In
the early 1980s, the American video game industry was in
its second generation and making money hand over fist. Arcades were popping up across the country like daisies, the
Atari 2600 dominated its competitors in the home market, and
no-relation-to-the-trope Pac-Man Fever held the nation in its iron grip.
In 1983, however, something
went terribly wrong. Dozens of game manufacturers and console producers went out of business, production of new games crawled to a standstill, and the American console game market as a whole was dead in the water for the next two years. When it came back in vogue later in the decade, it was thoroughly dominated by Japanese companies, with old American stalwarts viewed as also-rans desperately playing catch-up.
What happened? Although
The Great Video Game Crash of 1983 was an industry-wide phenomenon, the best place to start is with the downfall of
Atari, a tale forever linked to the Crash:
- Atari refused to give game designers authorial credit or royalties for their work, which led to a growing culture of dissent. Many of Atari's programmers left to form their own companies to make games for the 2600, the most famous and successful of which was Activision. Atari lost its legal attempts to prevent the use of its cartridge format, which allowed the most creative people in the industry to directly compete with Atari's own efforts.
- Atari's business strategy — sell its consoles as cheaply as possible while relying on game sales for its profit margin — made the situation worse. The strategy worked when Atari was the only game in town and had a home-market monopoly on Space Invaders and Asteroids, but as competing companies produced either superior work or cheaper-yet-comparable work, Atari's profits suffered.
- The company was responsible for a number of notoriously poor high-profile cartridge efforts in late 1982. The most notable of these were a designed-in-six-weeks version of Pac-Man and an awful adaptation of E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, which are widely panned as two of the worst games ever made. Not only were these (and numerous other) games awful, but Atari overproduced them — 12,000,000 copies of Pac-Man were made for a 10,000,000-console industry in the hopes it'd be a system-seller. Angered stores either returned the unsellable products in droves or relegated them to the clearance section. It isn't certain what the company did with millions of dollars in worthless cartridges, but it dumped and paved over many of the defective consoles and other such accessories in the New Mexico desert.
- The closest thing the Crash had to a "Black Tuesday" was December 7, 1982: during a shareholder meeting, Atari reported a 10-15% expected increase in profits. This doesn't sound too bad, but was far below the 50% expected increase people had been led to believe would be announced. By the next day, the stock of Warner Communications (Atari's parent company) immediately dropped 33%, and a mini-scandal erupted when it was revealed that the president of Atari, Ray Kasser, had sold 5,000 shares of the company half an hour before making his announcement.
With its customer base eroded by its inferior technology, Atari had racked up nearly half a
billion dollars
note (roughly $1.4 Billion in 2012 dollars) in losses by the end of 1983. Atari wasn't alone in its troubles, as its competitors were also facing hard times:
- A glut of companies attempting to follow in Atari's success gave consumers too many choices, which meant no one system could succeed in the long term, since very few consumers would buy more than one. These included (but weren't limited to) the Bally Astrocade, the Colecovision, the Coleco Gemini, the Emerson Arcadia 2001, the Magnavox Odyssey2, the Mattel Intellivision, the Vectrex, the Sears Tele-Games, and the Fairchild Channel F-System II. Many of the systems featured indistinguishable libraries, partly due to Atari, Coleco, and Mattel all releasing games for each other's consoles; the picture at the top of this page, an ad from this period for Q*Bert, shows the exact problem left to consumers looking to determine just what system to buy. In the end, consumers largely waited to see which console dominated...and when it became clear that nobody would, companies were already going out of business.
- A similar problem occurred with software development. Games for these systems were cheap to produce, and since their makers figured they'd sell no matter the quality, poor titles from dozens of hastily-created start-ups flooded the market. Even non-video game companies like Quaker Oats produced games, which were little more than thinly-disguised commercials for their products, such as Chase the Chuck Wagon (Purina) and The Kool-Aid Man. As the Crash started, these companies were the first to go.
- As game developers began going out of business, retailers were left with unsold product that couldn't be returned to now-defunct manufacturers. Hoping to salvage something, stores offered massive discounts just to clear inventory. The market for higher-priced new games shrunk in the face of large amounts of budget-priced crap, especially since...
- There was almost no way for consumers to discern the good games from the bad. There was no such thing as the Internetnote Well strictly speaking there was, as the TCP/IP based Internet was just going live at the time, and it's ARPA Net predecessor had been around since 1969, but these networks were little known outside of academia and military circles, and there were few video game magazines, so most buyers were left with only the screenshots and text on the box to tell them anything at all about the game. Since these were almost always nonsense designed to get you to buy the game, consumers were left once-bitten twice-shy. Some stores had places where consumers could demo certain games, but this didn't really help.
- The personal computer market made its first competitively-priced entry into American society. Though PCs had software libraries which catered to the early gaming crowd, their educational and office software gave them an edge. Certain computers, such as the Commodore 64, were also priced and marketed to compete directly with game consoles.
- A media backlash, viewing video games as a fad, played up all the company bankruptcies as proof the industry was dying.
The Crash killed the American home console market for two years — video game sales dropped from $3 Billion in 1982
note ($7.13 Billion in 2012 dollars) to as low as $100,000,000
note ($213,000,000 in 2012 dollars) in 1985, and many game companies went out of business.
When it was revived, it was done from the outside via the introduction (and overwhelming success) of the
Nintendo Entertainment System. The main result of the Crash would be the dominance of the home video game market shifting from the United States to Japan. This was particularly evident in the case of
Sega, whose American parent company, Gulf & Western, sold it to a Japanese corporation in 1984, minus its former U.S. division (which it sold to Bally).
The Crash was a uniquely American phenomenon, and even there, it never risked killing video games as a medium. Although the home gaming market was weakened by the temporary death of the dedicated console, the growing PC base (especially the Commodore 64) provided a viable replacement for home video game production by the small number of companies which were still around — and while the American arcade scene was beginning its slow descent into obscurity, arcade games were still very near the height of their popularity. Even with a death of domestic game creation, minor arcade classics like
Paperboy,
Punch-Out!!,
Space Ace,
Karate Champ, and
Gauntlet found their release during this period. Many of these arcade games would later be ported to home consoles (with varying degrees of success) after the market was revived...but we're getting ahead of ourselves.
Across
The Pond, the European market was dominated at this stage by early home microcomputers (predominantly the Sinclair
ZX Spectrum and the C64), with an outrageous number of one-person coders writing games for the far-cheaper tape-distribution system. These machines flourished and became the backbone of the industry for the next decade, with the so-called "bedroom coders" receiving status ranging from "cult hero" (Jeff Minter, Matthew Smith
et al) to "legend" (
Bell and Braben, the Oliver Twins). That didn't prevent some quite talented developers from making enough stupid decisions to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory, of course (Imagine Software, most notably; see
here
for info, with a big example of an
Orwellian Editor as a bonus). Even with the missteps, the European gaming industry remained solid.
Across the other pond, the Crash also had little effect on the industry in Japan. Though the home of a massive arcade base that naturally grew from Pachinko parlors and Mah Jong dens, Japan wasn't a particularly early adopter of home variations, and most American imports were curiosities at best. Indeed, the cheap-technology Crash provided the perfect storm for domestic development which received the
Famicom console and the
MSX computer in 1983. Those two systems would dominate the Japanese gaming industry for the rest of the decade, though the latter would eventually fall to increased personal computer competition. Interestingly, near the start of '83, Atari had started early stages of negotiating the rights to the Famicom's U.S. release, though this would eventually be scuttled by the effects of the Crash. But oh,
What Could Have Been...
Deciding to go it alone, Nintendo launched the Famicom two years later in the States as the Nintendo Entertainment System, and was able to achieve near-monopoly status thanks to the weakened state of the American console market. Nintendo's Seal of Quality system, coupled with
a cartridge design that couldn't be manufactured without Nintendo's approval, provided a degree of protection against the low-quality shovelware which had plagued the Atari. To assuage the concerns of American shopkeepers uneasy about stocking a new video game system, the NES was designed with a front-loading cartridge slot to make it look more like a VCR than a game console (a design that was problematic as hell, but that's not for here). The largest NES set was bundled with the Robot Operating Buddy and Zapper peripherals, which looked much more like conventional toys. R.O.B.
only worked with two games, and the Zapper light gun wasn't much better.
Very few toy stores were fooled, but success in test markets and a brilliant advertising strategy landed the NES space on store shelves across the country. And the NES had the perfect game to bundle for the 1985 U.S. release:
a fat Italian plumber,
best known for antagonizing a giant ape,
ventures across a land overrun by turtles and walking mushrooms in order to save a princess from the grasp of a dragon-turtle villain.
It was just
Crazy Enough to Work, ushering
a new era of gaming.
