Line #5 UsefulNotes/Quebec


1	[[quoteright:350:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/qubec.png]]
2
3	->''The people of Quebec are having a lot of stress\
4	Even Gilles Vigneault has changed his name to Gilles Vign-[[BalkanizeMe yes]]''
5	-->-- Bowser And Blue, intro to ''Faute du Federal''
6
7	Quebec (''Québec'' in French, mind the accent - the name comes from an Algonquin word referring to the location near Quebec City as "where the [Saint Laurence] river narrows") is the largest [[UsefulNotes/CanadianProvincesAndTerritories province]] of UsefulNotes/{{Canada}} in area, and second only to Nunavut in all of Canadian territorial units. It's also the second-most populated province after Ontario, as well as the Country's only officially [[UsefulNotes/FrenchLanguage French-speaking]] province. As a result, its distinct culture, not to mention its sovereignty movement, have set it apart from the rest (read: the primarily ''English-speaking'' areas) of Canada. In 2006, the Canadian Parliament declared Quebec as a "nation within a united Canada".
8
9	Its capital is Quebec City and the largest city is UsefulNotes/{{Montreal}}. Also noted are Sherbrooke, Chicoutimi, Trois-Rivières, and Gatineau, bordering Ottawa. Quebec borders the province of Ontario to the west and both Newfoundland and Labrador as well as New Brunswick to the east. It also shares an international boundary with the US states of [[UsefulNotes/NewYorkState New York]], UsefulNotes/{{Vermont}}, New Hampshire, and UsefulNotes/{{Maine}}.
10
11	The territory now encompassing Quebec was first inhabited by Inuit and [[UsefulNotes/NativeAmericans Native American peoples]] such as the Huron. Jacques Cartier in the 1500s later reached the area in Quebec and helped set up a [[UsefulNotes/TheFrenchColonialEmpire colony]] called Stadacona. The settlement failed; however, the French did not give up. Later, French merchants set up shop in the Saint Lawrence Valley and became fur traders.
12
13	In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec City to make it the base of French power in North America. With alliance between Huron and Algonquin tribes, the French secured the territory. In exchange of furs, the French gave the First Nations their alcohol, guns, and clothing, and also tried to convert them to Catholicism with various degree of success. Later, the [[UsefulNotes/LetatCestMoi French kings]] introduced the seigneural system where settlers from the French Empire, primarily Normans and Bretons, will till a part of land for their landlords, called the seigneurs. These settlers, whose descendants came to be known as Canadiens, will later also expand to what is today Ontario, Manitoba, and even territories along the Great Lakes Mississippi River and in the United States.
14
15	New France was a pawn in the UsefulNotes/SevenYearsWar between the French and British. The French are losing almost on the start, with a lower population base than those of the British Thirteen Colonies, but they held on until 1760, when the British defeated the French in the Plains of Abraham outside of Quebec City, placing New France under military occupation until it formally became a British possession in 1763 as part of the peace treaty between France and Great Britain.
16
17	The British at first tried to assimilate the Canadiens that inhabited the land they just got, but later gave up on this and implemented the Quebec Act of 1774. This was one of the grievances that erupted into UsefulNotes/TheAmericanRevolution. They claimed that the British were favoring the French-speaking Canadians over the English-speaking American colonists. Religion was one cause, too; the Canadiens in Quebec are mostly Catholic while the Americans are mainly Protestant. Quebec remained loyal to Britain during that war, the British troops there resisting attempts by American generals to conquer Quebec, with the British settlers being determined to stay loyal to the crown, and the Canadiens basically operating on a mentality of "the British may be English-speaking Protestant oppressors but dammit, they're OUR English-speaking Protestant oppressors!"
18
19	However, the Quebec Act did provide the survival of French law, culture, and language in Quebec, as its territory was shrunk into what is now southern Quebec and Labrador. Eventually, the lands west of the Ottawa River were given to mainly English-speaking settlers, many of them American Loyalists, and thus became Ontario, or Upper Canada (because it was upstream along the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence system). Quebec was thus designated Lower Canada.
20
21	In 1837, the provinces in Lower and Upper Canada exploded in rebellion. The Patriotes movement, largely led by Francophones like Louis-Joseph Papineau and Anglophone Robert Nelson, almost swept Canada. While it failed, it did make a deep imprint in Quebec history. The result is that Quebec, now called Canada East as it was merged in 1840 into the Province of Canada, was to be given self-government. Quebec then became one of the founding provinces of Canada in 1867, and tried to accommodate to the English-speaking provinces while maintaining its francophone identity.
22
23	When the Confederation of Canada took place from 1864-1867, the Franco-Canadian participants in the discussions were adamant that Confederation be a federal system, one that ensured that their province had the political tools it needed to maintain its Francophone identity. This went against the wishes of most of the English-speaking participants, who wanted a "legislative union" that would simply [[FusionDance combine all of the British North American colonies into one larger entity with no internal borders]]. In the end, part of the eventual compromise was that Canada would become a federal state with very specific powers for the provinces, while the federal government would be paramount in all other areas.
24
25	As time went on, Montreal became Canada's largest city (it has since been overtaken by Toronto) and its center of industry. However, many French-speakers resented the economic power of the Anglophone, both Canadian and American, ruling class. Furthermore, the decision by Ottawa to send troops for UsefulNotes/TheSecondBoerWar had further angered Quebecers. Resistance to the draft was common in Quebec during the [[UsefulNotes/WorldWarI two world]] [[UsefulNotes/WorldWarII wars]]. Despite this, many Quebecers distinguished themselves in combat.
26
27	During 1944, Maurice Duplessis took power as premier of Quebec. He tried to champion Quebec nationalism and conservatism in all areas. He also created Hydro-Québec, one of Canada's largest electric companies today. Many other intellectuals, among them a lawyer named [[UsefulNotes/PierreTrudeau Pierre Elliot Trudeau]], opposed Duplessis. They later sowed the seeds of the so-called Quiet Revolution, where responsibility for education was transferred from church to state, state intervention in the Quebec economy, secularization, modernization and liberalization of Quebec public life, and so on. In this period, the concept of Quebecois identity was formed.
28
29	There are some who thought rebellion and secession under a Communist state was the only option to preserve Quebec identity, and the Front de libération du Québec tried to do just that, targeting Anglophone institutions and what they saw as pro-Ottawa Francophones. This led to the October Crisis in 1970 where FLQ terrorists kidnapped a British trade commissioner and a Quebec government official. The latter one was later killed; the British diplomat was freed by the Canadian government in exchange for the FLQ members involved to leave for Cuba. Trudeau--by this point Prime Minister and a vehement federalist (opponent of secession)--later invoked the controversial War Measures Act and arrested suspected militant Quebec separatists. The violence of the FLQ later cost them popular support, while the arbitrary imprisonment of activists, journalists and even poets under the War Measures Act is still remembered.
30
31	On the other hand, the Parti Québécois (non-violent Quebec separatists) gained popularity under René Lévesque and won a victory in the 1976 provincial election. They passed the Charter of the French Language (also known as "Bill 101") to make French the province's only official language and impose some restrictions on the use of English in schools and workplaces. They also held a referendum on whether to make Quebec "sovereign" (read: independent) in 1980, only for it to be defeated by a landslide. Attempts by the Quebec government to gain more provincial rights and leverage resulted in the new 1982 Canadian constitution, which was not ratified in Quebec. In 1987, the Meech Lake Accord was held by Canadian premiers to try to patch up differences, but failed utterly in the early 1990s. Later, the Parti Québécois held a second sovereignty referendum in 1995. This time, the "no" side only won by a slim margin. The premier of Quebec blamed it on "money and ethnic votes" that exacerbated the matter. Since then, actual support for sovereignty has declined, while at the same time the vast majority of inhabitants of the province consider themselves more Quebecer than Canadian. Quebec is trying to find its place in Canadian and world society, becoming a leader in information technology, energy, aerospace, and UsefulNotes/MapleSyrup (no, seriously, Quebec accounts for nearly 75% of the world's production).
32
33	One element of Quebec society that many people in the rest of Canada tend to overlook is that the Quebecers, except for usually Anglo-Quebecers and Indigenous people living within Quebec's borders, are much more likely to emphasize Canada as TheFederation than other Canadians. While most other Canadians tend to see themselves as simply "Canadians", a lot of Quebecers, and most francophones, see themselves as a distinct nation with very particular concerns about identity that is participating in a greater polity [[note]]A very rough analogy would be to compare Canada to supranational organizations like the United Nations, NATO or the European Union: you may genuinely support these organizations and be happy they exist and that your country is part of them, but you identify as "your country" and not as "the United Nations". That being said most Quebecers, especially French speakers, will identify as Quebecers first and Canadians second, but will still identify as Canadian to some extent[[/note]]. It is difficult to properly convey Quebec culture to outsiders because in most English-speaking nations language is primarily a mean to communicate and is very rarely a political issue, while in Quebec language is fundamental to the ethnic identity. This is why there is some friction between both English- and French-Canadians, even though the majority of both sides act in good faith, it is difficult to properly understand the mindset of "the other", in effect, to put yourself in their shoes. Intrusions into what are seen as Quebec's rightful jurisdictions are considered very SeriousBusiness and potential threats to Quebec's francophone identity (then again, most provinces would object to the federal government intruding on matters that the constitution identifies as being provincial powers). Note that, due to some controversies, Quebec nationalism has been accused of being based on the "pure laine" (pure wool) ethnicity. [[note]]To offer yet another rough comparison, this could be compared to the ''Yamato''/''Nihonjin'' ethnic identity in UsefulNotes/{{Japan}}.[[/note]] Long story short, this basically refers to Quebecers that are either exclusively or overwhelmingly[[note]]Some Quebecers that would otherwise fit the profile have non-French surnames due to various phenomena, such as francophone families allowing otherwise completely assimilated Irish Catholic children they adopted [[UsefulNotes/IrishPotatoFamine during the famine]] to keep their last names.[[/note]] ethnicalaly French Canadian and have French as a (sole) mother tongue. The term "pure laine" is increasingly controversial and taboo, even with people who would fit the "description". However, in practice, it is a cultural nationalism that includes space for the Quebec's anglophone community and new immigrants regardless of skin colour. In a way, Quebec nationalism often isn't that different from its Canadian counterpart, despite a VocalMinority that would say otherwise, emphasizing common values rather than ethnicity.
34	[[folder: Religion and religious hatred]]
35	Religion in Quebec has a complex history. The first French settlers brought their Catholic faith with them, and Catholic priests, missionaries, nuns and monks were a significant part of the early colony, establishing schools and hospitals and converting the Native population.
36
37	TBC
38	[[/folder]]
39	---------
40	!!Famous Quebec Figures
41	* John Abbott, 3rd [[UsefulNotes/CanadianPrimeMinisters Prime Minister of Canada]], and the first to have been native-born (his two predecessors having been born in Scotland).
42	* Elie Abel, journalist and academic (moved to the U.S.).
43	* Denys Arcand, film director and screenwriter.
44	* [[Series/LesFillesDaCote Cecile Auclert]], actress (moved to France)
45	* Melissa Auf der Maur, musician, member of bands like Music/{{Hole}} and Music/TheSmashingPumpkins.
46	* Nanette Bordeaux, actress known for her work in ''Film/TheThreeStooges'' shorts (moved to the U.S.).
47	* Martin Brodeur, hockey player.
48	* Louis Kevin Celestin aka "KAYTRANDA", record producer and DJ.
49	* Jean Chrétien, 20th Prime Minister of Canada.
50	* Music/LeonardCohen, singer, songwriter and poet.
51	* Louis Cyr, [[WorldsStrongestMan strongman]].
52	* Creator/RichardDarbois, voice actor and actor.
53	* Creator/CarolineDhavernas, actress.
54	* Music/CelineDion, singer.
55	* Creator/XavierDolan, film director, screenwriter and voice actor.
56	* Roméo Antonius Dallaire, former Lieutenant General, war hero, retired senator, and author of ''Literature/ShakeHandsWithTheDevil''.
57	* Roy Dupuis, actor.
58	* Marc Garneau, astronaut, engineer and politician.
59	* Garou (real name Pierre Garand), singer.
60	* Corey Hart, singer.
61	* Claude Jutra, actor and film director.
62	* France Joli, disco singer (had a worldwide hit at 16 with "Come to Me" (1979)).
63	* Music/JonLajoie, comedian, musician, singer, rapper, actor, and Internet celebrity.
64	* Alexis Lapointe aka "Alexis le trotteur", athlete and folk legend.
65	* Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier, 6th Prime Minister of Canada, and the first French-Canadian to serve in that office.
66	* Mario Lemieux, hockey player.
67	* Jean Lesage, politician whose 1960 election as premier of Québec is generally considered to mark the start of the Quiet Revolution.
68	* Robert [=MacNeil=], journalist and news anchor (moved to the U.S., where he became known working for Creator/{{NBC}} and Creator/{{PBS}}).
69	* UsefulNotes/LeoMajor, World War II hero.
70	* Nancy Martinez, dance singer known for her 1986 hit, "For Tonight".
71	* Brian Mulroney, 18th Prime Minister of Canada.
72	* Creator/AlanisObomsawin, filmmaker known for her documentaries focusing on Indigenous Canadians.
73	* Serge Robert aka "Mononc' Serge", musician and satirist.
74	* Julie Payette, engineer, astronaut and former Governor General of Canada.
75	* Louise Penny, author best known for a series centered on Chief Inspector Armand Gamache of the Sûreté du Québec and set mainly in the Eastern Townships and Montreal.
76	* François Pérusse, humorist.
77	* Ginette Reno, singer, songwriter and actress.
78	* Maurice Richard, hockey player, AKA "The Rocket".
79	* Creator/MordecaiRichler, author.
80	* Patrick Roy, hockey player.
81	* Creator/WilliamShatner, actor.
82	* Louis St-Laurent, 12th Prime Minister of Canada.
83	* Georges St-Pierre, martial artist, athlete and actor.
84	* Creator/ManuelTadros, singer-songwriter, actor and voice actor. Father of Creator/XavierDolan.
85	* Mary Travers aka "La Bolduc", folk singer. (Not to be confused with Mary Travers of Music/PeterPaulAndMary, who was from Louisville, Kentucky.)
86	* UsefulNotes/PierreTrudeau, Canada's 15th [[UsefulNotes/CanadianPrimeMinisters Prime Minister]] and Justin's father.
87	* Justin Trudeau, Canada's 23rd [[UsefulNotes/CanadianPrimeMinisters Prime Minister]].
88	* Creator/JeanMarcVallee, director, writer, producer, and editor.
89	* Gino Vannelli, singer/songwriter.
90	* Creator/DenisVilleneuve, film director.
91	* Gilles Villeneuve, race car driver.
92	* Jacques Villeneuve, race car driver (and son of Gilles).
93	----
94	!!Francophone Canadian Films
95	* ''[[Film/Ravenous2017 Les Affamés]]''
96	* ''Film/{{Aline\|2021}}''
97	* ''Film/TheBarbarianInvasions''
98	* ''Film/BonCopBadCop''[[note]]notable for being a bilingual film[[/note]]
99	* ''Film/LesBoys''
100	* ''Film/{{CRAZY}}''
101	* ''Film/TheDeclineOfTheAmericanEmpire''
102	* ''Film/{{Farador}}''
103	* ''Film/{{Fauve}}''
104	* ''Film/{{Heartbeats}}''
105	* ''Film/{{Henry}}''
106	* ''Film/HoldUp''
107	* ''Film/HumanistVampireSeekingConsentingSuicidalPerson''
108	* ''Film/IKilledMyMother''
109	* ''Film/{{Incendies}}''
110	* ''Film/{{Invincible\|2022}}''
111	* ''Film/JesusOfMontreal''
112	* ''Film/{{Marguerite\|2017}}''
113	* ''Film/Mario1984''
114	* ''Film/{{Martyrs}}''
115	* ''Film/MonOncleAntoine''
116	* ''Film/MonsieurLazhar''
117	* ''Film/{{Polytechnique}}''
118	* ''Film/RedRooms''
119	* ''Film/TalesForAll''
120	* ''Film/WarWitch''
121
122	!!Series Set in Quebec
123	* ''Series/NineteenTwo''
124	* ''Series/CameraCafe'' (Quebec version)
125	* ''Series/LeCoeurASesRaisons''
126	* ''Series/DansUneGalaxiePresDeChezVous''
127	* ''Series/District31''
128	* ''Series/EscouadeNineNine''
129	* ''Series/LaPetiteVie''
130	* ''Series/RadioEnfer''
131	* ''Series/{{Temps de chien\|2023}}''
132	* ''Series/ThreePines''
133	* ''Series/UnGarsUneFille'' (Quebec version)
134
135	!!Animation Set in Quebec
136	* ''WesternAnimation/BensCity''
137	* ''WesternAnimation/{{Crac}}''
138	* ''WesternAnimation/{{Dimanche}}''
139	* ''WesternAnimation/FredsHead''
140	* ''WesternAnimation/JacobTwoTwo''
141	* ''WesternAnimation/{{Knuckleheads}}''
142	* ''WesternAnimation/MartinMystery''
143	* ''WesternAnimation/MyGoldfishIsEvil''
144
145	!!VideoGames Set in Quebec
146	* ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedIVBlackFlag'' has the modern day portion of the game set in Abstergo Entertainment's Montreal branch.
147
148	!!Miscellaneous Portrayals involving Quebec
149	* In ''Webcomic/ScandinaviaAndTheWorld'', Quebec is shown as Canada's weird relative (the exact relation being unclear, but it ''should'' be noted Canada and Quebec look like twins). So far, Quebec made a boat out of a giant pumpkin and somehow got high off tea.
150	* In "WesternAnimation/DanVs [[Recap/DanVsS1E6DanVsCanada Canada]]", a part of the episode involves visiting Quebec, with Dan teaming up with Quebecers against Canada.
151	* ''Radio/LesDeuxMinutesDuPeuple'' [[note]]The people's two minutes[[/note]] is a creation of the Quebecer François Pérusse and is a juggernaut of Francophone comedy (both in his native Quebec and in French-speaking Europe). Many of his 2 minutes sketches airing on the radio are set in Quebec or involve Quebec in some way (or France, for its European version).

Context UsefulNotes / Quebec