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Did Not Do The Research
They went to the right movie for a Mexican Disney character, but they picked the Brazilian character instead.  *
"Now let me correct you on a couple of things, OK? Aristotle was not Belgian. The central message of Buddhism is not 'Every man for himself.' And the London Underground is not a political movement. Those are all mistakes, Otto! I looked them up!"
A Fish Called Wanda

"Thus Aristotle laid it down that a heavy object falls faster than a light one does. The important thing about this idea is not that he was wrong, but that it never occurred to Aristotle to check it."
Albert Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Writers in film, television and other media can sometimes be lazy people who cannot be bothered to do proper research on subjects relevant to the plot of their work of fiction. At other times (especially in TV), they just cannot squeeze research into the 10 days or so they get to write a script. In other cases, putting in too much detail would be distracting and annoying. In any case, the research did not get done.

The result is that depictions of events and concepts taken from history, foreign cultures, or the sciences will often be heavily distorted, caricatured or inaccurately depicted as being analogous to something more familiar to the audience.

To avoid making these mistakes, see Useful Notes. For the situations where the research is obviously done, see Shown Their Work. For situations where the research might or might not have been done, but is ignored in favor of the story, that's Artistic License. When the science in an old work has since been disproven, that's Science Marches On.
Tropes that fall into this category: