels funded by Rhodesia and South Africa. Even as their backers fell one by one, the rebels could not be stamped out, and the president’s hardline stance became more and more untenable. As the civil war continued, President Machel stepped down as leader of FRELIMO in 1995 in favor of Chissano, though the so-called ‘moderate Marxist’ initially maintained his stance against the rebels. Peace negotiations could truly begin in 1996, as President Chissano pushed through a new constitution guaranteeing multi-party democratic elections. The final peace agreement was signed in 1999 in Toledo between FRELIMO and the rebel group RENAMO, with mediation from the Papacy. In the next year’s elections the voters overwhelmingly supported Chissano, giving him a truly democratic mandate. His presidency has been defined by a strong advocacy for national reconciliation. To secure this peace he has promoted transcendental meditation for all members of the government and military, while guaranteeing key positions to members of former rebel groups. Chissano has become a shining example of democratic leadership in a continent dominated by despots, and many speculate if anyone can stand up to the task of being his successor.

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Zambia

Official Name: Republic of Zambia, Republic of Zambia-Barotseland (National Bolshevik), Kingdom of Barotseland (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: United National Independence Party - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Tilyenji Kaunda

Role: Head of State

Party: United National Independence Party - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Zimbabwe

Official Name: Republic of Zimbabwe, Union of Zimbabwe (Fascist), Mthwakazi Kingdom (Monarchist), Zimbabwean Democratic Republic (Revolutionary Socialist), People's Republic of Zimbabwe (Communist)

Ruling Party: Zimbabwe African National Union - Ndonga

Ideology: African Nationalism^note Nationalism

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Robert Mugabe

Role: Head of State

Party: Zimbabwe African National Union - Ndonga

Ideology: African Nationalism^note Nationalism

In-Game Biography: ^{Click to Show} Robert Mugabe was an early activist for independence and majority rule in the British colony of Southern Rhodesia. He was a member of multiple African nationalist organizations before ultimately becoming the leader of the Zimbabwe African National Union. He led the ZANU forces against both the white minority government and the rival Zimbabwe African People’s Union forces in what became known as the Rhodesian Bush War. Though he was held as a prisoner for over a decade, Mugabe continued the fight after being released in 1974. The war was brought to an end by the Lancaster House Agreement in 1979, which established the process for a transition to majority rule. Mugabe’s ZANU won the first elections in a landslide amidst widespread voter intimidation and violence. Though ideologically an African nationalist and a Marxist-Leninist, Mugabe sought reconciliation during his first years in power. But he took a sharp turn as economic difficulties enveloped the country amidst the collapse of capitalism in the west. As most white Zimbabweans emigrated to South Africa they became a target of the government alongside supporters of ZAPU, mostly ethnic Ndebele. As his forces carried out targeted attacks against minority communities, Mugabe’s former allies in the Soviet Union quickly distanced themselves from him while increasing aid to their allied ZAPU fighters. Mugabe in turn denounced the Soviet Union and their dogma, instead adopting an ideology of Zimbabwean nationalism. Though Mugabe has consolidated power his country remains isolated, with threats from both Soviet proxies to the north and apartheid South Africa to the south.

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Botswana

Official Name: Republic of Botswana, Union of Botswana (Revolutionary Socialist), Socialist Republic of Botswana (Communist), Kingdom of Botswana (Monarchist)

Ruling Party: Botswana Democratic Party

Ideology: Paternalistic Conservatism^note National Conservatism

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Ian Khama

Role: Head of State

Party: Botswana Democratic Party

Ideology: Paternalistic Conservatism^note National Conservatism

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South Africa

Official Name: Republic of South Africa, South African People's Union (Revolutionary Socialist), The Socialist Republic of South Africa (Communist), Republic of Azania (National Bolshevik), United Kingdoms of South Africa (Monarchist), Union of South Africa (Fascist)

Ruling Party: National Party

Ideology: National Conservatism

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F. W. de Klerk

Role: Head of State

Party: National Party

Ideology: National Conservatism

In-Game Biography: ^{Click to Show} Hailing from a prominent Afrikaner family with strong ties to the National Party, Frederik Willem de Klerk was exposed to politics from an early age. His father was one of the principal architects of the Apartheid system, a system de Klerk would staunchly defend throughout his career. While serving as minister of education in Pieter Willem Botha’s government, the state president suffered a stroke and was forced to resign. In the ensuing leadership election, de Klerk beat Botha’s preferred successor and became president half a year later. With the victory of the Soviet Union in the Cold War, de Klerk saw South Africa as the last line of defense against communism on the continent. As such he refused to make any concessions to groups seen as Soviet proxies, like the African National Congress and the South West Africa People’s Organisation. These groups and their allies thus intensified their attacks against the government, with the nineties seeing the bloodiest years of the South African Border War as the government fought rebel groups across the border into Angola and Zambia. Much of the country was put under martial law and a state of emergency was declared, with de Klerk’s term extended indefinitely in 1995. A cautious liberalization followed, with concessions being granted to placate the colored and Indian populations of South Africa. The aging president still maintains support among White South Africans, but the majority black population have begun to turn towards even more radical and violent groups, bent on overthrowing the apartheid system by any means necessary.

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Madagascar

Official Name: Republic of Madagascar, Kingdom of the Republic of Madagascar (Monarchist), Socialist Republic of Madagascar (Revolutionary Socialist), Democratic Republic of Madagascar (Communist/National Bolshevik)

Ruling Party: Party for the Development of Madagascar

Ideology: Military Autocracy^note Fascism

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Camille Albert Vital

Role: Head of State

Party: Party for the Development of Madagascar

Ideology: Military Autocracy^note Fascism

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Comoros

Official Name: Comoros

Ruling Party: Movement for Socialism and Democracy - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Azali Assoumani

Role: Head of State

Party: Movement for Socialism and Democracy - Loyalists

Ideology: Leninism^note Communism

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Mauritius

Official Name: Mauritius

Ruling Party: Mauritian Militant Movement

Ideology: Revolutionary Socialism

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Paul Bérenger

Role: Head of State

Party: Mauritian Militant Movement

Ideology: Revolutionary Socialism

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Seychelles

Official Name: Seychelles

Ruling Party: Seychelles Democratic Party

Ideology: Fiscal Conservatism^note National Conservativsm

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James Mancham

Role: Head of State

Party: Seychelles Democratic Party

Ideology: Fiscal Conservatism^note National Conservatism

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