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1-> '''Jack O'Neill:''' What day is it?\
2'''Daniel Jackson:''' Well, this might be a little difficult to accept, but since you reported for duty yesterday, two weeks have actually gone by.\
3'''O'Neill:''' Two weeks? ''[beat]'' I think I'll sleep in.
4-->-- ''Series/StargateSG1'', "[[Recap/StargateSG1S2E16AMatterOfTime A Matter of Time]]"
5
6Time Dilation is a scientific concept related to UsefulNotes/{{relativity}} which states, basically, that for an observer aboard a spaceship travelling at any speed at all (though only noticeable at appreciable fractions of the speed of light) with respect to Earth (or any inertial reference frame of your choice), time passes more slowly than it would for an observer on Earth. When near-lightspeed travel becomes involved, the effects become quite drastic: A person might go on a space journey that seems to him to last one year and, on returning, find that 10 years have passed on Earth. It is, in effect, TimeTravel, most effectively to the future, but since this can also make time be experienced faster by someone faster than everyone else, it can provide a way to go to a relative past.
7
8In general relativity, an additional time dilation effect is caused by gravity. Time passes more slowly nearer to the bottom of a gravitational potential well (e.g., on the surface of a planet) than higher up in one (e.g., in an airplane). This dilation, in addition to the dilation due to differences in velocity, needs to be compensated for by clocks on satellites.
9
10In fiction, this effect is often used to facilitate a variation on MayflyDecemberRomance, with the earth-bound partner as the "short-lived" one compared to the space traveller. Such plots can also involve a familial relationship instead of a romance -- in this case, the earth-bound character is usually the space traveller's twin or child. On a lighter note, it's also often used for some version of a StockJoke about how annoying time dilation can make keeping track of time.
11
12This is sometimes extrapolated by science fiction authors to apply to FasterThanLightTravel as well, though this does not make much sense physically. Many writers extend this so traveling faster than light means aging backwards, but that isn't how the math says it works. The time scale factor for speeds faster than ''c'' is imaginary, not negative. If an object is travelling faster-than-light, though, that means there is always some slower-than-light frame reference that sees the object travelling backwards in time -- or possibly moving in the opposite direction, with events on the object occurring backwards.[[note]]This, contrary to popular belief, would not imply TimeTravel: an observer still exists that sees events happening in the "proper" order. Trouble is, both types of observers -- those that see our superluminal buddy going forwards and those that see him going backwards -- can simultaneously exist. And they do not agree on the relative order of events. Woe and behold, causality is thrown out the window in a much harsher way than any Grandfather Paradox ever dared attempt.[[/note]] Website/TheOtherWiki has [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon an article]] on tachyons, theoretical objects that move faster than the speed of light, and explains how this works.
13
14Compare YearOutsideHourInside and LudicrousSpeed. RipVanWinkle is a related trope in more fantastical works. YearInsideHourOutside is the inverse, and tends to show up in softer works or those using magic rather than physics.
15
16Some examples of time dilation in the real world:
17
18* GPS has a small correction for time dilation between the surface of the earth and up in space. A satellite in space experiences 0.6 nanoseconds more for every second on Earth. GPS works by knowing what time each satellite the receiver is getting data from thinks it is; then calculating the distance from the receiver to each satellite to triangulate the receiver's position. Without accounting for time dilation, GPS positions would drift by several inches every second.
19* Muons are subatomic particles that are similar to electrons but with a much shorter lifespan (about 2.2 microseconds, on average). "Slow" muons can be created in particle accelerators, and "fast" muons are produced naturally in the upper atmosphere by cosmic ray impacts. The fast ones are generated at a high enough altitude that few should reach the surface before decaying, but many do – and [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation_of_moving_particles#Rossi.E2.80.93Hall_experiment the Rossi-Hall and Frisch-Smith experiments]] confirmed they arrived in numbers that agreed with their lifespans being elongated by time dilation (they travel at between 0.995 and 0.9954''c'' which results in a time dilation factor of around 8.4).
20
21There are a couple of quirks about real-world time dilation that also make it somewhat different from what you see in fiction:
22
23* You have to get pretty darned close to the speed of light to see any significant time dilation effects at all. At 90% of the speed of light, your "gamma factor" -- how much slower your clock will seem to a stationary observer -- will only be about 2. To get a gamma factor of five million (roughly what you'd need for one minute of your time to equal a decade in "rest time") would require moving at 99.999999999998% of the speed of light.
24* Gravitational time dilation is a ''miniscule'' effect - so miniscule that it would only be perceivable by a human exposed to incomprehensibly strong gravity (at which case, they would obviously be dead many times over.) As Website/TheOtherWiki [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation#Outside_a_non-rotating_sphere helpfully points out,]] even on the surface of the Sun where gravity is 28 times stronger than Earth, a clock would only accumulate a completely negligible 66 fewer seconds over the course of an entire year.
25* Time dilation works both ways. To the guy standing on Earth, you're whizzing past him at 90% of the speed of light, so to him your clock seems to only be running at half normal speed. But to you, you're standing still and ''the Earth'' is whizzing past ''you'' at 90% of the speed of light, so to you the clocks on Earth seem to be running at half normal speed. To you, the people back ''on Earth'' are the ones aging more slowly. This seeming paradox is only resolved upon carefully examining the path taken by both observers -- or, in this example, by you and your friend back on Earth -- and realizing that you had to decelerate and turn back, tracing a path in 4-dimensional spacetime that is not a straight line. According to the [[AlienGeometries odd notion of distance]] defined in 4-d spacetime, a straight line actually has the longest possible distance, corresponding to the longest possible time. Then you, the traveler, will experience a smaller subjective amount of time than your buddy on Earth.[[labelnote:*]]You may now let YourHeadAsplode.[[/labelnote]]
26
27----
28
29[[foldercontrol]]
30
31!!Slower than light-speed examples:
32
33[[folder:Anime & Manga]]
34* ''Anime/{{Gunbuster}}'', the original giant robot time dilation story. They even call it the Urashima effect (though it was changed to the "RipVanWinkle effect" on the DVD to avoid telling an enormous story). Be sure to have tissues nearby anytime it comes up.
35* ''Anime/StrainStrategicArmoredInfantry'', since there's no FTL travel in the series.
36* In ''Manga/TheWorldOfNarue'', Narue's elder sister Kanaka came to stay with them on Earth. Unfortunately, Narue and her father had access to FTL travel while Kanaka snuck aboard a ship traveling normal lightspeed. The result is that when Kanaka reaches earth, enough time has passed there that Narue, the younger sister, is now physically older.
37* One episode of the ''Literature/DirtyPair'' TV anime had a space travel magnate try to separate his son from a lover he disapproved of by launching her on the prototype of a slower-than-light "Time Dilation Tour" ship he had handy. The plan was that she'd only return after the son had aged the fifty years of the trip. The Lovely Angels can't stop the launch, but freed the son in time for him to follow his love on another of the ships. The father finally gets on the final ship because he can't live without his son.
38* Towards the end of ''Manga/FutabaKunChange'', three characters depart for the Shimeru clan's home world on a high-speed spaceship. While they see the journey as a few days at most, eight years pass on Earth.
39* In Episode 9 of ''Anime/WishUponThePleiades'', Nanako must retrieve an Engine Fragment at the edge of the solar system, traveling at 99.999% of lightspeed. While it only feels like half a day to Nanako, three months pass on Earth while she's gone. Luckily, the girls manage to bring Nanako back to right before she left through inertia shenanigans, along with the Fragment.
40* The Aratrum takes millennia to get from Tau Ceti e back to Earth due to relativistic effects in ''Anime/GodzillaPlanetOfTheMonsters''.
41[[/folder]]
42
43[[folder:Comic Books]]
44* The Creator/AlanMoore comic ''ComicBook/TheBalladOfHaloJones'' deals with this in the war period of Halo's life. The planet Moab has such an extreme gravitational field that all the soldiers have to wear high pressure armor to fight. When the AmazonBrigade marches towards combat, the fight is frozen but gradually speeds up as they get closer to it, being at normal speed by the time they arrive. Every time Halo goes out on a mission for an afternoon, she misses another birthday. She ends up getting promoted this way, and she returns one last time to find that war ended months ago.
45* The Marvel/Epic comic series ''ComicBook/TheAlienLegion'' had the members of Force Nomad fighting a battle in the event horizon of a black hole. There they met a race of aliens that had been there for decades, but all their star charts were millions of years out of date. They helped our guys get out, but their system of measurements was incomprehensible to all but one of them (This was because it was amazingly ancient, and so was the translator's race). They were able to leave after a short time, but discovered that fifteen years had passed on the outside. During that time, they had been declared dead and Tamara's infant daughter was a teenager in her own platoon.
46* The origin story of ComicBook/XOManowar: a Visigoth soldier is enslaved by aliens on a slower-than-light ship. Seven years passed on the ship, but 1600 years passed on Earth by the time he returned.
47* This ends up striking in ''ComicBook/SonicTheHedgehogArchieComics''. At one point, Sonic is transported over a million light years away from Mobius. He spends a fairly short time making his way through inhabited space until he makes it to a special PortalNetwork that allows him to instantly warp back to Mobius. However when he arrives, he's horrified to discover that thanks to relativity over a year has passed on Mobius and without him around Dr. Robotnik has pushed things to the brink of nuclear war.
48* "Years for Gustave", a story in the anthology ''ComicBook/SpeculativeRelationships Volume 2'', a long-lost astronaut has been through so much time dilation that his wife went through massive BioAugmentation and {{Lightspeed Leapfrog}}ged him in order to intercept his off-course ship.
49* ''ComicBook/DisneyDucksComicUniverse'': An Italian ''WesternAnimation/DonaldDuck'' comic used this to explain the absence of [[MissingMom Della Duck]]. She left Huey, Dewey and Louie with her brother Donald for what was supposed to be one afternoon and never came back. Turns out she went on a rocket flight and is oblivious to the fact that her sons have grown older during her 10-minute trip.
50* In ''ComicBook/AllStarSuperman'', Superman shoots the now superpowered ComicBook/LexLuthor with a gravity gun that makes him dense enough to warp time and make his powers run out quicker.
51* ''ComicBook/InvaderZimOni'': Issue 28 is built around an experimental Irken device called the Time Accelerator (or the "Time Thingy" as it's nicknamed). It generates a field which causes time to move faster the closer you get to it. And when it ends up exploding near the end of the issue, it causes Zim to age into an elderly state.
52[[/folder]]
53
54[[folder:Fan Works]]
55* ''Fanfic/AChangedWorld'' has Eleya rescue 23rd century Bajorans [[spoiler:and Klingons]] that have been trapped in the gravity well of a black hole since 2271, while in the outside world it is now 2410. The resulting FishOutOfTemporalWater situation, especially the clash between pre-Occupation [[FantasticCasteSystem casteist]] Bajorans and post-Occupation pro-Federation Bajorans, drives the second half of the story. Also, as a logical consequence of the functions of the warp drive (it moves space around the ship to defy the light barrier), USS ''Bajor'' is able to use warp fields to shield itself from the worst of the black hole-induced time dilation; they're predicted to only lose a few hours during their rescue attempt.
56[[/folder]]
57
58[[folder:Films — Live-Action]]
59* The first 80% of ''Film/FlightOfTheNavigator'' plays time dilation straight, David is taken on a space ship that travels at relativistic speeds, so when he is brought back to Earth, 8 earth-years have passed for his family but only 4 1/2 hours for him. The last few scenes are just straight up TimeTravel, which is, of course, impossible.
60* Used for a cheap gag towards the end of ''Film/TheIcePirates''.
61* ''Film/{{Planet of the Apes|1968}}'' has the astronauts travelling two thousand years into the future at near light speeds though ''Film/BeneathThePlanetOfTheApes'' retcons this into a wormhole to allow backwards time travel in ''Film/EscapeFromThePlanetOfTheApes''.
62* A major plot point of ''Film/{{Interstellar}}'' involves the gravitational dilation of time around a black hole. [[spoiler:The first case happens on Miller's planet, which is located very close to the black hole, which means that an hour on the planet's surface is equal to 7 years on the outside. Cooper and Brand spend only a short while on the planet. Upon their return to orbit, they meet Rommily, who has been waiting for them for 23 years and didn't think they were coming back. Later, Cooper attempts a SpaceshipSlingshotStunt around the black hole. Upon exiting the event horizon, he comments that this maneuver just cost them 51 years (for the people back on Earth), while taking only minutes for the ship. By the time Cooper is reunited with the rest of humanity, he finds out that he is officially 125 years old, while still looking to be in his 40s. His son has died decades ago, and his daughter is now an old woman on her deathbed.]]
63* Happens by accident in the Soviet sci-fi classic ''Film/MoscowCassiopeia'' with the original crew of the [[GenerationShips Generation Ship]] ''[=ZARYa=]'' ("dawn" in Russian, although it's also an acronym) ending up arriving to their destination when the ship is accelerated to near-light speeds (TheCaptain mistakenly calls it FasterThanLightTravel, but it's clear that it's this trope instead). When they then contact mission control on Earth (using some sort of SubspaceAnsible), they are greeted by a former classmate of theirs, who is now a forty-something woman.
64* {{Discussed|Trope}} in ''Film/CloseEncountersOfTheThirdKind'' when the aliens return the abductees, some of whom have been gone for decades, but don't look any older.
65-->'''Scientist 1:''' They haven't aged a day. Einstein was right.\
66'''Scientist 2:''' [[BeethovenWasAnAlienSpy Einstein was probably one of them.]]
67[[/folder]]
68
69[[folder:Literature]]
70* The short story "Shore Leave Blacks" by Nancy Etchemendy is about the pilot of near-lightspeed spacecraft dealing with the problems this causes her, as she ends up leaving behind not only a husband/lover (I forget which) but a son who will be her age or older by the time she returns.
71* ''Flatterland'', an unofficial sequel to ''Literature/{{Flatland}}'', illustrates this concept with the story of the Paradox Twins. One of them travels at near-lightspeed to the moon and back (or something like that) and returns to find his twin older than he is.
72* ''Literature/TimeForTheStars'' by Creator/RobertAHeinlein is about a pair of telepathically linked twins, one of whom goes on a near-lightspeed colonization trip and ends up substantially younger than the other one.
73* The International Fleet in ''Literature/EndersGame'' relied on this trope specifically. [[spoiler:Mazer Rackham, the last great military leader Earth had in the wake of the Second Invasion, was needed to train the genius who would lead Earth's counterattack, so they put him in a spaceship, got him up to a relativistic speed for 25 years, and then he turned around and came home. Only about eight years passed for him, 50 for everyone else. ]]
74** At the end, Ender moves to a colony planet with the journetly taking two years from his perspective but 50 to the rest of the universe.
75** The sequels take place 3,000 years after it, but involve many of the same characters as they've spent most of their life on spaceships traveling at relativistic speeds. However, he got the bit about this trope working both ways wrong. UsefulNotes/{{Relativity}} and [[spoiler:[[SubspaceAnsible Subspace Ansibles]]]] don't mix well.
76* Creator/AlastairReynolds plays with time dilation a lot in his novels. The most notable example is probably ''Literature/PushingIce'', which involves a near-future spaceship encountering an advanced alien artifact which accelerates to such a degree that they end up millions of years in the future.
77* This is ''[[Literature/GiantsSeries The Gentle Giants of Ganymede]]'''s premise, when humanity runs into a shipload of AncientAstronauts who had been forced to circle around the solar system for the last several million years due to an emergency hyperspace jump gone wrong, until their engines finally ran out of fuel.
78* In the ''Literature/NoonUniverse'', FTL travel is impossible. All ships travel at near-light speeds and return centuries later (objective time). This all changes when the crew of a starship decides to try something new. Normally, constant or slowly increasing acceleration is maintained for most of the voyage. The captain of the ship decides to try high acceleration for most of the trip (about 10g) in order to ''reverse the effects'' of time dilation, as this would fall outside of the Special Theory of Relativity. According to the captain, General Theory of Relativity allows for this. This works, and the ship returns to Earth six months later; however, several years pass for the crew.
79* In ''Literature/CaptainFrenchOrTheQuestForParadise'', the only way to travel between the stars is with the use of a relativistic drive system. It does not require any acceleration (i.e., works like the lightspeed in ''Franchise/StarWars'', only with STL) and takes only seconds for the crew. However, decades, if not centuries, pass in the outside universe. It still takes months of travel to and from the edges of star systems in order to minimize the risk of CriticalExistenceFailure. For this reason, space travel is only done by colonists and space traders and no interstellar government is possible. The titular protagonist mentions once intercepting a message sent out from one world about a scientist claiming to have proven UsefulNotes/FermatsLastTheorem. While French admits that this is probably a big deal for a mathematician, the message has no commercial value to him as a space trader. In fact, in all his millennia of travel, he has only intercepted about two dozen interstellar messages, as sending them requires putting up a powerful relay satellite in orbit as well as maintaining it for little or no return. As such, the various human worlds are isolated with an occasional space trader passing through every half-a-century or so. Of course, given that aging has been eliminated in this 'verse, it's entirely possible for a planetbound person to meet the same space trader who comes back 200 years later.
80* Creator/SergeyLukyanenko:
81** ''Literature/LineOfDelirium'' duology (very loosely based on ''VideoGame/MasterOfOrion''), all ships must decelerate before exiting hyperspace. Failure to do so would result in the ship exiting at near-light speeds and experiencing extreme time dilation. There are also cases of warships escaping from battle using their sublight engines, being forced to accelerate to near-light speeds when their hyperdrive is damaged. The crew of one such human warship commits suicide when they find themselves in a post-war galaxy over 100 years after they left.
82** This is the premise behind the short story prequel ''Shadows of Dreams'', when a Psilon battleship decelerates from near-light speeds near a small human colony, believing that Psilons and humans are still at war.
83* The ''Literature/HonorHarrington'' books occasionally mention time dilation, though generally in the context of reducing perceived travel time in hyperspace by a few days or as an extra wrinkle of a few minutes during combat rather than as a significant alteration to characters' lives.
84** The biggest impact that its had on the story so far is that it nearly torpedoed the title character's career before it got started. Dealing with the math involved nearly caused her to flunk out of a compulsory astrogation course in the Academy.
85* A major shocker in the ending of the ''Literature/HeecheeSaga'' book ''Gateway'' is that [[spoiler:the protagonist's friends, whom he betrayed, are still at the edge of a black hole, still just having realized that he's betrayed them, still just having realized that they're going to die there -- and they'll be in that state until long, long after he's dead]].
86* This is the central premise of the novel ''Literature/TheWorldAtTheEndOfTime''. Everything starts when Wan-To, a [[EnergyBeings plasma-based lifeform]] that's at war with some other such entities, sends out some [[MesACrowd copies of itself]] to decoy its enemies by [[SufficientlyAdvancedAlien moving some stars around]]. [[spoiler:One such copy winds up in the star of a human colony. Since this particular copy had no instructions on when to stop, it accelerates the stars and everything in orbit around them to ''really relativistic'' speeds. When it finally decides to decelerate, after about 4,000 years or so, ''ten duodecillion''[[note]]That's a one followed by forty zeroes[[/note]] years have passed in the outside universe, more than enough for the rest of the stars to all die]].
87* Time dilation is one of the quirks of the distorted planet in ''Literature/TheInvertedWorld'', which is in the shape of a rotating hyperboloid. North of optimum, where the circumference of the world grows exponentially smaller and the speed of its rotation correspondingly slower, time moves faster. South of optimum, where the circumference of the world grows exponentially larger and the speed of its rotation correspondingly greater, time moves slower.
88* In Creator/PoulAnderson's ''Literature/TauZero'', the runaway [[{{Ramscoop}} Bussard ramjet]] ''Leonora Christine'' is going so close to the speed of light that the crew witness the final end of the universe. (They also manage to survive it and end up in the ''next'' universe born after ours dies.)
89** And they then take their time about slowing down... so that after the Big Crunch and Big Bang, there is time for stars and planets to form and life to evolve to a reasonably advanced level before they finally finish their journey.
90* There is a novel where the main character is an astronaut on a ship equipped with an antimatter drive, allowing it to rapidly accelerate to relativistic speeds. Their goal - go to the nearest galaxy and return. Realizing she can't live without him, his girlfriend decides to put herself into an induced coma, a form of extreme [[HumanPopsicle cryogenics]]. Against all odds, her pod is recovered from the ruins of the lab thousands of years later, and she is revived. By this time, FTL travel is discovered, so the humans travel to the other galaxy and rescue her boyfriend, who has been trapped in a stasis field.
91* Inverted in ''[[Literature/{{Orthogonal}} The Clockwork Rocket]]'' by Creator/GregEgan, which takes place in a universe where the laws of physics are different from ours, and traveling quickly means ''more'' time passes. The protagonists take a trip in a high-speed GenerationShip in order to have enough time to develop the technology they need to avert a coming disaster.
92* In the ''Franchise/StarTrekExpandedUniverse'' novel ''Enterprise'', Uhura uncovers that the reason why Janice Rand seems so nervous and inexperienced is that she's chronologically just 16 years old. When she was a child on a civilian ship, the warp drive was damaged and the ship had to accelerate to high relativistic sublight velocity to reach the nearest starbase, meaning she didn't age in time with her calendar age. Because this is such a rare occurrence, Starfleet apparently never thought to log the discrepency.
93* The ''Literature/StarCarrier'' series takes this into account with high velocities, but as with the ''Literature/HonorHarrington'' example it's more of a few lost minutes or hours during high-velocity transits of star systems. Ships keep track of both subjective and objective time, with the pilots of {{space fighter}}s doing a near-''c'' attack run watching the minutes on the objective time clock blur past in a flash.
94** A later book shows a race that has developed projected time dilation fields as a response to the race having an extremely slow metabolism compared to most other races. To them, every other being is Franchise/TheFlash, so their solution is to use time dilation to slow them down to their level. They can also slow them down even more as a way to immobilize enemies. Their "time twister" ships can project a field in a spherical manner for a short distance away from the ship, which helps it survive non-direct nuclear explosions (the blast is slowed down, which means the ship is exposed to smaller amounts of deadly radiation for a longer period of time instead of a quick burst of a lot of it). The field can also be turned into a directed long-ranged version, although this limits it to a cone.
95* Creator/RobertCharlesWilson's ''[[Literature/{{Spin}} Vortex]]'' ends with [[spoiler:Vox Core being turned into a starship with the time dilation bubble around it to keep the three occupants alive as it escapes the dying Earth and travels to a faraway human colony. By the time it reaches the colony, hundreds of thousands of years pass outside the bubble. Isaac then leaves the other two with the humans and takes off to explore the galaxy on his own. He ends up not only witnessing the end of the universe, but his consciousness, as well the that of humanity and many other races survives to live in the multi-verse, although he ends up performing a HeroicSacrifice to save a character in an alternate universe]].
96** The Spin from the original novel is also a planet-wide time dilation field that slows down Earth to a crawl compared to the rest of the universe. The protagonist's two friends immediately recognize the implications: in a mere 20 years on Earth, millions of years will have passed outside, and the Sun will have expanded to consume the planet. However, they take this as an opportunity to [[spoiler:terraform and settle Mars within a realistic timeframe]], hoping that the [[spoiler:Martian colonists]] can use the time to come up with a solution. Unfortunately, [[spoiler:Mars is also placed in its own Spin]], after [[spoiler:the Hypotheticals notice life on it]]. The real purpose of the Spin is to [[spoiler:preserve the human race until such time as the Hypotheticals can bring in an Arch, connected to a PortalNetwork that they have build to allow organic races to expand and give them time to create Hypothetical-like technology]].
97* In Creator/PoulAnderson's ''Literature/TimeLag'', the dilation effect is enough that Elva uses it to persuade Bors to bring her during the second attack -- she will be old when he returns -- and make her contemplate how she is a FishOutOfTemporalWater at the ending.
98* A non-relativistic example in ''Literature/TheAlloyOfLaw'' with Cadmium Allomancy, which creates a bubble about the size of a small room within which time passes more slowly. [[spoiler:Used to freeze TheDragon in place while a small army was summoned to capture him.]]
99* In ''Literature/TheLostFleet'' and its spinoffs, it is mentioned that since spaceships can be travelling at up to a quarter of light speed, time dilation and relativistic distortion can be a problem. Every ship in a formation likely has a different time on their internal clocks from the others, and is seeing a slightly different sensor return than everyone else. It's mentioned that until Geary was found, the art of compensating for time dilation to allow for tactical maneuvering more complicated than AttackAttackAttack was a lost art.
100* ''Literature/WeAreLegionWeAreBob'': Since the SURGE drive allows ships to move at near-light speed, time dilation is common. Furthermore, the Bobs can adjust their frame rate so that years pass like days. Some of them have different opinions on using it--Riker stubbornly sticks to real time unless absolutely necessary, while Homer is happy to adjust his frame rate to meet his needs from moment to moment.
101* The ShortStory "Vvremya" in ''Literature/TheFourHorsemenUniverse'' has a mining company set up an operation on a planet in close proximity to a black hole. Part of their crew balk at this and stay behind in a shuttle in a higher orbit, intended to be picked up a few weeks later. Nobody thinks to calculate for time dilation, and when the miners return everyone aboard has long since starved to death because 97 years have actually gone by.
102* ''Literature/KeasFlight'': It takes about 23 years for the Flying Dustbin to travel from Earth to New Charity III. During that time, more than a thousand years pass on Earth.
103* In ''Chindi'' by Creator/JackMcDevitt, a LoveInterest of Literature/PriscillaHutchins is stuck on an alien spacecraft that's constant accelerated up to a quarter light speed. Hutch has a EurekaMoment about how to save him, but she's knows it's too late as he's AlmostOutOfOxygen. Then her spaceship's ArtificialIntelligence points out that thanks to his trope, time is moving slower on the alien spacecraft so he actually has several hours left.
104* The original ''Literature/PlanetOfTheApes'' is thought to be the TropeMaker with the astronauts taking centuries to reach Betelgeuse that was two years from their own perspective. Ulysse makes a return trip to Earth to find [[spoiler:it's been overrun by apes in his absence.]]
105[[/folder]]
106
107[[folder:Live-Action TV]]
108* In ''Series/{{Andromeda}}'', the titular ship and its captain spend three centuries at the edge of the event horizon of a black hole where only a few seconds pass. Enough time for a massive civil war and the subsequent collapse of civilization.
109** The ''Bellerophon'', Earth's earliest starship, travelled half the speed of light across the galaxy for 3000 years, but far less passed on the ship.
110*** In fact, the crew still looks fairly young, implying that they were traveling at ''much'' higher speeds than mere .5c (you wouldn't experience much of this trope at that speed). The ship can, apparently, accelerate ridiculously fast using its massive fusion engine (lacking weapons, the ship actively uses the [[WeaponizedExhaust exhaust as a weapon]]), although they often need to replenish their fuel. Strangely, it's pointed out in an earlier episode that the ''Andromeda'' herself can achieve such speeds fairly quickly.
111** It's stated in the pilot that the time dilation effect was amplified by the usage of ArtificialGravity aboard the ship.
112** A later episode established that more time passed on the ship than previously thought, but the events involved Dylan's memories being wiped.
113* ''Series/BattlestarGalactica2003'': [[spoiler:The "Final Five"]] went on a sublight journey that took 2000 years from an outside perspective, but a lot less to them.
114* Creator/CarlSagan laid it out, along with the other bizarre effects that come with approaching the speed of light, in an episode of ''Series/CosmosAPersonalVoyage'', [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7gGbTBJLgw Travels in Space and Time]].
115* ''Series/DoctorWho'': [[Recap/DoctorWhoS36E11WorldEnoughAndTime "World Enough and Time"]]/[[Recap/DoctorWhoS36E12TheDoctorFalls "The Doctor Falls"]] takes place aboard a GenerationShip slowly escaping the pull of a black hole. Because of the increased gravity near the black hole's event horizon and the length of the ship, time passes much more slowly in the ship's command center than in the lower decks. This is bad news, as said decks are now inhabited by malevolent creatures who have years to plan attacks while only days or minutes pass in the higher-level decks.
116* In ''Series/TheOrville'''s third-season episode "Twice in a Lifetime", the ''Orville'' [[spoiler:uses time dilation to travel forward in time from the 21st to the 25th centuries when the device they used to travel back in time is destroyed.]]
117* Multiple incidents in the ''Franchise/StargateVerse''.
118** Our page quote comes from the aptly titled ''Series/StargateSG1'' episode "[[Recap/StargateSG1S2E16AMatterOfTime A Matter of Time]]". Opening an outgoing wormhole to a planet near a black hole caused the gate to lock up due to the differences in the speed of time on either side of the wormhole, time to slow down immensely inside the mountain, and the black hole's gravity to start sucking everything in the vicinity into the stargate. [[spoiler:They solved it by detonating a bomb near the gate, causing an overload that made the wormhole jump to another receiving gate, whereupon they disengaged normally.]] Gen. Hammond sums it up quite well:
119--->'''Hammond:''' Captain, relativity gives me a headache.
120** Prior to "[[Recap/StargateSG1S6E12UnnaturalSelection Unnatural Selection]]", the Asgard used a time dilation device to try and [[SealedEvilInACan lock away the Replicators]] in a "bubble" where [[YearOutsideHourInside "one year to the Replicators would be about ten thousand years to the rest of us"]]. The replicators managed to reverse the device's function, [[YearInsideHourOutside allowing them to experience hundreds of years while less than one years went by outside]]. SG-1 had to go in and correct the problem.
121** Briefly mentioned as a problem in "[[Recap/StargateSG1S6E20Memento Memento]]" if the ''Prometheus'', stranded in deep space hundreds of light-years from Earth after hyperdrive failure, tried to hoof it home. Of course, relativity was kinda secondary to the fact that they didn't have enough supplies for that anyway.
122** In the series finale "[[Recap/StargateSG1S10E20Unending Unending]]", Carter uses the time dilation device from "Unnatural Selection" to trigger YearInsideHourOutside and give her enough time to develop a plan to save the ''Odyssey'' from the three Ori warships pursuing it.
123** In an episode of ''Series/StargateAtlantis'', the crew encountered a group of actual [[{{Precursors}} Ancients]] flying at 99.9% of the speed of light (their hyperdrive did not function), which is the reason why they were alive in the present time, despite the rest of their race being wiped out[=/=][[AscendToAHigherPlaneOfExistence ascending]] long ago.
124* ''Series/{{Starhunter}}'' has a couple of examples, some of which result from the fact that ships in the series accelerate to relativistic speeds to get from planet to planet.
125** The "relativity is a pain in the neck" joke gets used at least once in the first series when Rudolpho, the protagonists' boss, complains that they're a couple weeks behind on their bills, and the crew responds that from their point of view they've got a couple of days still.
126** At the end of the first season the protagonists end up being trapped in Hyperspace, and at the beginning of the second season one of them comes out 15 years later the same age, and much of the season is her searching for her uncle, who is still trapped there. At one point it's suggested that by the time they find him his son maybe be twice his age.
127** One episode features a middle aged man who hires the bounty hunter protagonists to rescue his kidnapped parents, whose kidnappers had been traveling at very fast speeds for 50 years causing them to age only 8 months, meaning he's now twice their age.
128* ''Series/TheTwilightZone1985'': In "[[Recap/TheTwilightZone1985S1E17 Quarantine]]", although 304 years have passed on Earth, Joshua estimates that it has only been five or ten years for the 1,000 people aboard the American spacecraft launched during the [[WorldWarIII nuclear war]] in 2043.
129[[/folder]]
130
131[[folder:Music]]
132* Music/{{Queen}}'s "'39" from ''Music/ANightAtTheOpera'' is about a crewman on a spaceship who travels to a distant planet and returns after a year, only to discover that a hundred years have passed back home and only the descendants of his loved ones remain. It ends on quite a down note.
133* Julia Ecklar and Anne Prather's [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ud6LiVJkwyA&NR=1 "Pushin' the Speed of Light"]] is a classic filk on the subject, and a TearJerker: "And you've left behind you the world of men with no way in space to go home again."
134* "Benson, Arizona", the opening and closing theme to ''Film/DarkStar'', is about a space trucker who uses faster-than-light travel, and time-dilation effects are mentioned in some of the lyrics ("The years go faster than the days", "Now the years pull us apart, I'm young and now you're old").
135[[/folder]]
136
137[[folder:Radio]]
138* Creator/TheBBC {{Radio}} series ''Radio/{{Earthsearch}}'' uses time dilation as a major plot point. The children of a starship's second-generation crew, the sole survivors of a disaster that killed the crew and erased a huge amount of scientific data (including the concept of time dilation itself), return the ship to their home solar system 115 years after it set out, only to find that a million years have passed outside. Oh, and the Earth is missing.
139[[/folder]]
140
141[[folder:Tabletop Games]]
142* ''TabletopGame/{{GURPS}}: Spaceships'' goes so far as to provide the equation for relativistic time dilation to be used for ships with sufficiently powerful engines.
143* ''TabletopGame/{{Lancer}}'' simplifies relativistic time dilation to one-tenth of normal time passage. A ship traveling 20 light-years at .95c experiences two years.
144[[/folder]]
145
146[[folder:Video Games]]
147* ''[[VideoGame/{{X}} X-Universe]]'':
148** Every ship can mount a "Singularity Engine Time Accelerator" which can speed up the flow of time up to 10x, depending on the game settings. Its primary use is to speed up travel time in-system for the player's benefit. Activating the device at high settings is heavy on the CPU and tends to cause ArtificialStupidity.
149** In in-game lore, malfunctioning SETA drives can supposedly crank up the effect to several ''thousand'' times normal speed: back in the days of ''X2'' and ''X3'' when stations had bulletin boards that featured news articles, one story covered a pilot who lost a year's worth of time when his SETA device went haywire and took several hours for him to shut down.
150* Comes up several times in ''VideoGame/GravityRush'' and ''VideoGame/GravityRush2''. The entire world is located along a massive World Pillar which extends infinitely up and down. At the bottom is a massive black hole, and localized black holes called gravity storms appear randomly. Going up or down the pillar can mess with people's personal times, so when main character Kat goes down the pillar, she thinks she is only gone for a week from her home town when she is actually gone for [[spoiler:one year]].
151* ''VideoGame/StarWarriorII'': In the true final dungeon, the Deep, [[spoiler:Vie reveals she was trapped there for over a thousand years, yet it only seemed she entered there shortly before the party did]].
152[[/folder]]
153
154[[folder:Webcomics]]
155* In ''Webcomic/{{Homestuck}}'':
156** At one point John and Jade travel between two [[LeaningOnTheFourthWall windows in the fourth wall]], taking what is explicitly stated as three nanoseconds (the time it takes light to travel one yard) to do so from an outside perspective. It is stated to take ''three years'' from their own perspective, which is actually not how time dilation works.
157** [[WordOfGod Andrew]] then claimed that it was 'plot dilation'. Since the characters had started their quest the previous day, [[WebcomicTime but from our side of the fourth wall it had taken three years]], they would have to wait until the same amount of time had passed for them to re-join.
158** ''Webcomic/ProblemSleuth'' is not much better at depicting time dilation either: as a character approaches the event horizon of a black hole, the events for him start to become faster until "all the events in history happen at once", which Andrew himself admitted was [[AcceptableBreaksFromReality unrealistic but more dramatic.]]
159* ''Webcomic/ABeginnersGuideToTheEndOfTheUniverse'' has the protagonist spend just a few days flying to and exploring the Black Star, while [[spoiler:hundreds or thousands of years pass in the rest of the universe. By the time he's back, people consider him a legendary character.]]
160* In ''Webcomic/{{Relativity}}'', Irina's light speed spaceflight will last six months for her, and three years for her wife Anne.
161-->'''Anne:''' I'll be older than you when you get back. [--Gah that's so weeeird...--]
162* In ''Webcomic/HeroineChic'', protagonist Zoe spends roughly one day stuck on villain Excelsior's spaceship. When she returns to Earth she finds six weeks have passed; her lease expired and her boyfriend is now dating someone else. According to [[https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/time-dilation a time dilation calculator]], Excelsior's ship would have been moving at about 99.9717% the speed of light.
163[[/folder]]
164
165[[folder:Web Original]]
166* ''Website/OrionsArm'' has relativistic space travel at speeds in excess of .9c, but it's usually requires a Transapient tech ReactionlessDrive. But it's not much of an issue because people can have essentially unlimited lifespans (average Nearbaseline lifespan is about 3000 years). Also the setting's PortalNetwork requires the two mouths of the wormhole to be towed into position at sub-relativistic speeds (~.77c).
167* ''Website/SCPFoundation'':
168** [[http://www.scp-wiki.net/scp-1272 SCP-1272 (Slow-Motion Catastrophe)]]. SCP-1272 is a nongravitational singularity (similar to that of a black hole/hypermass) that tremendously slows down the passage of time inside its area.
169** [[https://scp-wiki.wikidot.com/scp-7074 SCP-7074 (Asymptotic Bubble)]] is a little perimeter of space with two anomalous properties: one is that matter can't escape it, only energy, and the other is that time inside it is constantly getting slower.
170[[/folder]]
171
172[[folder:Western Animation]]
173* In ''WesternAnimation/GeneratorRex'', César's mobile laboratory was thrown into space, traveling so fast that where 15 minutes passed for him, five years passed on Earth.
174* [[ArtisticLicensePhysics Reversed]] in ''WesternAnimation/MyLifeAsATeenageRobot''. Sheldon was sent to space by accident, and returned a day later as a 75-year-old man. Dr. Wakeman then tried to use a machine to de-age him, but he ended up as a baby, and was sent to space again to return to his normal age.
175* ''WesternAnimation/SonicTheHedgehogSatAM'': WordOfGod says that the unmade third season would have revealed that Mobius was EarthAllAlong and that Robotnik and Snively survived aliens wiping us out because they were [[ButWhatAboutTheAstronauts on a colony planet]] at the time and returned to Earth centuries later because of this trope.
176[[/folder]]
177
178!!Examples using FTL:
179
180%%*[[folder:Anime & Manga]]
181%%* In ''Anime/VoicesOfADistantStar'', time dilation plays a big role in the protagonists' relationship.
182%%*[[/folder]]
183
184[[folder:Asian Animation]]
185* ''Animation/KingShakir'': In "Very Remote Shopping Mall", the bus taking Shakir and his party to Door World goes at the speed of light, and Necati sticks his head out the window for a few seconds. When they arrive, Remzi notices that half of Necati's face has aged to the age of a senior citizen, with half of his mustache and one of his eyebrows being white.
186[[/folder]]
187
188[[folder:Comic Books]]
189* During the Pre-[[ComicBook/CrisisOnInfiniteEarths Crisis]] era, Franchise/{{Superman}} and ComicBook/{{Supergirl}} were able to travel through time by flying faster than light.
190* ''ComicBook/SonicTheComic'': When his [[Franchise/SonicTheHedgehog Sonic]] clone [[CloneDegeneration aged prematurely]], Dr Robotnik got him to pretend he was Sonic who'd come back from the future by running faster than light.
191* An issue of ''ComicBook/TheBeano'' has ''Billy Wizz'' trying to go back in time by running backwards faster than the speed of light. He thinks he's back in the sixties but then gets chased by an angry curator for wrecking a display in the history museum.
192* ''Franchise/TheFlash'': Speedsters like Barry Allen and Wally West time-travel by running faster than the speed of light.
193[[/folder]]
194
195[[folder:Fan Works]]
196* In ''Fanfic/HellsisterTrilogy'', ComicBook/{{Supergirl}} travels back and forth between the present day and the 31st century several times by flying faster than light.
197* In ''Fanfic/AChangedWorld'', USS Bajor is able to use the warp drive to shield itself from the worst of it, though they still apparently lose a few hours. The Bajoran and Klingon ships aren't as fortunate: they've been there since 2271.
198* ''Fanfic/SupermanAndMan'': After watching [[Film/SupermanTheMovie his 1978 movie]], Superman states he ''doesn't'' time-travel by altering the Earth's rotation, but by travelling "at hyperlight speed".
199-->If he had wanted to change history, he would have taken a trip back in time himself, by spinning himself at hyperlight speed.
200[[/folder]]
201
202[[folder:Films -- Animation]]
203* This is a recurring element in ''WesternAnimation/{{Lightyear}}'':
204** Attempts to reach hyperspeed involve approaching increasing fractions of the speed of light (approaching hyperspeed is expressed as decimals of ''c''), so time dilation kicks in as one uses it. During the first act of the movie, each attempt Buzz makes to reach hyperspeed takes four subjective minutes for him, but just over four ''years'' on the planet below.
205** When he finally reaches hyperspeed [[spoiler:and returns to the planet, he learns that ''twenty-two'' years have passed.]]
206** Zurg, [[spoiler:an alternate timeline version of Buzz]], has worked out how to use it to go back in time, but could only travel so far back and wants Buzz's help to perfect it.
207[[/folder]]
208
209[[folder:Films — Live-Action]]
210* The ''Colonial Marines Technical Manual'' for the ''{{Franchise/Alien}}'' universe indicates that starships undergo "time expansion" during FTLTravel – [[SleeperStarship hence the need for hibernation pods]].
211* WordOfGod says that when Superman SpinTheEarthBackwards in ''Film/SupermanTheMovie'' and the DirectorsCut of ''Film/SupermanII'', he's actually going back in time by overtaking the speed of light.
212* The {{Novelization}} to ''Film/EscapeFromThePlanetOfTheApes'' gets rid of the Hasslein Curve wormhole and says the exploding Earth propelled the spaceship to faster than light speed and sent it back to the past.
213* Discussed in ''Film/BattleForThePlanetOfTheApes'' where characters wonder if human astronauts from before the apocalypse could travel through time in faster than light ships. A scenario is presented where a musician could do a broadcast in London, FTL travel to New York and listen to it live and then go back in time to cancel the performance if he didn't like it.
214* Causes some bizarre slow motion effects in Creator/HGWells' ''Literature/TheShapeOfThingsToCome''.
215* ''Unidentified Flying Oddball'' is about an astronaut who ends up in Arthurian times after travelling faster than light.
216* In both ''Film/ZackSnydersJusticeLeague'' and ''Film/{{The Flash|2023}}'', [[ComicBook/TheFlash Barry Allen]] travels in time by running faster than the speed of light.
217[[/folder]]
218
219[[folder:Literature]]
220* Jump drive in Creator/CJCherryh's ''Literature/AllianceUnion'' universe causes some time dilation, jumps take a week or less for the crew and a month or two for planetsiders and stationers. Of course, humans have to be sedated for jump and most other oxygen-breathing species are knocked unconscious.
221* Creator/CordwainerSmith's "Literature/TheCrimeAndTheGloryOfCommanderSuzdal": By traveling through [[SubspaceOrHyperspace non-space]], Suzdal and his ship subjectively experiences thousands of years. Even stranger, when the ship heads back to Earth, "time winds up" and the ship comes back as if only a few objective years have passed, making it an InvertedTrope example. [[spoiler:And this is only some of the wacky TimeTravel hi-jinks in this tale.]]
222* Some levels of hyperspace in the ''Literature/{{Uplift}}'' series.
223* ''Home Fires'' by Creator/GeneWolfe uses this along with a MayflyDecemberRomance. The traveler is a female soldier, and her husband ages a couple of decades to her two years.
224* Creator/StanislawLem's ''Literature/ReturnFromTheStars'' is about an astronaut who tries to cope with the changed world after returning from a 127-year mission (which lasted 10 years for him).
225* In the ''Literature/HyperionCantos'' humanity has a way of circumventing this with portals. The problem is that you have to send a few dozen (or hundred, depending on the route) lightspeed or so ships out to build a portal at the other end. Now, there is time dilation to begin with, and since that version of HyperspaceIsAScaryPlace, they also travel as {{Human Popsicle}}s, so the people sent to build them leave their whole life behind.
226** In the short story "Remembering Siri" (included in ''Hyperion'' as "The Consul's Tale"), a woman on a backwater planet falls in love with a dashing SpaceMarine who stops by for shore leave once a decade (in her timeframe). When she dies of old age, he has only aged 5 years, but their son is 43.
227** In the fourth book, it helps the protagonist to cut a few years off the age difference between him and his love.
228* ''Literature/TheForeverWar'' deals with quite a bit of time dilation. In order to travel faster than light a warship has to accelerate to relativistic speeds towards a [[NegativeSpaceWedgie collapsar]]. The effects of "subjective" time on the protagonist are explored to a somewhat large degree.
229* Creator/UrsulaKLeGuin's Hainish Cycle:
230** This effect is present in ''Literature/TheLeftHandOfDarkness''; the [[TheFederation Ekumenical]] diplomats consider it a good thing, since if their mission on a particular planet fails, they can hop over to the nearest planet, then turn around and come right back and have a whole new generation of leaders with which to try again.
231** In "[[Literature/SemleysNecklace The Dowry Of Angyar]]", later incorporated into the novel ''[[Literature/RocannonsWorld Rocannon's World]]'', a young woman named Semley goes on a quest to recover the titular lost heirloom, and meets a group of dwarf-like creatures who promise to help her get it back. Since her native culture is at roughly early medieval technological level, and a trip that took her two days turns out to have lasted sixteen years, it looks, for her and her family, like she's been snatched by TheFairFolk. In the story proper, Rocannon, who gave the necklace back, meets Semley's granddaughter.
232[[/folder]]
233
234[[folder:Live-Action TV]]
235* ''Franchise/StarTrek'':
236** According to ''The Making Of Star Trek'' Creator/GeneRoddenberry explains the inconsistency in Star dates by saying that time moves differently to ships travelling at warp speed. He admits he doesn't understand his own explanation but it seems to satisfy fans who ask.
237** The Slingshot Maneuver involves doing a [[SpaceshipSlingshotStunt Gravitational Slingshot]] around a star at warp speed and arriving at a chosen time period.
238* Daphne from ''Series/{{Heroes}}'' can travel through time by overtaking the speed of light when Ando [[AmplifierArtifact supercharges]] her SuperSpeed.
239* Vipers in ''Series/Galactica1980'' can go back in time by flying faster than light. Like the Superman example, there's no explanation why spaceships can quickly travel intergalactic distances without being sent through the time.
240* ''Series/UltramanMebius'': [[spoiler:This is the reason why Captain Sakomizu is OlderThanTheyLook. He was originally a space patrol office in Science Patrol, but the effects of travelling at lightspeed have caused him to age more slowly.]]
241[[/folder]]
242
243[[folder:Tabletop Games]]
244* ''TabletopGame/Warhammer40000'': One more [[HyperspaceIsAScaryPlace scary thing]] about the Warp is that you can never tell when you will emerge. More than once a fleet has arrived centuries after (or before) departing. This occasionally creates outright paradoxes; one of the most famous is an Ork warlord accidentally ending back where he started just before he left and promptly murdering his past self and stealing a second copy of his favorite gun.
245[[/folder]]
246
247[[folder:Video Games]]
248* AllThereInTheManual, literally, in the original ''VideoGame/EscapeVelocity''. The narrator of the manual's FlavorText describes FasterThanLightTravel as being instantaneous for the traveler, while in realspace anywhere from one to three days goes by depending on the mass of the ship. This doesn't hold true in the other two ''EV'' games, [[ThematicSeries which have no story connection to any other]].
249* ''The Dark Wheel'' TieInNovel that came with ''VideoGame/{{Elite}}'' says that accidents in hyperspace can strand a ship millions of years in the past but it's treated more like an urban legend.
250[[/folder]]
251
252[[folder:Web Comics]]
253* The D.A.V.E. (Dangerous And Very Expensive) drive in ''Webcomic/{{Freefall}}'' works by reversing time dilation, weeks pass outside while decades pass on board. So passengers spend the trip [[HumanPopsicle frozen]].
254* ''Webcomic/QuentynQuinnSpaceRanger'':
255** The title character misses three years without realizing it while on a long mission through largely uncharted space.
256-->'''Quentyn:''' Wait, a Mark IV? But the Mark III isn't due out for another year!\
257'''Delivery guy:''' Oh no. The Mark III came out ''last'' year. The Mark IV just hit the shelves last month!
258** It's stated that Rangers are given extremely long vacations to catch back up with current events and family, as well as debreif their superiors on a year-long mission (for the ranger) that took 2-10 (for the brass).
259* Used to Justify a TimeSkip in ''WebComic/LancerTheKnightsOfFenris.'' A squadron of fighter pilots attempts a HyperspeedEscape through a black hole without adequate power for their "Relativity Compensators," and it looks like they abandoned their post for two entire years. During which the war went badly.
260
261[[/folder]]
262
263[[folder:Web Original]]
264* According to ''Holonet News'', ships in the ''Franchise/StarWars'' universe have "Relativistic Shielding" to stop this from happening. There's an interview with a guy called Bosbit Matarcher who was sent 190 years forward thanks to a shield mishap.
265* ''WebSite/AtomicRockets'' mentions that special relativity means a ship goes back in time if it goes FTL, and reccomends using some TimeTravelTropes as story ideas.
266[[/folder]]

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