Line #137 UsefulNotes/India


1	[[quoteright:330:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/india-map_4618.gif]]
2
3	->''"We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made."''
4	-->-- '''UsefulNotes/AlbertEinstein'''
5
6	A really long story made short - India, officially known as '''Republic of India''' ('''Hindi:''' ''भारतीय गणराज्य, Bhartiya Gaṇrajya''), is a South UsefulNotes/{{Asia}}n country and the world's largest and most complex democracy. In 2023, it passed UsefulNotes/{{China}} as the world’s most populous country.
7
8	The country's modern English name is likely derived from its Arabic name ''"Al-Hind"'' (الهند), combined with the Latin suffix ''"-ia"'', which denotes a place name. Alternately, it may have derived from the Greek Ἰνδική / ''Indikē''. These names, in turn, derived ultimately from the Sanskrit ''Sindhu'', for the Indus River--which drains pretty much none of modern India, its basin lying almost entirely in today's UsefulNotes/{{Pakistan}}. That said, the Indus Valley Civilization that formed in that region over 4,000 years ago is (with Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Mesoamerica, and the Andes) one of the six "Cradles of Civilization" from which the major urban civilizations of world history sprouted, and is directly ancestral to the cultures of all of the Subcontinent (whatever modern political and ethnic divisions may prevail).
9	----
10	[[foldercontrol]]
11
12	[[folder: Ancient India]]
13
14	Arguably, the concept of India, i.e. a geographical entity as a whole begins in the 4th century BCE, when most of the subcontinent came under the Maurya Empire, ruled by King Chandragupta Maurya with his adviser, Chanakya. The empire was formed, uniting the many fragments of the subcontinent, presumably as a defense against the [[UsefulNotes/AncientGreece Greek/Macedonian]] invasion led by UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat. This theory is given credence because Chanakya, the purported architect of Chandragupta's rise to power, viewed the Greek conquest as an attack on Indus culture. Chanakya is today regarded as one of the greatest [[BadassBookworm war strategists]] of all time, and the tale of his cunning [[ThePlan tactics and ploys]] against the Greeks (both Alexander and his successors) have grown into legend, at least in India where the Arthashastra, attributed to him, is regarded as a proto-Machiavellian work of {{Realpolitik}}. Some commentators consider it even more cynical than Literature/ThePrince[[note]]The key reason being that Machiavelli was genuinely a Republican while the author of Arthashastra was advocating for TheEmpire in a Hobbesian fashion[[/note]]. Greek and Roman histories however hold that Chandragupta's imperial ambitions was spurred by the SuccessionCrisis in the wake of Alexander's death, and Greek and Indian scholars often interacted with each other during this period. A key facet is the development of Buddhist and Jain sculpture which was inspired by Greek aristans. The recovery of Mauryan era artifacts likewise shows inscriptions in Pali (the ancient Indian script) alongside Greek, suggesting a level of diplomatic contact and exchange between the Mauryans and the Hellenistic Kingdoms.
15
16	The Mauryan Empire lasted a few more generations, reaching the height of its territorial extent, military power, and cultural achievement under Chandragupta's grandson, Ashoka the Great. Ashoka is perhaps most famous for being (we think) a Buddhist and (possibly) a pacifist (after having done a lot of killing and conquering...), but he made more lasting contributions in the form of the usual good-monarch business (lawgiving, fair dispensation of justice, efficient administration, etc.) Of course, no empire can last long, and the Mauryan Empire soon broke up into what would later be termed the Middle Kingdoms of India; most of the kingdoms co-existed in peace, and trade routes started by Maurya flourished over the next 1,500 years. Ashoka also played a major role in proseltyzing Buddhism and in the course of the eventual rise of Hindu (or rather Vedic) kingdoms, Buddhism would decline in India but spread across China and Japan and generally flourish outside its country of origin. Every now and then, a new empire would rise and run most of the subcontinent for a few generations, but nobody really cared other than the nobles doing the ruling and fighting, as these political distinctions did comparatively little to affect the economic activity on the ground, which is good because during the classical to medieval period, India was considered the '''wealthiest''' economy in the world.
17
18	India was the center of the spice trade and was linked to the Silk Route. Traders from across the world came to India, including the Arab scholars Al-Beruni (who brought Indian mathematics to the Middle East and managed to spread it westwards), Ibn Batuta and of course UsefulNotes/MarcoPolo who came all the way to South India, to Mylapore (present day Chennai) and wrote about the wealth of the Southern Kingdoms. India also held monopoly on the diamond trade until the discovery of diamonds in Brazil in the 1700s, the crown jewels of virtually every European royal family was adorned with diamonds from the mines of India, especially Kollur in Golconda. This is true of the two most famous diamonds in the world, the Hope Diamond and the Koh-I-Noor.
19	[[/folder]]
20
21	[[folder: Medieval India]]
22
23	India's wealth did not go unnoticed for long and the northern parts of India were subject to repeated raids from the Arabs and the Mongols. The Arab Sultans started making in-roads into India between 800-1400, starting several small kingdoms often inter-marrying with local rulers and allying with them to carve territory. Some of these rulers were highly notable, including Razia Sultana, the daughter of Alauddin Khilji who became [[SheIsTheKing the only female Sultan of India]] who ruled on her own. There was also Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan warlord who revived the ancient capital of Pataliputra (modern day Bihar) and ruled for five years (between the reigns of Humayun and Akbar) but in that time, extended the Grand Trunk Road, built a Post Office and invented the Rupee, the currency of the Indian subcontinent. Eventually, political unity would come about with the rise of the Mughal Empire, who would at their height grow to unify well over 80% of the subcontinent.
24
25	Unlike earlier Arab rulers or other foreign rulers before (and after), the Mughals under Akbar started assimilating into Indian culture and traditions. Akbar famously abolished the tax for non-Muslims and promoted Hindus into high positions in the government and started a much admired policy of religious co-existence that would later be cited by nationalists as an inspiration for a plural society that formed part of secular Indian nationalism. This era of the Mughals brought about an architectural and cultural Renaissance comparable to Florence under the Medici, or France under UsefulNotes/LouisXIV. From this period dates monuments such as Humayun's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikhri, Buland Darwaza and under Akbar's grandson, Shahjahan, the Old Delhi quarter and of course the Taj Mahal, India's [[EiffelTowerEffect most iconic monument]]. The Mughals also promoted infrastructure, relative order and created a system of vassals and alliances. This was not always peaceful of course because the Mughals, however benign and tolerant they were, were still TheEmpire.
26
27	Rebellions sprang against their hegemony and within Punjab, regional rebellion also led to the rise of Sikhism (along with Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam, the major religion of the Indian subcontinent) whose Gurus often battled against the Mughal armies. Of course, the Mughals had a tendency to be [[HisOwnWorstEnemy their own worst enemies]] what with the DecadentCourt and their fratricidal policy of succession. Much like the Ottomans, princes competed against each other for the right of succession [[CainAndAbel and brothers would often kill their siblings]] and imprison their fathers when they became old. Jahangir, Shahjahan and Aurangzeb came to power in this manner, and while the first two are still respected, Aurangzeb has a deeply ambivalent reputation across India, since he repudiated his ancestors policy of religious toleration (his brother Dara Shikoh, who he killed, translated the Gita into Persian for instance) and launched a policy of religious persecution and oppression. Under Aurangzeb, the Mughals reached the peak of their military power and territorial expansion.
28
29	This sparked [[LaResistance a strong resistance in the South]] that would eventually evict the Mughals from large portions of the Deccan Plateau, forming the Maratha Confederacy, a state on the border between TheEmpire and TheFederation internally. The Mughals would also decline in the North under later rulers. Most humiliatingly of all, they would be sacked by the Persian conqueror Nader Shah who came to Delhi and left with the Peacock Throne and the Koh-I-Noor diamond [[note]]which would later be recovered by the Sikh Empire before coming into possession of the English, whose Crown Jewels outfit it to this day[[/note]]. Numerous petty wars and kingdoms broke out across the North and the South. All of this occurred to a backdrop of warfare well on par with the UsefulNotes/ThirtyYearsWar, which thoroughly wrecked the golden age of before and the emergence of other petty states like Mysore in the vacuum. After well over a century of conflict, both sides still warily eyed each other, looking for the chance to finish the other off.
30	[[/folder]]
31
32	[[folder: British Raj]]
33
34	The East India Company, originally chartered by UsefulNotes/ElizabethI had previously come into contact with the Mughal Emperors and initially conducted themselves in the interest of trade. The arrival of the Dutch, Portuguese and the French East India Companies as well as the great deal of instability caused by the above mentioned power vaccuum, led them to begin forming an army to protect their interests. These actions in turn got the side-eye of local Nawabs and rulers, who allied with the French or other regional heads to fight the English, often in proxy wars of European conflicts such as the UsefulNotes/SevenYearsWar and UsefulNotes/TheAmericanRevolution. A good example is Tipu Sultan who, incredibly was an ally of [[UsefulNotes/TheFrenchRevolution Revolutionary France]]. However, from the victory of Robert Clive at the 1757 Battle of Plassey to the Mutiny, a century later, [[OutsideContextProblem the British East India Company established unquestioned hegemony over all remaining Indian kingdoms]], going from strength to strength with the only true challenge finally coming from [[PrivateMilitaryContractors the local sipahis]] they had brought into their ranks.
35
36	Under British Colonial Rule, first under the East India Company and [[UsefulNotes/TheRaj then directly under the Crown]], two hundred and fifty years of capital-F-Foreign rule began. Initially, the East India Company was allowed to govern [[OneNationUnderCopyright more or less by itself]], which resulted in such [[KickTheDog lovely]] policies such as abusive tax-collecting (with collectors often torturing people to pay up like a proto-mafia LoanShark), aggressive missionary activity, destruction of rural infrastructure, imperialism and annexation violating treaties that the Company formerly agreed to. The East India Company also farmed opium in India with which it tried [[TheAggressiveDrugDealer to open up China's market]].
37
38	The resulting flare up was the Indian Mutiny. This event achieved two things. It resulted in the elimination of the Mughals, the brutal and violent conquest of Delhi, and the end of any future local military threat (this was the last time Indian rulers took command in battle and the last time locals actually mounted military resistance against the Crown). It also resulted in the crown [[YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness abolishing the EITC]] and ruling directly and far more cautiously.
39
40	Britain created a modern, united, well-developed system of rule, with railways, telegraph and court systems - but the entire infrastructure was specifically designed to exploit the resources of the country, with only a minimal regard as to the consequences for the Indian people, although it was also [[PragmaticVillainy careful to avoid unnecessarily antagonising the people]] (such as by rampantly preaching Christianity), and if doing something nice for the locals would also benefit the British or at least cost them nothing, they usually did so gladly. With that, right up until independence, there was also exactly zero interest (actually scratch that, minimal interest with zero ''support'' from the crown) in fixing social problems such as casteism, illiteracy, gender and income inequality, etc that civilizations were attempting to overcome around the world; any progress made on those fronts was either made in spite of the government or because something the government found expedient happened to lead to progress tangentially. Indeed, the British often encouraged these inequalities by establishing ethnic identities by special categories and quotas, which further spread religious divides. While the Raj became increasingly Indianized in terms of bureaucracy, true representative rule was never really put into place; the world's largest population was ruled without any direct way of voicing its wishes in government.
41
42	This is known as "The Drain" in Indian history, when India's wealth and resources were harnessed--recklessly--by the British for their own ends. Britain then proceeded to popularize this image of the 'Poor India' around the world, emphasizing that such a country of "savages" was unfit to rule itself. The British rule was also marked by periodic famines in India, which came about because of the laissez faire attitude to liberal capitalism. As UsefulNotes/FranklinDRoosevelt[[note]]Who despite his friendship with Churchill was a critic of British Imperialism and repeatedly stated that America would push for decolonization after the war[[/note]], noted, ''"Every year the Indian people have one thing to look forward to, like death and taxes. Sure as shooting, they have a famine. The season of the famine, they call it."''
43	[[/folder]]
44
45	[[folder: Pre-Independence]]
46
47	India's independence struggle caught global attention after UsefulNotes/WorldWarI. Several Indian freedom fighters had supported calls for Indian soldiers to enlist in the hopes for Dominion Status and autonomy. Despite the great numbers of Indian soldiers who died for the Crown, the British didn't uphold their side of the bargain. Then after the war, the events of the Jalianwalla Bagh massacre happened, where British General Dyer ordered a contingent to fire on protesters in a crowded area. The resulting violence, brutal crackdown, martial law in Amritsar and grotesque acts of torture earned condemnation across India and the world (even by arch-imperialist UsefulNotes/WinstonChurchill in Parliament). Around this time, a lawyer returning from South Africa, named UsefulNotes/MahatmaGandhi (though still called Mohandas Karamchand at the time) was making his voice heard in India. To protest this massacre, he called for the Non-Cooperation Movement, a large scale boycott of Indian goods that electrified public opinion and earned Gandhi worldwide attention. Later events such as the Civil Disobedience movement and the iconic Salt March, and several other agitations exposed the absurdity and arbitrary nature of English rule behind the propaganda of the Empire.
48
49	Despite his immense importance however, Britain's withdrawal from India was not solely, or mainly, a result of Gandhi's protests, rather a result of a number of diverse factors. This includes: [=WW2=]'s significant impact on Britain's army and economy, anti-British riots beginning to break out around the country, growing dissent among the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II#Aftermath Indian Army during WW2]], who were becoming increasing antagonistic towards the Allies (unsurprising, since they were now caught in a situation where they were fighting ''against'' an oppressive regime ''for'' an oppressive regime -- nearly 100,000 Indian soldiers eventually defected over to the INA; [[LaResistance the pro-Japanese, anti-British Resistance]] movement, and some [=POWs=] were actually recruited voluntarily by the Japanese; both these forces inevitably went on to fight the Allies in Southeast Asia) plus, having just witnessed the results of a totalitarian government, the world was much less willing to buy the idea of British rule being for "India's own good". Even then, the independence attained in 1947 was as much triumph as it was tragedy.
50
51	The policies of UsefulNotes/TheRaj, alongside internal party disputes within the Congress, led to a polarization between the two parties of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. The leader of the Muslim League, and founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was originally a member of the Congress party. He had once voiced support for Hindu-Muslim unity, and was a committed nationalist. Yet, factional disputes within the Congress, perceived closeness to Hindu religious leaders and fears of a Hindu nationalism rather than a secular one, made him sympathetic to the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory two-nation theory]], a demand for a separate nation for India's sizable Muslim minority carved out of provinces in the Raj that had sizable Muslim majorities and Hindu-Sikh minorities. This idea of nationalism was inspired by Kemalism, Zionism and Arab nationalism, i.e. it revolved around social identity of Muslims as citizens, rather than building a theocratic state, and Jinnah fully expected a Pakistan that would be democratic and eventually co-exist alongside India. This notion of a separate Muslim nation was opposed by the Congress' leadership who were committed to a secular state and believed that its leadership was representative of all Indians, the majority Hindus and its minorities. Despite the purpose of Pakistan as a nation for the Muslim minority, a vast number of Muslims did not wish to live in a separate Muslim nation and identified with Indian nationalism. Indeed, in the 21st Century, India ranks among the top three Muslim populations in the world, with 172 million residing in India and calling it home (greater than the total populations of Russia and Japan). It's only in proportion to the 900+ million Hindu population that Muslims constitute a "minority" in India.
52
53	Nonetheless, in consequence of a series of factors in the 1940s, Jinnah and the Muslim League won enough support in a 1945 regional electorate that their demands for a separate nation were taken seriously by the English. The Labour government, who came to power in 1945, promised independence and devolution, and the goal was a "dignified exit" and as such Louis Mountbatten agreed to a two-nation division of the former British Raj. There isn't a great deal of consensus for what follows but historians agree that the most contentious issues invole 1) The case of the Princely States, the areas of India governed [[InNameOnly by nominal Princes]] who had the right to accede to either India and Pakistan or declare neutrality and independence. 2) The movement of the date of transfer far earlier than intended. In the case of the former, there were issues of Hindu Kings ruling over regions with Muslim minorities (cf, UsefulNotes/TheKashmirQuestion) and vice versa. Whether "neutrality" was the desires of the King over that of their people and if it weren't more democratic to put the issue of national self-determination to a Plebiscite. In the case of the latter, the moving up the date meant that the infrastructure to arrange and police the population exchange had to be erected in haste, and in some cases, not at all. As such people were forced to suddenly leave what they considered their homes, with their belongings and asked to move to an area which they were told was now their country when, in most cases, their true homeland was the world they left behind, whose new residents were... the strangers coming their way to take it. This led to the violence of the Partition, the largest and bloodiest communal violence in South Asia, where more than a million people were killed as Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims clashed in Bengal, Punjab and the Sindh, in addition to leaving millions more displaced. This was the largest population exchange and greatest human migration in history. To say that the parties (India, British, Pakistan) were unprepared and incompetent in handling the crisis is an {{Understatement}}. The trauma of these events had a psychological impact on India and Pakistan, and the memories of these events, the loss of land, lives and dignity, and the overall responsibility is an issue of great contention.
54
55	The former British Raj which governed the whole subcontinent was divided into what is now modern India, Pakistan (a non-contiguous land that included West Pakistan and East Pakistan[[note]]Eventually, with Indian military support, East Pakistan, carved out of the Bengal province, became Bangladesh and gained its own independence from Pakistan after a rather bloody revolution.[[/note]]), [[UsefulNotes/{{Portugal}} Portuguese occupied Goa]] [[note]](which was later conquered and integrated into India--not that most Goans had any problem with it), This led to a rather amusing incident in which the Portugese attempted to invoke the [[BindingAncientTreaty Anglo-Portugese Treaty of 1373]] to defend Goa against India; the British basically told them, "You're a puny bunch of quasi-fascist colonialists, India is a powerful and reasonably-friendly and democratic member of UsefulNotes/TheCommonwealth, so...how about no?"[[/note]], Bhutan (which remains independent), and Sikkim (which was an Indian protectorate from independence to 1975, at which point it was admitted as a state). A much-overlooked fact is that because of the structure of the British Raj, India had to fight for considerable swaths of territory. The country at the time was divided into a whopping ''five hundred plus'' now-independent Princely States (which Britain had governed and taxed indirectly through traditional Indian monarchs) and, deciding not to expend the vast resources that would be necessary to make a smooth transition, Britain took an attitude of "you guys sort it out among yourselves" and withdrew without establishing the new government.
56	[[/folder]]
57
58	[[folder: Post-Independence India]]
59
60	On August 15, 1947, India became an independent nation, which despite its partitions, constituted the 7th largest nation in the world. The Herculean task of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_integration_of_India gargantuan task of uniting the 560+ princely states]] fell to Home Minister Vallabhai Patel, his Constitutional Advisor V.P. Menon, and (more controversially) the Britain-appointed Viceroy Louis Mountbatten. While the parts of the subcontinent under direct British rule immediately became part of the Union of India (as it was called before it became a republic in 1950), the Princely States themselves had the option of joining India, Pakistan, or remaining independent. Majority-Muslim states on the border with Pakistan tended to join Pakistan without controversy, while most others chose to join India. However, several princely states refused to follow the obvious patterns, the most notable of which are Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad, all instances where the ruling elite was a different religion from the majority of the population in the state. Kashmir, where the ruler was Hindu and the people Muslim, is quite possibly one of the biggest political cans of worms in the world today, besides the UsefulNotes/ArabIsraeliConflict, [[UsefulNotes/TheKoreanWar Korea]], [[UsefulNotes/{{Afghanistan}} Afghanistan]], and UsefulNotes/TheTroubles. The other two major instances involved a Muslim ruler over a majority-Hindu state: Junagadh's Muslim prince decided to join Pakistan despite not bordering it at all, leading India to essentially lay siege to the territory, and eventually the prince bailed out to Pakistan. Hyderabad's Muslim ruler decided he didn't much care to be part of either India ''or'' Pakistan, and Hyderabad had to be [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Polo forcefully integrated]].
61
62	A lot of the problems that nobody cared to fix before independence are still there now, most notably a high rate of illiteracy in the more rural areas, which both the government and private organizations are fighting to change (and have been improving gradually), ethno-religious tensions, the uneven spread of urbanization and since TheNineties, massive income inequality, UrbanSegregation and the rise of communal violence, and rampant political corruption. On the positive side, sixty years of quick, accelerated development later, India today is the world's largest democracy, maintaining the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Military second largest military in the world]], a nuclear superpower, and the only nation that has U.N permission to trade in nuclear fuel without having signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty. For a country that has only had six decades of actual modern development, it says a lot about how fast the nation is moving forward, especially when Americans today are concerned that Indians are surpassing them in the IT sector. Poverty is still an issue, with 22% of the nation falling below the poverty line, and the nation containing a large portion of the world's poor. It is trying to deal with these problems, but it remains a slow and steady climb.
63	[[/folder]]
64
65	(Note: A lot of the pages below are unfinished, so just go ahead and create/expand them if you think you can.)
66	[[index]]
67	[[WMG:The History Of India]]
68	* Indus Valley Civilization: One of the most ancient civilizations in the world.
69	* The Vedic Age: Indo-Aryan tribes moved into the Indus valley, and then, all of northern India. They brought the Sanskrit language, which is comparable to Latin in Europe in terms of the influence it had on Asia. It also is a distant relative of most European languages such as English, French, Russian etc.
70	* The Mauryan Empire - Macedonian Invasion, The Battle Of Hydaspes, Unity under Mauryan Rule, decline into the Middle Kingdoms
71	* The Middle Kingdoms - Growth of Economy, The Mughal Expansion, Prithviraj Chauhan, Discovery by Vasco Da Gamma, Arrival of the British
72	* Formation of The Raj - Annexation by East India Company, Rule until 1857
73	** [[UsefulNotes/IndianRebellion The Sepoy Mutiny (India's First War For Independence)]]
74	* UsefulNotes/TheRaj - The Colonial Rule, Popularization of the [[MysticalIndia "Savage" India]] through British Media, The JWB Massacre, The World Wars, Bhagath Singh, UsefulNotes/MahatmaGandhi
75	* UsefulNotes/TheLargestDemocracy - Independence in 1947, the partition into India and Pakistan, important events from 1948 - present
76
77	[[WMG: Indian Cities, States, and Union Territories]]
78	* UsefulNotes/{{Mumbai}}
79	* UsefulNotes/IndianStatesAndUnionTerritories
80
81	[[WMG:Indian Culture]]
82	* Myth/HinduMythology - The truth about it, not the unresearched crap you see in movies.
83	* UsefulNotes/IndianLanguages - 22 officially recognized languages, 250+ minor languages, 4000+ variations and dialects...
84	* IndianMedia
85	** MediaNotes/{{Bollywood}} - The Hindi Film Industry, nicknamed after its U.S counterpart.
86	** MediaNotes/TheOtherwoods - Because not all Indian movies are Bollywood.
87	** FilmiMusic: UsefulNotes/{{India}}n music created for MediaNotes/{{Bollywood}} productions.
88	** IndiPop - a short lived pop music scene
89	* UsefulNotes/CricketRules - UsefulNotes/{{Cricket}}, Cricket, [[RuleOfThree Cricket]]. What is it?
90	* Main/TypeCaste - And just like everywhere else, Indians have their own type of racism. The one particular aspect of the nation's history people want to forget, but can't.
91	* Mad Dogs and Englishmen - India's climate
92	* UsefulNotes/{{Yoga}}
93
94	[[WMG: Misrepresentations of India in International Media]]
95	* MysticalIndia - What does India looks like? It's full of snake charmers and flying carpets, of course!
96	* StereotypicalSouthAsianEnglish - You are to be teaching me very good English, Masterji!
97	* BollywoodNerd - All Indians are absolute geniuses!
98	* OperatorFromIndia - No, wait, all Indians work in Call Centers!
99	* Kali is the Goddess of Death - Apparently, Indians worship death and want to destroy the world.
100
101	[[WMG:Indian Food & Cuisine - Contrary to popular belief, it's not all spices and pepper.]]
102	* South Indian Food - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and other Southern States
103	* North Indian Food - Punjab, Kashmir, Rajasthan, etc.
104	* Other Cuisines of India - Western, Eastern, Central and Northeastern India
105
106	[[WMG: Law Enforcement, Military and Politics]]
107	* UsefulNotes/ThePradhaanMantris
108	* UsefulNotes/TheRashtrapathis
109	* UsefulNotes/IndiansWithIglas - The Indian Military
110	** UsefulNotes/SainiksInTheSubcontinent - soldiers in ancient and medieval India
111	** UsefulNotes/TheThirdEyeOfBharat - India's nuclear arsenal
112	* UsefulNotes/IndianLaws - The Court System, And other organizations.
113	** UsefulNotes/KhakisCarryingLathis - Indian Police and other law enforcement organizations
114	** UsefulNotes/TheCommonLaw - India's colonial legal heritage. Everything but family/personal law falls under this tradition.
115	* UsefulNotes/TheSinoIndianConflict - When the TigerVersusDragon trope plays out among nations
116	* UsefulNotes/TheIndoPakistanConflict - The general rivalry between India and Pakistan.
117	** UsefulNotes/TheKashmirQuestion - A major source of tension in the above rivalry.
118
119	[[WMG: Transport And Communications]]
120	* Indian Railways - The Railway department of the government holds the Guinness Book distinction of being the world's largest commercial or utility employer.
121	* Indian Roads - Ah, the roadways of India. Or, alternately, your worst nightmare.
122
123	[[WMG: The People Of India]]
124	* Unity in Diversity - Hundreds of religions and languages, how do they coexist?
125	* Indian Accents
126	* Main/TypeCaste
127
128	[[WMG: It Happens Only In India]]
129	* [[UsefulNotes/IndianFestivals The Land of Festivals]]- India is known as the Land Of Festivals. Read this to find out why.
130	* Indian Culture Shock - A popular trope used in Indian films, which is now spreading to Hollywood.
131	[[/index]]
132
133	[[WMG:India in popular culture]]
134
135	[[AC: Anime and Manga]]
136	* A good chunk of the earlier parts of ''Manga/JojosBizarreAdventureStardustCrusaders'' take place in India, one of the more remembered part is establishing [[RunningGag the foreign toilet problem]] on Jean-Pierre Polnareff while also showcasing how toilets go in India, the one time Polnareff got into a seemingly normal toilet, ''a pig pops its head out of its hole''. And then he was told that toilet like that was rare even for India, the common type of toilets in actual India is actually the one where you crouch instead of sit, and if all else fails, even if not shown in the show... there's still the 'shitting street'/poo in the loo... one of DIO's assassins they encounter there is also quite possibly Indian.
137	* In ''Manga/{{Berserk}}'', the Kushan Empire is a FantasyCounterpartCulture to India. "Kushan" was literally the country's old name.
138	* ''Anime/BlackButler'' has the Princes Agni and Soma.
139	* ''Anime/MobileSuitGundam'' has the TropeCodifier for PhlebotinumGirl, [[spoiler: and star-crossed lover of Char Aznable]], Lalah Sune.
140	* Rakesh Chandrasekhar from ''Anime/MajesticPrince'' is implied to be Indian with his name and skin tone.
141	* Anthy from ''Anime/RevolutionaryGirlUtena'', who was inspired by Lalah. Character designer Chiho Saito even [[https://64.media.tumblr.com/a286e505b56ed8fca5232f14c48cc252/2dd79636a3afc32d-62/s1280x1920/f7b64e691041abeb6083a081cb987dbf1afe3e84.png states]] that she deliberately gave her an "Indian-like" appearance.
142	* ''Anime/CodeGeass'': Rakshata Chawla, the BollywoodNerd MadScientist. She's a part of the Black Knights.
143	* ''Anime/GunsmithCats'': Rally is half-Indian.
144	* ''Anime/BlackLagoon'': Janet Bhai. She has a thing for Benny.
145	* ''Anime/TheStoryOfPerrine'' has the Pandavoine family.
146	[[AC: Comics]]
147	* ''Franchise/{{Tintin}}'': Tintin visits India halfway ''Recap/TintinCigarsOfThePharaoh'' and is still in the country at the start of ''Recap/TintinTheBlueLotus''. He visits the country again briefly in ''Recap/TintinTintinInTibet''.
148	* ''ComicBook/{{Asterix}}'': Asterix, Obelix and Cacofonix visit India in ''Recap/AsterixAndTheMagicCarpet''.
149	* ''ComicBook/SuskeEnWiske'': In 1960 author Willy Vandersteen travelled to South Asia. It inspired several stories, including the albums ''De Gouden Cirkel'', ''De Wilde Weldoener'' and ''De Junglebloem'', which are set (sometimes partially) in India.
150	* ''Namaste'' is a FrancoBelgianComics series about a little girl, Mina, and her parents who visit India for their vacations. They meet a local boy named Pintu who act as their guide.
151
152	[[AC: Eastern Animation]]
153	* ''Animation/TheReturnOfHanuman'' is a 2007 spin-off movie centered around the Hindu god Hanuman.
154	* ''Animation/RoadsideRomeo'' is a 2008 Bollywood animated feature.
155
156	[[AC: Film]]
157	* Of course, all BollywoodMovies take place in India and Pakistan.
158	* The comedy ''Film/MonsoonWedding (2001)'', which won a Golden Lion in Venice, is about romantic entanglements during a traditional Punjabi Hindu wedding.
159	* Creator/LaurelAndHardy: The film ''Bonnie Scotland'' sends Laurel & Hardy to India, where they become part of the British colonial army.
160	* ''Film/ElephantBoy'' is a 1937 British adventure movie starring legendary Indian (and later American citizen) actor Sabu in his debut role, who takes care of elephants in India.
161	* ''Film/GungaDin'' is an 1939 adventure movie with Creator/CaryGrant set in colonial India.
162	* ''Film/{{Gandhi}}'' (1982), a {{Biopic}} about UsefulNotes/MahatmaGandhi which won the Oscar for ''Best Picture'' that year.
163	* Film/JamesBond goes to Udaipur, Rajasthan, in ''Film/{{Octopussy}}''. His ally Vijay is played by pro tennis player Vijay Amritraj.
164	* The second ''Franchise/IndianaJones'' film ''Film/IndianaJonesAndTheTempleOfDoom'' (1984) has Indiana and his companions crash land in India and get involved in freeing the local population from a local evil cult.
165	* ''Film/TheBourneSupremacy'' begins in Goa as Jason Bourne and his girlfriend Marie are trying to lay low and have some semblance of a normal life away from the clutches of the CIA.
166	* ''Hotel Mumbai'' is a [[VeryLooselyBasedOnATrueStory dramatization]] of the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attack on the Taj Hotel.
167	* ''Film/{{Lion}}'' is about a local boy lost in India and adopted by a couple from Australia. Many years later, he goes on a quest to find his mother and brother using Google Maps. Main/BasedOnATrueStory.
168	* ''WesternAnimation/SitaSingsTheBlues'' is a 2008 animated film about Hindu mythology.
169	* ''WesternAnimation/TurningRed'': {{Goth}} girl Priya Mangal is Indo-Canadian.
170
171	[[AC: Literature]]
172	* The most ancient erotica guide ''Literature/KamaSutra'' was written in India.
173	* The fairy tale ''Literature/TheKingWhoWouldBeStrongerThanFate''.
174	* Creator/RudyardKipling's ''Literature/TheJungleBook'' and naturally all adaptations of this story, like ''WesternAnimation/TheJungleBook1967'' take place in India. Kipling's other stories, like ''Film/TheManWhoWouldBeKing'', ''Literature/{{Kim}}'' and ''Literature/JustSoStories'' are also often set in this country.
175	* ''Literature/APassageToIndia'' by E.M. Forster is a novel about the relationship between Britain and India in the last days of the British Raj.
176	* ''Literature/TheGreatGame'' by Peter Hopkirk is about the rivarly between Tsarist Russia and the British Empire to gain power in India.
177	* Some of the ''Literature/{{Sandokan}}'' books are partially or completely set in India immediately before and during the Raj, with the fourth having the Mutiny of 1857 as its backdrop.
178	* Creator/RoaldDahl's ''Literature/TheWonderfulStoryOfHenrySugar'' has several stories. The title story is about a man who learns [[spoiler:how to see without using his eyes]] from a man from India.
179	* Part of ''Literature/EatPrayLove'' is set in India, where the protagonist meets a guru.
180	* ''Literature/PatherPanchali'' was originally a novel; its film adaptation is a renowned classic of world cinema.
181	* Creator/SalmanRushdie's ''Literature/MidnightsChildren'' is a book about the history of India.
182	* Creator/GeorgeOrwell's debut, ''Burmese Days'', is an autobiographical account about the British colonial police in India, where he was once a member. Orwell wrote down his disgust about the way they treated the local people there.
183	* ''Literature/TheRoyalDiaries'': "Jahanara, Princess of Princesses" is a fictional diary of Jahanara, oldest daughter of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (she of the Taj Mahal fame), from right before her father seizing the throne to [[spoiler:her mother's DeathByChildbirth.]]
184
185	[[AC: Live-Action TV]]
186	* ''Series/RippingYarns'': The episode "Roger of the Raj" is set in the time of UsefulNotes/TheRaj.
187	* ''Series/TheOfficeUS'' has the episode "Diwali," wherein Kelly invites the gang to a celebration of the Indian holiday.
188	* In ''Series/SEALTeam'' season 2, one story arc concerns a massive terrorist attack in the city of Mumbai where Bravo Team is deployed to secure a hotel and rescue an American Foreign Service Officer. The scenario is completely inspired by [[RippedFromTheHeadlines the 2008 Mumbai siege.]]
189	* ''Series/TwentyFourIndia'' is a remake of the American TV show with its story and cast reimagined in India. The lead actor is Creator/AnilKapoor, who guest-starred in the 8th season of the original series.
190
191	[[AC: Music]]
192	* Music/RaviShankar is the most famous Indian musician in the world. He made traditional sitar music famous in the West.
193	* Music/TheBeatles were influenced by Indian culture, music and philosophy from 1965 on, when they filmed ''Film/{{Help}}''. On ''Music/RubberSoul'', ''Music/{{Revolver\|Beatles Album}}'' and ''Music/SgtPeppersLonelyHeartsClubBand'' the tracks "Norwegian Wood", "Love You To" and "Within You Without You" have Music/GeorgeHarrison playing a sitar. Harrison's first solo album ''Music/WonderWallMusic'' is predominantly instrumental Indian music.
194	* Music/TheKinks: "See My Friends" (1965) and "Fancy", from the 1966 album ''Face to Face'', are two of the first Western rock songs to add Indian themes and instrumentation.
195	* Music/TheYardbirds: The track "White Summer" on ''Music/LittleGames'' has an Eastern music sound, exemplified by an oboe and an Indian-percussion tabla. During "Glimpses" a sitar plays.
196	* The Paul Butterfield Blues Band has a 13 minute instrumental titled "East-West" (1966), incorporating Indian influences.
197	* Music/{{The Rolling Stones\|Band}}: Their song "Paint It, Black", from ''Music/AftermathAlbum'' (1966) and the song "Gomper" features Music/BrianJones on sitar.
198	* Music/TheByrds: Their singles "Eight Miles High" and "Why" have Indian influences.
199	* Music/JohnColtrane: Was very much inspired by Arabian and Indian folk music later in his career and used these sounds in his own work.
200	* Music/AliceColtrane: Much like her husband, Alice Coltrane was very inspired by Indian culture and music, especially UsefulNotes/{{Hinduism}}, in which she was a spiritual director.
201	* Music/{{Cornershop}}: A multi-racial British indie band who assimilated Asian instruments such as the sitar and dholki in their music, including the hit song "Brimful of Asha".
202	* The track "New Delhi" from ''Music/TheRiseAndFall'' by Music/{{Madness\|Band}} is about a character dreaming he is India.
203	* Nikolai Rimsky Korsakov's "Song Of India" from the opera "Sadko" is a dreamy piece about the mystery of the orient. It has been covered by many big band musicians too.
204
205	[[AC: Video Games]]
206	* ''Franchise/StreetFighter'' represents India with the Yoga-fighting arm-stretching Dhalsim who can breathe fire and teleport at will. His original stage background is something of a temple where there are a lot of elephants and the picture of the elephant-headed Hindu God Ganesha at the center. He's also a very zen and calm monk.
207	* ''VideoGame/{{Overwatch}}'' has an Indian representative with Symmetra, an architect using HardLight to construct things and often veers into BollywoodNerd with either her prodigal intelligence or tendency to emote with making mythical Hindu poses. While fundamentally a good person, she's unfortunately working with another MegaCorp representing India, Vishkar corporation... which happens to be evil and oppressive as hell and manipulating her that they're worth cheering for doing things for the eventual greater good, made more plausible by taking her from poverty since childhood and her apparently being autistic.
208	* Episodes 2 and 3 of ''VideoGame/Sly2BandOfThieves'' take place in India, and the Klaww Gang have two Indian members: Rajan, a spice-dealer from Kolkata, and [[spoiler:[[DirtyCop Constable]] [[TheDragon Neyla]]]].
209	* ''VideoGame/Hitman2SilentAssassin'' has three missions set in Punjab, and the other ''VideoGame/Hitman2'' has a mission in Mumbai.
210	* ''VideoGame/UnchartedTheLostLegacy'' takes place in Kerala State as Chloe Frazier searches for the legendary Tusk of Ganesh, a priceless treasure that her father died trying to find.
211	* The mission "Persona Non Grata" in ''[[VideoGame/ModernWarfare Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3]]'' takes place in Himachal Pradesh, where the remnants of Task Force 141 were hiding out with Nikolai and Yuri until the Russians attacked. The first Fire Operations Base mission in ''VideoGame/CallOfDutyBlackOpsII'', FOB Spectre, also takes place in northern India, and there is also the rare appearance of an Indian firearm in media, the MSMC submachine gun.
212	* ''VideoGame/SplinterCell: Blacklist'' has two Briggs missions set in India, the first in and around Kargil in Kashmir, which has been turned into a compound by smugglers who are planning on moving a nuclear weapon, and the second in a missile plant in Bangalore, which is being robbed by [[UsefulNotes/RussiansWithRustingRockets VORON]] in an attempt to steal a nuke.
213	* Snipe Anteater's stage in ''VideoGame/MegaManX7'' is in India, according to the map of the world.
214	* The first set of levels in ''VideoGame/TombRaiderIII'' are in India.
215	* ''Super Hornet'', an F/A-18E flight simulator by Digital Integration has one of its two campaigns set in South India, as the US Navy defends Sri Lanka from an Indian invasion.
216	* In the ''Franchise/MassEffect''verse, India is one of the founding members of the Systems Alliance. [[MilitaryMaverick Jacob Taylor]] mentions meeting his fiancée Dr. Brynn Cole at a Cerberus cell operating in Mumbai. Also, Dr. Chakwas the SSV Normandy’s surgeon got her medical degree from the University of Mumbai.
217
218	[[AC: Western Animation]]
219	* ''WesternAnimation/TheSimpsons'': Apu Nahasapeemapetilon and his wife Manjula hail from India. In the episode ''Recap/TheSimpsonsS17E17KissKissBangBangalore'' the Simpsons family visit India.
220	* The titular main character of ''{{WesternAnimation/Velma}}'' is Indian-American.
221	* ''WesternAnimation/PhineasAndFerb'': Phineas and Ferb's friend group includes an Indian boy named Baljeet, who is one of the cast's recurring secondary characters.
222	----
223	[[AC:The Indian flag]]
224	[[quoteright:200:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/flag_of_india.png]]
225	->The flag's saffron, white and green stripes symbolize courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry, respectively; at the center is the [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra Ashoka Chakra]], the personal symbol of [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka Emperor Ashoka]], one of India's greatest rulers, symbolizing the eternal wheel of law and order.
226	----
227	[[AC:State emblem of India]]
228	[[quoteright:200:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/emblem_of_india.png]]
229	->The emblem was adopted in 26 January 1950 (the same day that India became a republic). It consits of the Lion Capital of Ashoka with the motto, Satyameva Jayate ("Truth Alone Triumphs"; from the "Mundaka Upanishad", a part of Hindu Vedas).
230	----
231	[[AC:The Indian national anthem]]
232	->जन-गण-मन अधिनायक जय हे,
233	->भारत भाग्य विधाता!
234	->पंजाब-सिंधु-गुजरात-मराठा,
235	->द्राविड़-उत्कल-बङ्ग
236	->विंध्य हिमाचल यमुना गंगा, उच्छल जलधि तरंग
237	->तव शुभ नामे जागे,
238	->तव शुभ आशिष मांगे
239	->गाहे तब जय गाथा।
240	->जन-गण-मंगलदायक जय हे,
241	->भारत भाग्य विधाता!
242	->जय हे! जय हे! जय हे!
243	->जय जय जय जय हे!
244	[[note]]
245	->Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
246	->Bharata-bhagya-vidhata
247	->Panjaba-Sindhu-Gujarata-Maratha
248	->Dravida-Utkala-Banga
249	->Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
250	->uchchala-jaladhi-taranga
251	->Tava Subha name jage,
252	->tava subha asisa mage,
253	->gahe tava jaya-gatha.
254	->Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
255	->Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
256	->Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,
257	->jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
258	[[/note]]
259
260	--
261
262	->Thou art the ruler of the minds of all people,
263	->Dispenser of India's destiny.
264	->Thy name rouses the hearts of Punjab, Sindhu,
265	->Gujarat and Maratha,
266	->Of the Dravida and Odisha
267	->and Bengal;
268	->It echoes in the hills of Vindhya and the
269	->Himalayas,
270	->Mingles in the music of Ganga and Yamuna
271	->and is chanted by
272	->The waves of the Indian sea.
273	->They pray for thy blessings and sing thy praise.
274	->The saving of all people waits in thy hand,
275	->Thou dispenser of India's destiny.
276	->Victory, victory, victory to thee.
277	----
278	[[AC:Government]]
279	* Federal parliamentary constitutional republic
280	** President: Droupadi Murmu
281	** Vice President: Jagdeep Dhankhar
282	** Prime Minister: Narendra Modi
283	** Chief Justice: Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud
284	** Speaker of the Lok Sabha: Om Birla
285	** Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha: Harivansh Narayan Singh
286	----
287	[[AC:Miscellaneous]]
288	* '''Capital:''' New Delhi
289	* '''Largest cities:''' Mumbai (city proper), Delhi (metropolitan area)
290	* '''Population:''' 1,352,642,280
291	* '''Area:''' 3,287,263 km
292	(1,269,219 sq mi) (7th)
293	* '''Currency''': Indian rupee (₹) (INR)
294	* '''ISO-3166-1 Code:''' IN
295	* '''Country calling code:''' 91
296	* '''Highest point:''' Two candidates.
297	** India-claimed territory: K2 (8,611 m/28,251 ft), in Kashmir on the border of lands currently administered by China and Pakistan
298	** Undisputed territory: Kangchenjunga (8,586 m/28,169 ft) in Sikkim on the border with Nepal (3rd)

Context UsefulNotes / India