Line #87 Main/AlphaAndBetaWolves


1	The popular image of a wolf pack involves a group of snarling animals that are always trying to one-up each other. The "alpha" pair are the strongest and most [[AsskickingLeadsToLeadership powerful male and female in the group]]. They have to work to keep their place as "top dog" by frequently fighting with other members of the pack.
2
3	This image is inaccurate. Scientists ''used'' to believe this was how wolf packs worked, and for works written during that period, its [[GrandfatherClause inclusion is understandable]]. However ScienceMarchesOn, and it's since been recognized that wild packs don't act this way (unrelated wolves in captivity do, however). For more about the history and reality of the trope, see [[Analysis/AlphaAndBetaWolves Analysis]].
4
5	By extension, this trope is often applied to [[OurWerewolvesAreDifferent werewolves]], and the use of such a ranking system is also used as a distinguishing feature of other fantastic species. Among werewolves and other sapients, these rankings can act as a FantasticCasteSystem.
6
7	Sub-trope to ArtisticLicenseBiology, CanineConfusion, and GreekLetterRanks. Tangentially related to AlphaBitch as the supposed "alpha male" is similar in concept. No relation to alpha and beta as software terms. VirileStallion addresses this misunderstanding but with horses, as it is the mares who lead the herd, not the stallion.
8
9	----
10
11	!!Examples:
12
13	[[foldercontrol]]
14
15	[[folder:Anime & Manga]]
16	* ''Manga/TheKeeperWantsToBuildAZooInAnotherWorldSoHeTamesMonsters'': [[FluffyTamer Ikuhara]] mentions this while explaining canine psychology to Merou. It may be true for {{Hellhound}}s like Cerberus, but as a zoologist, he should really know better than to uncritically apply it to real-life wolves.
17	* ''Manga/SetonAcademyJoinThePack'': Ranka describes herself as the pack leader of the cooking club, and during a time she went mad with power after getting dozens of students to come to the club, she describes herself as number one, while the others were of lower number rankings.
18	[[/folder]]
19
20	[[folder:Fan Works]]
21	* "Alpha/Beta/Omega" (also known as A/B/O or "{{Omegaverse}}") fics are a subgenre of AlternateUniverseFic where otherwise-human characters have certain canine features--most notably a rigid FantasticCasteSystem dividing people into [[BizarreAlienSexes Alphas (dominant), Betas (neutral), and Omegas (submissive)]]. Many writers just use the concept to write kinky dom/sub {{Lemon Fic}}s with an animalistic bent (commonly involving MisterSeahorse, {{Ukefication}}, and/or MatingSeasonMayhem), while other take it in more serious and worldbuilding-oriented directions. The idea is loosely inspired by werewolf stories. It came from ''Series/{{Supernatural}}'' fandom, and then spread to other fandoms. For a little more detailed explanation, see this [[https://fanlore.org/wiki/Alpha/Beta/Omega Fanlore article]] and [[https://youtu.be/zhWWcWtAUoY this]] Creator/LindsayEllis video.
22	* In ''[[https://www.fanfiction.net/s/12999529/7/Briggan-s-Story Briggan's Story]]'', the full alphabet is used. Messengers, warriors and hunters are on the top; scouts, jesters and pup-sitters are on the bottom.
23	* ''Fanfic/ADiplomaticVisit'': [[spoiler:Late in the fic, it comes out that the Alpha is the title for the supreme leader and founder of the Packlands, who is above all the Packleaders for the individual packs. He's also [[PowersThatBe the Lord of Summer]], though Twilight doesn't understand what that means when he first states it.]]
24	* ''FanFic/{{Dangerverse}}:''
25	** Remus and Danger are always referred to as the alpha male and female of the Pack, while Sirius and Aletha are the beta male and female. The cubs are, of course, subordinate to the adults.
26	** Within the Pride, Harry is the alpha male from when the Pride is formed. Hermione starts out as alpha female, but Ginny ends up taking the position around when she starts dating Harry (the transfer of authority is made explicit immediately after the two hook up, but there are some tangential references to Ginny acting as an alpha earlier on). After being displaced as alpha, Hermione slots comfortably into the beta female role, while Neville is the Pride's beta male. Note that Neville and Hermoine are ''not'' romantically involved: Neville is dating Meghan Black, while Hermione ends up engaged to Ron.
27	* ''Fanfic/{{Medicated}}'': Due to Sasha's manipulative nature intimidating Anne, they both assume that their species (ie: humans) have a hierarchal pack structure, and Sasha is an "alpha".
28	* ''Fanfic/PackStreet'' goes far more into wolf hierarchies in a WorldOfFunnyAnimals than the source material does. Packs are a lot less formal than they were in the stone age, but they're still a handy way for wolves to stay closely interknit and help each other out when they're all in the same lot. To that end, Alpha, Beta, and Omega are positions without much gravitas to them, but the Alpha of a pack is still highly respected. Remmy, despite being a sheep, is accepted into the Pack Street gang as an Omega, and his [[InitiationCeremony hazing]] is to be (falsely) told that Omegas CantHaveSexEver.
29	* ''Fanfic/TheirBond'': Wolfo packs have a hierarchy system ruled by alphas. Goro assigns these ranks to "two-leggers" as well, with Link being an alpha and Zelda being an omega (later a beta-omega).
30	* ''FanFic/WeresHarry'': Werewolf packs are led by an Alpha male and female. It's stated that being an Alpha is innate: a werewolf cannot become an Alpha simply by wanting to and any werewolf will instinctively recognize an Alpha as an Alpha upon meeting them. It's also implied that it is very difficult for non-Alpha werewolves to function unless they are in a pack under the leadership of an Alpha (Remus is stated to have gotten around this during the Marauder era by treating the Marauders as a kind of pseudo-pack, with James and Lily as Alphas).
31	[[/folder]]
32
33	[[folder:Film -- Animation]]
34	* ''WesternAnimation/AlphaAndOmega'' is about Alpha wolf Kate and Omega wolf Humphrey falling in love despite being on [[UptownGirl opposite ends on their pack's order]].
35	* ''WesternAnimation/IsleOfDogs'': Chief refers to the main dog cast as a pack of alphas (and they're named Boss, King, Duke and Rex).
36	* In ''{{WesternAnimation/Up}}'', Muntz's dogs all fit into a distinct hierarchy, and are even named after the Greek letters that denote their rank--the alpha is named Alpha, the second-in-command named Beta, and so on. Dug, the OddNameOut, is at the very bottom of the hierarchy. [[spoiler:Dug eventually beats Alpha and restrains him with the ConeOfShame, which earns him a place as the pack's new alpha.]]
37	[[/folder]]
38
39	[[folder:Film -- Live Action]]
40	* ''Film/GodzillaKingOfTheMonsters2019'' introduces these pack dynamics to the [[{{Kaiju}} Titans]]. Godzilla and Mothra are the Alpha Titans, a symbiotic couple powerful enough to boss around all the other Titans. And King Ghidorah is powerful enough to rival Godzilla, [[spoiler:usurping the position of Alpha and commanding other Titans' loyalty, after he defeats and seemingly kills Godzilla]]. The scientist who identifies this behavior had studied wolves in the wild before, and directly claims that the Titans are functioning like a wolf pack.
41	** ''Film/GodzillaVsKong'': Kong is classified as an Alpha Titan, which makes it extremely dangerous to evacuate him off his sinking island, as Godzilla perceives any rival Alpha passing through his territory as a challenger and will attack. That territory being ''the entire sea''. [[spoiler:This also turns out to be the reason why Godzilla has turned inexplicably hostile towards humanity, because he senses the presence of his past rival Ghidorah, the dragon being resurrected by Apex's experiments as Mecha-Godzilla.]]
42	* The wolves in ''Film/TheGrey'' are shown to have a rigid hierarchy led by a larger, stronger Alpha wolf, with Ottway describing complex dynamics among the pack that extend to Delta and Gamma wolves.
43	* The raptors in ''Film/JurassicWorld'' are organized in this fashion, with the order of dominance being Blue, Charlie, Delta, and Echo. When it's pointed out that the naming convention skipped Alpha, Owen says that it's because he, himself, has taken that role in the pack. Blue is also the ''most'' willing to accept Owen's place as her leader, with the other three being more prone to aggression despite submitting to Blue's (and therefore Owen's) leadership. Indicating that despite the outdated "Alpha and Beta" terminology, it's actually more of an age-based hierarchy since Blue is the oldest of the raptors and Owen (who was present for the births of all four) takes the role of their father. [[spoiler:This is more or less verified when ''Indominus rex'' is able to take leadership of the pack in a combination of AsskickingLeadsToLeadership and exploiting their confusion over Owen's allies betraying them, but the survivors of the pack are easily convinced to rejoin Owen when he returns even though fighting ''Indominus'' is suicidal. Owen is family whereas ''Indominus'' took their "allegiance" by force.]]
44	* The werewolves in ''Film/WhatWeDoInTheShadows'' have a rigid hierarchy led by an "alpha" who tells the other ones what to do, makes them laugh at his jokes, etc.
45	[[/folder]]
46
47	[[folder:Literature]]
48	* ''Literature/{{Wolfsong}}'': Werewolves are differentiated by Alpha, Beta, and Omega. Alphas are leaders and serve as the TeamDad and [[PsychicLink tether]] keeping the pack together, Betas are every other member of the pack, and Omegas are werewolves without packs or psychic tethers to connect them to their humanity, resulting in them often going insane and feral.
49	* ''Literature/{{Animorphs}}'': When morphing wolves for the first time, Jake is the only male (to Marco's chagrin) because Cassie didn't want to waste time having two male wolves fighting for dominance. It works out well (although Jake feels the need to [[ExcrementStatement pee against every tree]] they pass), until they meet a wild wolfpack.
50	* ''Literature/BloodAndChocolate1997'' The loup-garou pack determine who is the new alpha male and "queen bitch" via a battle royale known as "the Ordeal" following the death of one of the old pair. Vivian wins the female Ordeal almost by accident but refuses to take the position and mate with the new alpha male until [[spoiler: after her human boyfriend shoots her]].
51	* ''Literature/TheCallOfTheWild'': Buck first has to deal with the near-psychopathic lead dog of his sled team, killing and replacing him. In the end he joins a wolf pack by killing a couple of them; a mention that wolves with his markings were spotted in later years in the area suggests that he became the alpha male.
52	* Averted in ''Literature/ADogsLife''. Squirrel is a stray dog who, after her mother abandons her and later her brother is taken by humans, lives by herself for most of her life. She keeps wary of other dogs and only comes in contact with them when she scavenges for food. The only time Squirrel travels with another is when she befriends a bitch named Moon.
53	* ''Literature/ADogsPurpose'':
54	** Averted. Toby does temporarily live in a mixed dog pack, but it's done more realistically and lacks this hierarchy
55	** Parodied. Upon meeting her as a puppy, Ellie's owner tries to "assert his dominance" by rolling her on her back. Ellie just thinks it's a game.
56	* ''Literature/TheDresdenFiles'': The Alphas, a gang of werewolves, obviously chose their name with this in mind. Billy and Georgia Borden fill the actual roles.
57	* Justified in ''Literature/{{Firstborn}}''. Wolves use this dynamic, however in their case it ''is'' a mixed pack. It consists of an alpha pair, their pups, the alpha female's sister, an unrelated male, and [[InterspeciesFriendship a magpie]]. Blue Boy lost his original mate and pups to another pack, came across three wolves consisting of two sisters and an unrelated male, and joined them. Blue Boy quickly became the alpha male and paired with one of the females. The other two initially became mates, however they ended up splitting apart eventually.
58	* [=McKinley=] from ''Literature/TheGoodDog'' is the "top dog" of his town.
59	* ''Literature/JulieOfTheWolves'' uses this dynamic because it was written when this was the main theory about how wolf packs worked.
60	* ''Literature/KittyNorville'': Kitty's pack was initially led by an insecure murderous rapist named Carl. He eventually got torn apart by his own pack and Kitty and her husband Ben became the new alphas.
61	* Justified in ''Creator/PatriciaBriggs''' ''Literature/MercyThompson'' series, in which werewolf packs adhere very strictly to the alpha/beta view of wolf hierarchy. However, it's noted several times that this is only because they're magical werewolves, and real wolf packs absolutely do not work that way.
62	* In ''Literature/TheLunarChronicles'', [[BigBad Queen Levana]] has hundreds of genetically engineered SuperSoldiers who, as children, were subjected to experiments where they were infused with wolf DNA, based on the idea that they would be easier to control as soldiers due to wolves' strict hierarchies of alphas, betas, and omegas.
63	* ''Literature/TheSight'': The main wolf pack have this sort of ranking with fictional language words for alpha, beta and omega wolves, and only some of them are related--two parents and their children, the father's sister, her mate (whose relationship with her is noted to be unusual) and two others. Downplayed in that they are treated by the narrative as a family, and barring some DeliberateValuesDissonance in how they treat [[ButtMonkey Bran]] act like one instead of a group trying to one-up each other.
64	* The children's series ''Literature/SoldierDogs'' refers to leader dogs as "alphas".
65	* ''Literature/ASongOfIceAndFire'': Arya Stark is forced to send her direwolf pet/companion Nymeria running out of fear that Joffrey and Cersei would have it killed because it defended her from Joffrey's bullying. Over the course of the books, she dreams of being a wolf, leading a pack of them as they raid the countryside. It's later revealed to other characters that the Starks have a warging ability in their blood, and thus Arya is subconsciously tapping into Nymeria's head when she dreams.
66	* In ''Literature/SurvivorDogs'', dog packs and wolf packs all use the alpha-beta-omega dynamic. It also works as a caste system. Each pack has one alpha, one beta, and one omega. Everyone else is divided by rank and role (hunters, patrol dogs, etc). Alphas are the leaders and betas are their second-in-command. Omega are the lowest ranking dogs--they eat last, are referred to as "Omega" regardless of name, and do the "dirty jobs" such as cleaning up the other's bedding. Sunshine, for example, is an Omega just because she's a small Maltese, but she enjoys being an Omega and [[DontYouDarePityMe dislikes being pitied]], while Whine was an Omega because, as a Pug, he's TheLoad of the pack. The strongest dog is the alpha and dogs move rank by fighting one another one-on-one.
67	* In ''Literature/TheTwilightSaga'', the Quileute werewolves operate this way. The alpha, if he so chooses, has total control over his packmates, while his beta is simply a designated second-in-command with no supernatural power of his own.
68	* In ''Literature/WolvesOfTheBeyond'', wolf packs are ruled by ranks. For example, lords are the highest ranking wolves, while gnaw wolves are the lowest member of the pack.
69	* ''The Yillian Way'' by Keith Laumer: A diplomatic team from Earth arrives to negotiate with the Yillian race, but find themselves ignored and served disgusting slop. The head diplomat is fully prepared to eat this stuff regardless, but his aide realises that it's a SecretTestOfCharacter. [[FlippingTheTable He knocks over the table]], marches up to where the big shots are eating and insists on being served good human food. As Yillian society is based on alpha domination, he successfully asserts his authority in their eyes.
70	[[/folder]]
71
72	[[folder:Live-Action TV]]
73	* ''Series/{{Andromeda}}'': Nietzscheans, a HumanSubspecies of Social Darwinists, are organized into "prides" led by an alpha male who achieves his position by AsskickingLeadsToLeadership, and a matriarch who's the caretaker of the pride's genetic health and not necessarily one of the alpha's wives.
74	* ''Series/{{Farscape}}''. An InvokedTrope in "Till The Blood Runs Clear". Realising that two Vorcarian blood trackers are from a species that uses alpha-male dominance, John Crichton adopts the Alpha role to make them do his bidding. It works...for a while.
75	* ''Series/GameOfThrones'': As in the source material, Arya has to send Nymeria away in Season 1. Fast forward to season 7, and Arya, on her way back to Winterfell after hearing that [[spoiler:Jon has become King in the North]], finds herself surrounded by wolves, led by Nymeria. They share a reunion, but ultimately part ways because Nymeria's place is in the wild, not as her pet or companion.
76	* ''Series/StarTrekVoyager'': One of the SpeciesOfHats is the Hirogen, whose 'hat' is HuntingTheMostDangerousGame. Each hunting party is led by an Alpha, with a Beta as his second. This isn't just GratuitousGreek as this trope affects their behaviour; in one episode Harry Kim is able to get two Hirogen to back down by claiming to be working directly for the Alpha.
77	* ''Series/TeenWolf'': Alpha werewolves (the most powerful) lead packs comprised of weaker beta wolves, while omegas are defined as unattached to a pack or an alpha.
78	[[/folder]]
79
80	[[folder:Tabletop Games]]
81	* While ''TabletopGame/Warhammer40000'''s Space Wolves don't use alpha/omega terminology (it's already used to classify psyker PowerLevels), Fenrisian wolves have an IFightForTheStrongestSide mentality, as the Space Marines usually defeat the wolfpack's strongest member to gain mastery over the pack (this can be explained as Fenrisian wolves being the descendants of wolf/human hybrids; "there are no wolves on Fenris"). They also have a special unit called a Lone Wolf, a DeathSeeker who rejects the company of his fellow Marines and only counts towards the opposing player's victory if he's still alive at the end of the game.
82	* Packs in ''TabletopGame/WerewolfTheApocalypse'' and ''TabletopGame/WerewolfTheForsaken'' almost always have an alpha who fought his way to the position. By this point, both games have acknowledged that this is not how it works for wolves in the wild; however, as werewolves are naturally driven by Rage, it's an easy way to establish hierarchy so that every pissing contest doesn't descend into a death match.
83	[[/folder]]
84
85	[[folder:Video Games]]
86	* In ''VideoGame/Fallout4'''s Nuka-World expansion, The Pack is an animal themed raider gang that uses this dynamic, with the leader called The Alpha. Since there's only actually one named character, it's unclear what the rest of the ranks are. Rank is largely based on strength, though pranks are also an accepted way to gain status over a rival.
87	* ''VideoGame/{{Lorwolf}}'': The wolf that appears as your profile picture was described as your "alpha wolf" in your den until it was changed to "leader" in a January 2023 early access update.
88	* ''VideoGame/MonsterHunter'': Many monster species have an "alpha male" variant that is bigger and tougher than its fellows.
89	* Many social animals in ''VideoGame/PlanetZoo'' have "alpha" members of their groups, including wolves, but this just means the dominant breeders, be they a pair (in the case of mixed-sex family groups such as canines and beavers), a dominant male (animals that live in harems such as lions, pinnipeds, and most ungulates), or a dominant female (such as hyenas and lemurs). In the last two cases, having too many members of the dominant sex in one enclosure can lead to fighting.
90	* Due to ScienceMarchesOn, this is used in the 1990s wolf LifeSimulationGame ''VideoGame/WolfDOS''. It features alpha wolves and beta wolves.
91	* ''VideoGame/WolfQuest,'' another wolf LifeSimulationGame and a 2000s SpiritualSuccessor to ''Wolf'', is a notable aversion. The game is intended to be realistic, so the terms Alpha, Beta and Omega aren't used, and you find a mate to start your own pack with rather than fighting your way to the top of a pack.
92	[[/folder]]
93
94	[[folder:Webcomics]]
95	* In ''Webcomic/KevinAndKell'', Ralph Dewclaw, a wolf who is rather inept at hunting, having repeatedly failed to eat his rabbit brother-in-law Kevin, and later became rather overweight after taking a job working for Kevin, describes himself as the "omega" of his pack.
96	* ''Webcomic/PeterIsTheWolf'': Werewolves operate on a MightMakesRight philosophy that means any pack member can take what they want from their packmates if they are stronger.
97	* Erebus from ''Webcomic/{{Scurry}}'' leads his wolf pack with an iron paw. When one underling jumped at Altas the moose without a signal from Erebus, his fate was to be savaged and cannibalized by the other wolves, with tacit approval from Erebus. The world of ''Webcomic/{{Scurry}}'' has undergone some unspecified AfterTheEnd apocalypse that has left many species behaving oddly.
98	* In ''Webcomic/SkinHorse'', Buddy is the alpha of Sweetheart's UpliftedAnimal Spitz dogpack, but this turns out to be an ''elected position''. He is decidedly ''not'' the toughest dog in the pack; he's the one everyone ''likes''.
99	* Wally the werewolf in ''Webcomic/ZebraGirl'' was basically the omega of his pack, the designated bullying target. Though most of his packmates were really a bunch of psychopaths using their poor grasp of wolf instincts as an excuse for their killing sprees [[spoiler: to the point that their alpha decided to kill them all and start over, Wally only surviving because he left with his human girlfriend and her even scarier friends.]]
100	[[/folder]]
101
102	[[folder:Web Original]]
103	* ''Blog/HamstersParadise'': This trope is mostly averted with the southhounds, a sapient species of hamster descendant that has [[FantasticFaunaCounterpart convergently evolved into a wolf-like creature]]. Most subspecies have packs that are nuclear families similar to actual wild wolves with violent conflict between members being rare. However, one group that plays this straight are the outlanders, this subspecies is descended from outcasts from the different subspecies who were exiled for various reasons. As their founding members were strangers who were forced to live together, this resulted in them developing hierarchical packs based on strength and dominance, with alpha, beta, and omega ranks. The alphas who lead are expected to be the strongest and most aggressive but the whole packs still share a strong sense of camaraderie, with the strongest members expected to inspire the weak ones to become strong themselves. They’re also the most xenophobic of the southhounds and are hostile to both rival outlander packs and the other subspecies.
104	* WebVideo/HBomberguy talks about the origins of the alpha/beta wolf theory and why it's no longer considered scientifically accurate in his [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahuj1B0ow4U&t=739s video response]] to "The Golden One," a Swedish neo-Nazi bodybuilder who blames all of society's problems on weak "leftist betas" while seeing himself as the epitome of an "alpha male."
105	* ''WebVideo/{{Oxventure}}'': In the 2022 Halloween Dread episode, the characters are menaced by a wolf pack acting under the instruction of a werewolf that has taken over as the pack's alpha. When one of the characters defeats the werewolf at the end, the wolves start following that character instead. Ellen acknowledges in an aside that it's not scientifically accurate.
106	* One article on ''Website/{{Springhole}}'' talks about how this trope is untrue and how it's overused in werewolf fiction.
107	* WebAnimation/WolfSongTheMovie has a variant of the trope, however a bit more realism is put in here, as every alpha wolf we see is visibly older than their subordinates. The story follows the pack of one such alpha named Damien and his packmates who he had adopted following them being displaced (save for Kara and Alador, who are his biological children, but even they had been displaced) facing off against the nefarious Death Alpha and his pack, the Death Keep, who seem to follow this trope more straight, as unlike Damien who has 10 or so in his pack (number changes based on new recruits and losses endured over the course of the film), they have a pack size that could easily number upwards of 50 (the females alone number a little over 25 and it is likely that the males are more numerous) and only 7 are directly related to the Death Alpha (4 of whom defect early on), the rest being from the untold number of packs he had decimated who weren’t killed or displaced. However the Death Alpha is actually a {{hellhound}} that essentially rules through fear. Also the fights only occur between packs, except in the case of defectors and training rounds.
108	[[/folder]]
109
110	[[folder:Western Animation]]
111	* ''WesternAnimation/KipoAndTheAgeOfWonderbeasts'':
112	** {{Justified\|Trope}} with the main pack of [[UpliftedAnimal Newton Wolves]], as these wolves are descended from those raised in captivity. They value scientific knowledge above all else, hence why the group tries to pass off [[GeniusDitz Kipo]] as their leader when forced to interact with them. The Newton Wolves themselves are led by two alpha males, brothers both named "Billions"[[note]]fans refer to the one voice by John Hodgman as "Good Billions" while Creator/{{GZA}}'s is "Bad Billions"[[/note]], and are implied to have inherited their position from "Old Billions."
113	** {{Averted}} when we later learn about Wolf's childhood as a human who was [[AdoptTheFood adopted into a traditional family of wolves]]. In the third season, [[spoiler:her wolf siblings are shown to have left the pack to set out on their own]], while WordOfGod says [[spoiler:her wolf father has since adopted other wolf and human children to raise]].
114	** Played straight in season three, when the Mega-Dogs are revealed to have an alpha/omega structure that Wolf takes advantage of to become their new leader. Interestingly the "alpha" Mega-Dog, the Corgi, is both the smallest ([[AttackOfTheFiftyFootWhatever comparatively speaking]]) and female, having a litter of puppies in the finale.
115	* The ''WesternAnimation/MollyOfDenali'' episode "Cry Wolf" has a realistic example based in fact. Molly learns about how wolf packs are led by the alpha breeding pair. However, there is no such 'beta' because the wolves are like family.
116	* In the ''WesternAnimation/RockosModernLife'' episode "Who's For Dinner?" Mr. and Mrs. [[SpeciesSurname Wolfe]] attend a pack meeting. One of the attendants is referred to as "Alpha," although he isn't the leader. (Someone else is.)
117	[[/folder]]
118

Context Main / AlphaAndBetaWolves