Line #12 UsefulNotes/Chad


1	[[quoteright:331:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/chad-map_5758.GIF]]
2	Chad (Arabic: ''تشاد‎ Tšād''; French: ''Tchad''), officially known as the '''Republic of Chad''' (Arabic: ''جمهورية تشاد, Ǧumhūriyyat Tšādis''; French: ''République du Tchad'') is a Central UsefulNotes/{{Africa}}n country. By area, it is the largest landlocked country outside of UsefulNotes/{{Asia}}.
3
4	The country's topography is diverse. It can roughly be divided into three major areas: the Sahara in the north, the arid Sahelian savanna in the middle, and the tree-covered savanna of Sudan (not to be confused with the country of UsefulNotes/{{Sudan}}) in the south. N'Djamena, the capital, is located in the Sahel, on the border with UsefulNotes/{{Cameroon}} and just a few hundred kilometers from Lake Chad, which gave the country its name. There are important cultural and religious differences between the people of these regions: the Sahara and Sahel are both mainly Muslim, while the Sudan is mainly Christian. This is because the north has been witnessing the rise and fall of organized states since the 8th century, while the south was uniformly tribal land until the 19th century, when Christian Europeans arrived and started proselyting among the pagans.
5
6	The Kanem state appeared in the 8th century around the Lake Chad region, assimilating and displacing the Sao, the oldest civilization in the region. Originally, it revolved around nomadic tribes who escaped the continued desertification of the Sahara, but eventually a settled society revolving around the Kanuri people emerged in the 11th century. The Kanuri are Muslims and largely responsible for the Islamization of central and northern Chad. During its largest extent, it extended into parts of UsefulNotes/{{Niger}}, UsefulNotes/{{Nigeria}}, Cameroon, and even all the way north to the Fezzan region of UsefulNotes/{{Libya}}. The empire mainly engaged in salt and slave trading with the established powers of North Africa. During the Late Middle Ages, a fragmentation occurred after the arrival of eastern peoples, which pushed the Kanem beyond Lake Chad into northeastern Nigeria, where it renamed itself the Bornu Empire. Although it eventually managed to retake its old dominion, the Bornu centered itself in Nigeria for the rest of its life. Meanwhile, the weakening of the Kanem allowed others to fill the void, including the Baguirmi, which occupied the Kanem's former lands, and Wadai, originally an offshoot of the Darfur kingdoms in UsefulNotes/{{Sudan}} and centered on the eastern city of Abéché.
7
8	In the late 19th century, Central Africa was the site of the campaign of Rabih az-Zubayr, an ex-Egyptian soldier from Khartoum. He conquered Darfur, Chad, Bornu, and the basin of Ubangui River (present-day UsefulNotes/CentralAfricanRepublic) before being defeated by UsefulNotes/{{France}} at the turn of the century. Except for Bornu, which went to UsefulNotes/{{Britain}}, France absorbed all of his lands into its empire, extending the French Equatorial Africa colony, which was headquartered in Brazzaville, UsefulNotes/RepublicOfTheCongo. Unlike the southern colonies, Chad was governed in a completely unorganized way, since it was seen only as a source of slaves and cotton, and was almost ignored by the administration. Among the French military and bureaucracy, [[PlaceWorseThanDeath being sent to govern Chad was seen as a punishment]]. The tribal land of the south was the only region where French presence was visible and underwent major modernization compared to the center or the north and produced many French-educated upper class. This factors in to the internal divide that characterizes the politics of post-independence Chad. France also indirectly set a precedent for a conflict when, as reward for its participation in UsefulNotes/WorldWarI, it gave Italian Libya the Aozou Strip, a piece of Saharan land said to contain uranium deposits. Though both colonial powers never ratified the treaty, it became the basis for Libya's claim to the land years after independence. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, Chad was one of the few French colonies whose government supported the rebels after the fall of Paris, making it an important Allies headquarters for the North African campaign.
9
10	The country achieved independence in 1960, [[HappyEndingOverride only to see decades of wars after that]]. The French mandate had unified ethnic groups who had little in common with each other, resulting in continual disputes among themselves. From independence until the 1990s, there was literally no let-up of conflict between the various factions; each time one of the groups managed to hold control of the capital (and, de facto, the country), the other groups started revolting to try to topple the actual group in power. This is not helped by the fact that the leaders in power were [[ItsAllAboutMe power-hungry and prioritized themselves]], resulting in discontentment even among the ordinary people. The war also saw the involvement of foreign countries, including France and Libya, who, as mentioned above, wanted to claim the Aozou Strip. Libya's dictator, UsefulNotes/MuammarGaddafi, supported the FROLINAT[[note]]Front de libération nationale du Tchad, "National Liberation Front of Chad"[[/note]], the main Chadian rebel group, which later split into a Libyan-supported faction and a Western-supported faction. Gaddafi's relentless meddling, however, eventually led to both factions, as well as the Chadian government to [[EnemyMine band together and eject him]]. The matter was finally solved when the International Court of Justice decided in 1994 that the Strip belongs to Chad. During this period, the balance of power shifted from the south to north, with the presidents being all Muslim since 1979.
11
12	The ascendancy of Idriss Déby as a president backed by most of the country's factions as well as the West in 1990 brought a semblance of peace to the war-torn country. [[LongRunner Déby occupied the post until 2021]], when he was killed during a clash with rebels and succeeded by his son, Mahamat, who is presiding over a transitional military rule. Idriss' regime saw the spillover of the War in Darfur, bringing Darfur refugees and causing ethnic conflict from 2005 to 2010. Chad accused Sudan of backing rebels to try to undermine the government, while Sudan in turn also accused Chad of fanning the Darfur war. Peace was restored after both countries agreed to cease supporting the rebels, although the issues of refugees still linger. Another problem came in the TheNewTens with the rise of the Boko Haram, a jihadist group based in Nigeria's Borno state. During its height of power, Chad lost a small portion of the Lac region to the militants, who by then had occupied a cross-border area the size of UsefulNotes/{{Belgium}}. This prompted the creation of a multinational task force which conducted a massive operation in Lake Chad throughout 2015, ending with the militants being forced to retreat to Nigeria's Sambisa Forest. Sporadic attacks still haunt the country, especially since late 2018, when Boko Haram and its splinter group, an affiliate of Islamic State, made a resurgence in Borno.
13
14	Chad has a substantial amount of crude oil, which is the country's main export. However, because of decades of mismanagement, neglect, and pervasive corruption, virtually nobody except for the upper echelons enjoy these riches (unlike, say, Libya, which despite all things considered is fairly prosperous). It is among the poorest countries in the world and its HDI is near the world's bottom according to the United Nations. The economy is overwhelmingly dominated by agriculture and a half of the population live below the poverty line.
15
16	[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Chad Lake Chad]], a vital source of water for the region not only of Chad, but also its neighbors Nigeria, Cameroon and Niger, is known for its many size fluctuations throughout history. Unfortunately, between 1963 to 1998, it had been shrinking at an alarmingly fast rate (nowadays the water is only present in Chad and Cameroon). It has been declared an ecological catastrophe by the Food and Agriculture Organization, since it’s not only worsening the drought that seems to threaten the region, but also putting in danger the flora and fauna of the place. However, according to satellite images taken in 2007, the lake's regular period of nadir seems to have ended and it is slowly growing in size again.
17
18	The country doesn’t receive much publicity and not many people are aware of the critical conditions going on in it; neighboring countries like Sudan or Libya tend to focus all the international attention. In fact, two of the only western mentions of the country are a throwaway gag in ''Film/CatsAndDogs'', and the origin and getaway location of some serial killers in a series of episodes of ''Series/CriminalMinds''. As for the video games, the situation is only marginally better, as Chad appears several times in the ''VideoGame/DeltaForce'' series (as a campaign in ''1'', ''2'' and ''Xtreme''). The country itself has a slow film industry as a result of the war and the lack of cinemas (turns out there’s only ''one''). Some Chadian films, however, managed to reach the western audience - for example, ''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daratt Daratt]]''.
19
20	[[AC: Chad in Fiction]]
21	* Myth/FulaniMythology
22	* {{Professional Wrestl\|ing}}er Jaka, known for his work in Wrestling/{{CZW}} and Wrestling/{{CHIKARA}}, is billed from Chad. In contrast to past "African" wrestlers such as [[Wrestling/AbdullahTheButcher "The Madman From The Sudan" Abdullah The Butcher]][[note]]Larry Paul Shreve from Windsor, Ontario, UsefulNotes/{{Canada}}[[/note]] and [[Wrestling/{{Kamala}} Kamala The Ugandan Giant]][[note]]James Harper Harris from Senatobia, Mississippi, USA[[/note]], he's actually talkative.
23	* ''VideoGame/DeltaForce'' 1 and ''2'' along with ''Xtreme'' have several missions in Chad.
24	* ''Film/InTheArmyNow'' deals with a military conflict in Chad.
25	----
26	[[AC:The Chadian flag]]
27	https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/chad_flag_5636.png
28	->The flag is almost visually similar to that of UsefulNotes/{{Romania}}, except the blue stripe is indigo (in contrast to Romania's cobalt blue). Blue stands for the sky, hope and water; yellow for the sun and the desert; and red for progress, sacrifice and unity.
29	----
30	[[AC:The Chadian national anthem]]
31
32	->Peuple Tchadien, debout et à l'ouvrage!
33	->Tu as conquis la terre et ton droit;
34	->ta liberté naîtra de ton courage.
35	->Lève les yeux, l'avenir est à Toi.
36
37	->Ô mon Pays, que Dieu te prenne en garde,
38	->que tes voisins admirent tes enfants.
39	->Joyeux, pacifique, avance en chantant,
40	->fidèle à tes anciens qui te regardent.
41
42	->Peuple Tchadien, debout et à l'ouvrage!
43	->Tu as conquis la terre et ton droit;
44	->ta liberté naîtra de ton courage.
45	->Lève les yeux, l'avenir est à Toi.
46
47	->Race du Nord, et ses troupeaux immenses,
48	->race du Sud, qui cultive les champs.
49	->Pasteurs, montagnards, pêcheurs, commerçants
50	->Soyons un seul grand peuple qui s’avance.
51
52	->Peuple Tchadien, debout et à l'ouvrage!
53	->Tu as conquis la terre et ton droit;
54	->ta liberté naîtra de ton courage.
55	->Lève les yeux, l'avenir est à Toi.
56
57	->La houe en main, fais vaillamment ta corde,
58	->vois tes enfants que tourmente la faim
59	->Les champs devant toi attendent ton grain
60	->Que l’huile coule et tes greniers débordent.
61
62	->Peuple Tchadien, debout et à l'ouvrage!
63	->Tu as conquis la terre et ton droit;
64	->ta liberté naîtra de ton courage.
65	->Lève les yeux, l'avenir est à Toi.
66
67	->Tes ingénieurs te traceront des routes,
68	->tes médecins te rendront grand et fort,
69	->à l’œuvre étudiant, sans craindre l’effort;
70	->mets l’ignorance et le mal en déroute.
71
72	->Peuple Tchadien, debout et à l'ouvrage!
73	->Tu as conquis la terre et ton droit;
74	->ta liberté naîtra de ton courage.
75	->Lève les yeux, l'avenir est à Toi.
76
77	--
78
79	->شعب تشاد قم إلي العمل
80	->إسترديت أرضاك وحقاك
81	->وحرياتك تولودك من شجاعتك
82	->إرفع عينيك فالمستقبل لك
83
84	->يابلادي فليحفظك الله
85	->فليحفظ جيرانك وأبنائك أيه
86	->المحيط الساري تقدم وأنت تنشد
87	->وافيا لأسلافك الذين ينظرون إليك
88
89	->شعب تشاد قم إلي العمل
90	->إسترديت أرضاك وحقاك
91	->وحرياتك تولودك من شجاعتك
92	->إرفع عينيك فالمستقبل لك
93
94	->العرق الشمالي وقطعانه الضخمة
95	->سباق الجنوب الذي يزرع الحقول
96	->القساوسة ومتسلقو الجبال والصيادون والتجار
97	->دعونا نكون شعبًا عظيمًا قادمًا
98
99	->شعب تشاد قم إلي العمل
100	->إسترديت أرضاك وحقاك
101	->وحرياتك تولودك من شجاعتك
102	->إرفع عينيك فالمستقبل لك
103
104	->المجرفة في اليد ، جعل الحبل بشجاعة
105	->شاهد أطفالك يعذبهم الجوع
106	->الحقول أمامك تنتظر الحبوب
107	->دع الزيت يتدفق ويفيض السندرات
108
109	->شعب تشاد قم إلي العمل
110	->إسترديت أرضاك وحقاك
111	->وحرياتك تولودك من شجاعتك
112	->إرفع عينيك فالمستقبل لك
113	[[note]]
114	->sheb tashad qum 'iilaya aleamal
115	->'iistardit 'ardak wahiqak
116	->wahrayatuk tuluduk min shajaeatak
117	->'iirfae eaynayk falmustqbl lak
118
119	->yablady flyahfzk allah
120	->filiahfuz jirank wa'abnayik 'ayuh
121	->almuhit alssari taqadam wa'ant tanshad
122	->wafya li'aslafik aladhin yanzurun 'iilayk
123
124	->sheb tashad qum 'iilaya aleamal
125	->'iistardit 'ardak wahiqak
126	->wahrayatuk tuluduk min shajaeatak
127	->'iirfae eaynayk falmustqbl lak
128
129	->alearaq alshamaliu waqiteanuh aldakhma
130	->sbaq aljanub aldhy yazrae alhuqul
131	->alqusawasat wamutasliqu aljibal walsiyadun waltijar
132	->daeuna nakun shebana ezymana qadmana
133
134	->sheb tashad qum 'iilaya aleamal
135	->'iistardit 'ardak wahiqak
136	->wahrayatuk tuluduk min shajaeatak
137	->'iirfae eaynayk falmustqbl lak
138
139	->almujrifat fi alyad, jaeal alhabl bishajaea
140	->shaahid 'atfalik yueadhibhum aljue
141	->alhuqul 'amamak tantazir alhubub
142	->die alzayt yatadafaq wayufid alsundurat
143
144	->sheb tashad qum 'iilaya aleamal
145	->'iistardit 'ardak wahiqak
146	->wahrayatuk tuluduk min shajaeatak
147	->'iirfae eaynayk falmustqbl lak
148	[[/note]]
149
150	--
151
152	->People of Chad, arise and to work!
153	->You have conquered the soil and won your rights;
154	->Your freedom will be born of your courage.
155	->Lift up your eyes, the future is yours.
156
157	->O my Country, may God protect you,
158	->May your neighbors admire your children.
159	->Joyful, peaceful, advance as you sing,
160	->Faithful to your fathers who are watching you.
161
162	->People of Chad, arise and to work!
163	->You have conquered the soil and won your rights;
164	->Your freedom will be born of your courage.
165	->Lift up your eyes, the future is yours.
166
167	->Race of the North, and its immense flocks,
168	->Race of the South, which cultivates the fields.
169	->Pastors, mountain dwellers, fishermen, traders
170	->Let's be one great people moving forward.
171
172	->People of Chad, arise and to work!
173	->You have conquered the soil and won your rights;
174	->Your freedom will be born of your courage.
175	->Lift up your eyes, the future is yours.
176
177	->Hoe in hand, bravely make your rope,
178	->See your children tormented by hunger
179	->The fields in front of you await your grain
180	->Let the oil flow and your granaries overflow.
181
182	->People of Chad, arise and to work!
183	->You have conquered the soil and won your rights;
184	->Your freedom will be born of your courage.
185	->Lift up your eyes, the future is yours.
186
187	->Your engineers will make routes for you,
188	->Your doctors will make you big and strong,
189	->To student work, without fear of effort;
190	->Confuse ignorance and evil.
191
192	->People of Chad, arise and to work!
193	->You have conquered the soil and won your rights;
194	->Your freedom will be born of your courage.
195	->Lift up your eyes, the future is yours.
196	----
197	[[AC:Government]]
198	* Unitary provisional government under a military junta
199	** President: Mahamat Déby
200	** Prime Minister: Succès Masra
201	** President of the National Assembly: vacant
202	----
203	[[AC:Miscellaneous]]
204	* '''Capital and largest city:''' N'Djamena
205	* '''Population:''' 16,244,513
206	* '''Area:''' 1,284,000 km
207	(496,000 sq mi) (20th)
208	* '''Currency''': Central African CFA franc (CFA) (XAF)
209	* '''ISO-3166-1 Code:''' TD
210	* '''Country calling code:''' 235
211	* '''Highest point:''' Emi Koussi (3445 m/11,302 ft) (52nd)

Context UsefulNotes / Chad