Space is big. Really big. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mind-bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the road to the chemist's, but that's just peanuts to space.
Dr. James Van Allen
(for whom the
Van Allen Radiation Belt
is named) was once asked by a reporter to 'define space'. He replied, "Space is the hole that we are in."
Most people (if not, in fact,
everyone) can't get their minds around just how big the universe is. So it should come as little surprise that most
Speculative Fiction writers can't either. This is chiefly true of creators of TV, film, and video game SF. Creators of
written science fiction can be positively obsessive about accuracy (but on the other hand,
sometimes they're not). If your qualitative yardstick is based around an author's ability to describe distances, this may be a useful way to distinguish good print science fiction from bad print science fiction. And it's why a lot of science fiction fans don't like the movie and TV adaptations of their favorite books and stories. The usual blend of
Adaptation Decay and bad research is a surefire way to leave the adaptation with no sense of
scale. On the other hand, "Space is so ridiculously huge that there is absolutely no realistic way that anyone could ever travel to anywhere even remotely interesting in the lifespan of most major civilizations", while not a total deal-breaker, does rule out an awfully broad range of plots.
For example, consider that a light year is about ten
quadrillion meters or nearly
six trillion miles. That's ten-to-the-power-of-sixteen meters, or 10 petameters. Let's assume your family car uses about 2 and a half gallons of fuel per 100km - about 25 mpg - and a gallon costs about US$ 4. Then one light year is roughly where you'd end up if you spent the entire national debt of the US on gas
note and at 60 miles per hour, it would take 11 million years to drive there. At the opposite end, an atomic nucleus is on the order of a
quadrillionth of a meter. That's ten-to-the-power-of-negative-fifteen of a meter, or a femtometer. Such outrageous
SI prefixes
rarely appear in fiction, and that's before we get anywhere near the scales of galaxies and subatomic particles.
This is because most writers aren't that good at or are too lazy to implement mathematics, let alone the branch of calculus. If it sounds like
a number made up by a child (
Attention all yoctograms!, septillion seconds), the writer might have actually taken it seriously.
Another example which often comes up is the idea of beings coming to our galaxy from another galaxy. While there's no reason why a writer
can't introduce beings from the nearest galaxy intent on contacting/conquering the Milky Way, there would have to be a
pretty dang good reason to travel the incredibly vast distances separating galaxies — distances which make traveling between stars seem like a little hop.
Some would consider this one of the
Acceptable Breaks from Reality. If the characters didn't travel through space at
thousands of times the speed of light, it wouldn't be very interesting, unless the focus was just the spaceship itself. Either you'd have to make the ship incredibly powerful to max out
Time Dilation and shorten the time spent from the characters' perspective, put the characters into some kind of
suspended animation (and just fast forward through their journeys), or even have entire
generations of characters that would live and die on the ship before they even reached a known extrasolar planet (meaning the audience would say
They Wasted A Perfectly Good Character or treat the new generations as a
Replacement Scrappy), and so on... If
Star Trek, for example, was realistically scaled, it'd be a
lot less interesting.
Unless... the story was about the journey, and about generations of characters living on a spaceship. That has been done before, and well. But it's a different type of story than "Strange New Worlds".note It's actually even been done in Star Trek; in the original series episode "For the World is Hollow and I Have Touched the Sky" the strange new world the Enterprise visits is just such a ship.
Two related tropes are
Medieval Stasis and
Modern Stasis, where society stays the same for thousands of years. It is a subtrope of
Space Does Not Work That Way, which features a list of tropes that try to treat space in a way that it wouldn't realistically work. See also:
MST3K Mantra,
Bellisario's Maxim,
Watsonian Versus Doylist.
Examples go into subpages: