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4[[quoteright:350:[[Literature/AScannerDarkly https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/Waking_Life_rotoscoping_372.jpg]]]]
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6%% Quote pulled per thread: https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/posts.php?discussion=1327331003042025100&page=169
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8Rotoscoping is the process of tracking character movement frame by frame and drawing animation over live-action film.
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10Creator/MaxAndDaveFleischer invented the process in [[UsefulNotes/TheSilentAgeOfAnimation 1915]] to animate Koko the Clown of their ''WesternAnimation/OutOfTheInkwell'' series, and later used it to animate Music/CabCalloway's dancing in three WesternAnimation/BettyBoop shorts, but the most famous Fleischer rotoscoping was done in the studio's WesternAnimation/SupermanTheatricalCartoons.
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12Creator/{{Disney}} Studios had used rotoscoping from ''WesternAnimation/SnowWhiteAndTheSevenDwarfs'' (explaining the slightly different art style of said characters) all the way to ''WesternAnimation/OneHundredAndOneDalmatians''.
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14Rotoscoping has been used lightly (to create realistic movements for otherwise stylized characters) and heavily (nearly tracing an entire actor's movements, form, and facial expressions). The downside of heavy rotoscoping is that every little physical or facial tic is replicated without consideration of the character or storytelling intention, which teeters on the edge of UnintentionalUncannyValley.
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16Computer technology has created new life for rotoscoping as a medium, allowing for more photorealistic renders, smoother movement and a more streamlined production cycle. SerkisFolk is the result of capturing an individual performer, isolating it either manually or through MotionCapture and creating a new character in its place, similar to traditional animated characters via RogerRabbitEffect.
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18However, rotoscoping has a bad reputation among the animation community, including men such as Creator/RichardWilliams, [[Creator/DisneysNineOldMen Milt Kahl]], Creator/ShamusCulhane and Creator/JohnKricfalusi, being perceived as a lifeless, poor substitute for character animation. Even Creator/RalphBakshi, a frequent user of it in his feature films, admits that he loathed using it and that it was only used due to his low budgets and inexperienced younger artists. In fact, Max Fleischer himself came to realize the limitations of the very device he created early on, opting for more creative use of character animation instead (although he did make some exceptions). A companion to this is that animators often use reference footage for their work, it isn't a direct copying of each frame but enough material is made that the reference footage itself could be edited together as a "rough cut" of the animation.
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20Rotoscoping over CGI, rather than live action, is considered a form of PaintedCGI and a form of MediumBlending.
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22Compare ChromaKey, which similarly involves isolating a character but uses color isolation to do it automatically, but often uses rotoscope-esque techniques to producer a sharper result.
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24----
25!!Examples:
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27[[foldercontrol]]
28
29[[folder:Advertising]]
30* The [[http://www.slate.com/id/2131287/ Talk to Chuck]] ads for Charles Schwab, directed by Bob Sabiston, the developer of the Rotoshop software used on ''WesternAnimation/WakingLife'', ''Literature/AScannerDarkly'', etc.
31* A series of bumpers for Creator/{{Nickelodeon}} that was produced by Buck.
32* [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8yVjGjSMv8 This unsettling PSA]] from Safety on the Move's ''Drinking and Driving Wrecks Lives'' campaign. A man's haunting, ghostly face stares ''[[BreakingTheFourthWall right into your soul]]'', and recounts how his "great bloke" Mark killed the parents of two children in a drunk driving accident on Christmas.
33[[/folder]]
34
35[[folder:Anime]]
36* The anime adaptation of ''Manga/TheFlowersOfEvil'' has become notorious for ditching the original manga's character designs in favor of using this process to animate the characters. [[https://japanator.com/stories/aku-no-hana-s-hiroshi-nagahama-talks-flowers-evil-28789.phtml In an interview,]] Director Hiroshi Nagahama he chose this process over traditional animation because the manga is fairly realistic in the depiction of its themes. He went on saying that he wasn't interested in doing a live action drama either because in those the emphasis is always on the actors and not in the characters. For Nagahama, rotoscoping was the way to go.
37* ''Literature/{{Trapeze}}'' shifts to rotoscoping from time to time, specially during close ups on the characters' faces.
38* Opening sequence of ''Fela Pure''.
39* ''Anime/NeonGenesisEvangelion'' has its moments, specially in ''End of Evangelion''.
40* ''Anime/PantyAndStockingWithGarterbelt'' uses several animation styles, and even rotoscoping very briefly in the episode segment dedicated to Chuck, specifically the scenes from its point of view.
41* The opening to the ''Literature/ThePerfectInsider'' anime includes a few dancing scenes animated in this style.
42* Fujiwara's dance in the ending for episode 3 of ''Manga/KaguyaSamaLoveIsWar'' was rotoscoped, though the animation is done so fluidly that many people mistook it for being CGI.
43* ''Anime/TheCaseOfHanaAndAlice'' is a 2015 prequel to the 2004 live-action film ''Hana and Alice''. All of it is animated using this process to allow the cast to reprise their roles ''physically'' without running into an extreme case of DawsonCasting.
44* In Episode 19 of ''Manga/DemonSlayerKimetsuNoYaiba'', a flashback scene of Tanjiro's father doing a kagura dance is rotoscoped.
45[[/folder]]
46
47[[folder:Films -- Animation]]
48* ''WesternAnimation/HeavyMetal'' has several instances of this:
49** The B-17 bomber is entirely rotoscoped from a 10-foot mock-up.
50** Taarna, the title character of the last major story, was rotoscoped from the model Carole Desbiens. This is the only instance of rotoscopy in the film where otherwise scarce time and money was dedicated on cleaning up the outlines.
51** Also, the landscape with its several canyons across which Taarna flies is clearly a result of rotoscopy.
52** Lack of time (the release date was [[ExecutiveMeddling rescheduled]], leaving only half as much time to get the film done) actually [[AvertedTrope averted]] the rotoscopy of the explosion of the astronaut's house at the end. Instead, the raw live-action explosion footage that should have been rotoscoped was included in the final film itself.
53* Creator/RalphBakshi did extensive rotoscoping; ''WesternAnimation/{{Wizards}}'', ''WesternAnimation/TheLordOfTheRings'', ''WesternAnimation/AmericanPop'', ''WesternAnimation/FireAndIce'', and ''Film/CoolWorld''. Bakshi actually hated using rotoscoping, feeling it to be a lazy form of animation, but had to resort to it due to tight budgets and working with inexperienced animators.
54* Creator/DonBluth's ''WesternAnimation/{{Anastasia}}'' and ''WesternAnimation/TitanAE'', as well as almost every other movie he's done. Every human appearing in ''WesternAnimation/TheSecretOfNimh'' and ''WesternAnimation/AnAmericanTail'' are rotoscoped, giving them a stark, realistic contrast to the cartoonish mouse characters.
55** Don Bluth also often did this with certain objects as well, from the tractor in ''Nimh'' and the Giant Mouse of Minsk in ''American Tail'', to even the ship in ''WesternAnimation/ThePebbleAndThePenguin''!
56* All of ''WesternAnimation/WakingLife'' (digitally, using software called Rotoshop). The "plot," to the degree that there is one, is that the protagonist [[AllJustADream is trapped in a dream]], which the rotoscoping enhances with its surreal quality.
57* ''Literature/AScannerDarkly'', from the same director and producer as ''WesternAnimation/WakingLife'', used this to good effect.
58* Done in ''WesternAnimation/YellowSubmarine'' for the "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" segment, using old live-action musical footage to striking effect.
59* The song "Sita's Fire" from ''WesternAnimation/SitaSingsTheBlues'', one of the 5 art styles used in the film (though this is only used for one song.)
60* Disney's most well-known use of it was the vehicles in ''WesternAnimation/OneHundredAndOneDalmatians''. They built models of the cars and trucks, painted them white with black "outlines" on the edges, shot them in stop-motion in front of a white background, and then photocopied the results directly onto the animation cels. They would continue to use this technique in ''WesternAnimation/TheAristocats'' and ''WesternAnimation/TheRescuers'', largely using the [[PropRecycling exact same models]].
61* ''WesternAnimation/FelixTheCatTheMovie'' uses this to animate the princess.
62* The little-known, less-seen, and not-entirely-completed masterpiece ''WesternAnimation/HappyNewYearPlanetEarth'' (never released owing to licensing and contractual issues). A Canadian cross between ''Heavy Metal'' and ''Yellow Submarine'' set to music by the band Music/{{Klaatu}}, it is mostly rotoscoped.
63* Specifically averted in ''WesternAnimation/LiloAndStitch''. One of the special features shows the animation process of the opening hula dance scene, in which the animators watched footage of actual dancers and painstakingly animated the movements by hand, as rotoscoping would not have created an appealing performance.
64* An interesting case in ''WesternAnimation/TheGreatMouseDetective'' which can be considered the UrExample of the PaintedCGI style more popular since the [[UsefulNotes/TheMillenniumAgeOfAnimation late-2010s]]. The gears inside Big Ben at the start of the climax were done in CGI, but were then traced onto paper by a computer, xeroxed onto cells and painted in. ''WesternAnimation/OliverAndCompany'' took the technique even further, using it for all of the films vehicles as well as the [[UsefulNotes/NewYorkCity New York cityscape]], and required the creation of Disney's first in-house computer animation department.
65** Disney revisited the "3D-to-2D" background method a decade later for ''WesternAnimation/{{Tarzan}}'' with the Deep Canvas technology, in which the films backgrounds were created in CGI and then digitally painted over by animators to appear hand-drawn. Deep Canvas was later used in ''WesternAnimation/AtlantisTheLostEmpire'' and ''WesternAnimation/TreasurePlanet'', albeit to a lesser extent.
66* ''WesternAnimation/LovingVincent'' is a film about the death of Creator/VincentVanGogh done in the same style as his paintings. Each frame was an oil painting based on live-action footage projected onto the canvas, allowing the filmmakers to make a film in the same method Van Gogh did his artwork.
67* Disney's ''WesternAnimation/TheFoxAndTheHound'' has some scenes that were rotoscoped from sketches in order to redo them quickly and cheaply after [[TroubledProduction someone had stolen the original cels]].
68* ''WesternAnimation/{{Tower|2016}}'': This film is a documentary feature about the infamous [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_tower_shooting 1966 University of Texas tower shooting]]. Unlike most documentaries, the bulk of the film, namely all the historical recreations of that day as well as many of the talking heads, are done with rotoscoped animation.
69* ''WesternAnimation/ApolloTenAndAHalfASpaceAgeChildhood'': The film uses a style of animating over live-action footage similar to previous Linklater projects such as ''Literature/AScannerDarkly'' and ''WesternAnimation/WakingLife''.
70[[/folder]]
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72[[folder:Films -- Live-Action]]
73* The lightsaber effects in the original ''Franchise/StarWars'' trilogy. Rotoscoping is still the word you would use to describe the prequel trilogy's lightsabers, but it's the modern computer-aided version. The sequel trilogy (as shown in some behind the scenes photos of ''Film/TheForceAwakens'') used prop glowing sticks (similar in look to the Force FX lightsaber toys), with some digital enhancements to it.
74* Used in ''Film/ReturnToOz'' to make the ruby slippers sparkle.
75* Used as a transitional device in ''Film/TheChargeOfTheLightBrigade'' between the animated sequences created by Creator/RichardWilliams and the live action shots. The animated sequences themselves, despite the hyper-detailed designs, used no rotoscoping.
76* The seagulls flying over the burning gas station on ''Film/TheBirds'' were actually shot at a Cliffside in Spain. Rotoscoping was used to mask out the sea and cliff, leaving only the birds.
77* The book the Library Ghost is reading in ''Film/{{Ghostbusters|1984}}''. When the effects team optically processed her into the filmed footage, the optical-printing also processed her book, which, being a real object, had to be a harder image than the ghost. It's done so well that the pages seem to have a little bit of telltale grain.
78[[/folder]]
79
80[[folder:Live-Action TV]]
81* ''Series/DoctorWho'':
82** Animation has been used to restore some of the {{missing episode}}s for DVD release. The animators sometimes use rotoscoping to remain faithful to the few short bits of footage that survive, with [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wASEpjDsLGo the regeneration scene]] from part four of "[[Recap/DoctorWhoS4E2TheTenthPlanet The Tenth Planet]]" being a good example.
83** The first reanimation project, ''The Invasion'', does this with footage of one of the animators running through their offices in a baggy coat, for shots of the Second Doctor running in long shot.
84** "Day of the Daleks: Special Edition" and a few other special-edition titles make use of rotoscoping when certain effects have to be replaced.
85* In ''Series/TheInvaders1967'' rotoscoping was used to add the red glow over dying and incinerating aliens.
86[[/folder]]
87
88[[folder:Music Videos]]
89* Music/DireStraits, "Money for Nothing". Interestingly, not for the animated portions (an early use of CGI), but to add color effects on the live-action footage of the band performing.
90* By extension, Music/WeirdAlYankovic's parody "Money For Nothing/[[Series/TheBeverlyHillbillies Beverly Hillbillies]]"
91* Music/{{Aha}}, "Take on Me".
92* [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEVfHmjKOrM&ob=av2e "Shadrach"]] by Music/BeastieBoys features a heavily stylised example of Rotoscoping.
93* Music/LinkinPark's [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ezSGqbuo0g "Breaking the Habit"]] music video has the band performing toward the end, it was rotoscoped and animated with an anime style flair to fit in with the rest of the video's art style.
94* Music/{{Spoon}}, [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dInnbQrYVhQ "Everything Hits At Once"]] and Zero 7, [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZncATpZre_w "Destiny,"]] both directed by ''Waking Life'' animators.
95* Music/KanyeWest, "Heartless". It's a tribute to ''WesternAnimation/AmericanPop''.
96* The video for [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUbqOcMlD7I&feature=related "Electric Surfing Go Go"]] by POLYSICS flashes between this and live action.
97* Music/{{Kasabian}}, [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2C0OEVWKZv0 "Shoot the Runner"]]
98* Music/DreamTheater, [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRBP1rpE5y8 "Forsaken"]]
99* Music/CaravanPalace, [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UbQgXeY_zi4 "Lone Digger"]]
100* Music/{{Queen}}'s video for [[https://youtu.be/g2N0TkfrQhY "Innuendo"]] has the band members rotoscoped from their prior videos and their 1986 Wembley Stadium show in different artistic styles (Music/FreddieMercury in the style of Leonardo Da Vinci, Music/BrianMay in the style of Victorian etchings, Roger Taylor in the style of Jackson Pollock, and John Deacon in the style of Pablo Picasso).
101* Freak Kitchen's video "Freak of the Week" used a similar technique to the Disney films above, specifically the characters were modeled and were animated in 3D, then painstakingly painted over frame by frame.
102* Music/{{INXS}}, [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FoEPrbdfmT4 "What You Need"]]
103[[/folder]]
104
105[[folder:Video Games]]
106* ''VideoGame/AnotherWorld'', also known as ''Out of This World''.
107* ''VideoGame/FAITHTheUnholyTrinity'' features rotoscoping to intentionally terrifying results. While the game usually uses very primitive animations similar to early video, during cutscenes the characters are represented by jarringly life-like rotoscoping. Combined with the primitive text to speech, ''FAITH'' burrows its entire experience deep into the UncannyValley.
108* ''VideoGame/{{Flashback}}'', from the same developers as ''VideoGame/AnotherWorld''.
109* The ''VideoGame/JustDance'' games.
110* Featured in ''VideoGame/{{Karateka}}'', developed by the same guy behind ''VideoGame/PrinceOfPersia1''.
111* Smoking Car Productions's ''VideoGame/TheLastExpress'' (by the same developer as ''Prince of Persia'').
112* ''VideoGame/TheLegendOfTianding'' uses this method for creating backgrounds, with their crew touring Taiwan's Dadaocheng district and taking multiple photos to recreate the 1900s Colonial Era aesthetics.
113* The original ''VideoGame/PrinceOfPersia1'' and its sequel.
114* Rotoscoping animated the characters in ''VideoGame/ProjectFirestart''.
115* A few Creator/{{SNK}} fighters, most famously ''VideoGame/ArtOfFighting 3''.
116** SNK is using a similar technique for ''VideoGame/TheKingOfFighters XII'' and ''XIII''. Instead of live action, the animation is drawn over CG models. Creator/ArcSystemWorks did similarly for ''VideoGame/BlazBlue'' (however the methods differ as ''[=BlazBlue=]'' characters are animated using cel-based animation whilst the two HD ''King of Fighters'' games use traditional dot art animation).
117* When the animators of ''Franchise/StarWars: VideoGame/DarkForces'' had difficulty animating Darth Vader, they had C. Andrew Nelson (who had suited up as Vader for commercials, print ads, etc) perform the actions that they wanted the Dark Lord to do. The animators then used rotoscoping to match the already drawn cutscenes.
118* Elena's animations look a little different from the rest of the ''VideoGame/StreetFighterIII'' cast, largely because all of her animation was rotoscoped. This was probably done because UsefulNotes/{{capoeira}} may have been too daunting for the artists to hand animate convincingly.
119* The original ''VideoGame/TwilightSyndrome'' duology used this technique in order to create its character graphics. The in-game sprites for the main characters were adapted from live-action footage of models shot in front of a [[ChromaKey bluescreen]]. There are also more detailed but static character graphics used in special dialogue scenes, which are largely adapted from digitized photographs of real actors. Notably, this game's designers went to considerable lengths to avoid UnintentionalUncannyValley with the main characters, showing their faces in as little detail as possible by having them remain distant and undefined, or only showing them from the back in scenes where they are closer to the foreground.
120* The kiss scene between Blair and Angel in ''VideoGame/WingCommander II'' was rotoscoped, with series creator Chris Roberts providing the basis for Blair's body.[[note]]The female providing the base body for Angel is unknown, however, but probably an Origin staffer at the time.[[/note]]
121[[/folder]]
122
123[[folder:Visual Novels]]
124* ''VisualNovel/HotelDuskRoom215'' and its sequel, ''VisualNovel/LastWindow''. Actors and actresses are brought in, and they are filmed performing various movements. The most essential "frames" of their movements are then drawn over and spliced together to create the grainy, film-noir novel style. You can watch the "behind the scenes" [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv6L26DZYEs video here.]]
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126
127[[folder:Web Original]]
128* Most UsefulNotes/MikuMikuDance motion data files available on the internet are this, being choreographies traced from videos of real dancers for use in making music videos.
129[[/folder]]
130
131[[folder:Web Videos]]
132* ''WebVideo/FreshyKanal'': "Robin Hood vs. Guy Fawkes" starts off with several traced drawings of each rappers, mostly Robin as he gets the first verse, before a Robin Hood drawing in a wanted poster cleanly shifts into his live-action self.
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135[[folder:Western Animation]]
136* Creator/WalterLantz used this in at least two of his shorts; the WesternAnimation/OswaldTheLuckyRabbit short "Merry Old Soul" and the oneshot cartoon "Just a Jitterbug".
137* French/Canadian co-production ''WesternAnimation/DeltaState'' is the first animated television series to be entirely rotoscoped, taking over 27 months to complete.
138* Creator/{{Filmation}} did this to get stock footage for all its animated series: ''WesternAnimation/HeManAndTheMastersOfTheUniverse1983'', ''WesternAnimation/{{Blackstar}}'', and ''[[WesternAnimation/FlashGordon1979 The New Adventures of Flash Gordon]]''.
139** Filmation's ''WesternAnimation/StarTrekTheAnimatedSeries'' used rotoscoping in an interesting way: the footage of the USS Enterprise, used in establishing shots (and the title sequence), was achieved by taking the actual footage used in [[Series/StarTrekTheOriginalSeries the original 1960s live action series]], and then painstakingly recreating it in animation, frame-by-frame. They hold up pretty well.
140* [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46PXaJxzuDE This video]] pretty clearly uses rotoscoping, although you may not notice it in the face of Mormon Jeezus.
141* Disney used rotoscoping in the ''WesternAnimation/{{Goofy}}'' cartoon ''"Baggage Buster"'', making him look way more earthbound than his usual loose, lanky self.
142* ''WesternAnimation/OutOfTheInkwell'' invented this trope and used it to animate Koko, but it was quickly discarded.
143* The classic [[WesternAnimation/SupermanTheatricalCartoons Fleischer Superman]] cartoons used ''very good'' rotoscoping for the main characters, thanks to their lavish budget.
144* ''WesternAnimation/GulliversTravels'' (also by Fleischer) used this with the title character.
145* Another Fleischer's feature-length cartoon, ''WesternAnimation/MrBugGoesToTown'', does this with ''human'' characters (who, however, appear very ''little'').
146* Some WesternAnimation/LooneyTunes shorts used this; a few notable examples are in the climax of "Daffy The Commando" the climax scene of Hitler giving his speech, and in "Hollywood Steps Out" with some of the dancing celebrities.
147** The 1990 short "Box Office Bunny" uses it when Bugs, Daffy and Elmer dance a rap tune on a bubblegum-stained floor.
148** In 1967, Warner Bros. had merged with Seven Arts which had acquired the TV rights to the black-and-white Looney Tunes shorts (excluding the Harman-Ising Merrie Melodies) after Guild Films went bankrupt. Guild had previously acquired those rights from W-B subsidiary Sunset Productions. After the merger, W-B had 75 of those cartoons shipped to Korea to be rotoscoped – redrawn and painted in color. The tight deadlines and low budgets (all done on 6-field cels) rendered these color versions sloppy and unattractive.
149** The same thing was done in 1986 with the Fleischer black-and-white ''WesternAnimation/{{Popeye}}'' cartoons by Turner Entertainment, their copyright owner at the time.
150** The 1939 Porky Pig cartoon "Old Glory" uses rotoscoping handsomely in the scenes of America's gestation. Contrary to belief, the animation of Uncle Sam talking to Porky was not rotoscoped. Robert [=McKimson=] meticulously animated him himself.
151* The animation of ''WesternAnimation/JosieAndThePussycats'' performing in the opening of their 1970 Hanna-Barbera cartoon was rotoscoped.
152* ''WesternAnimation/FamilyGuy'' uses this on occasion, usually for complex dance sequences (such as the Jitterbug song "Jungle Love" and Peter performing [[{{Music/Madonna}} "Ray of Light"]] in "New Kidney In Town")
153** Averted in the ''Star Wars'' [[WesternAnimation/FamilyGuyPresentsLaughItUpFuzzball spoofs]]. Many of the shots from the films were authentically recreated and the quality caused many fans to believe it was rotoscoped.
154* ''WesternAnimation/TheSimpsons'' used it for a syndication promo that [[RogerRabbitEffect inserted them into classic movie scenes]]. It's pretty obvious in the part parodying ''Film/ButchCassidyAndTheSundanceKid''.
155* The notorious short cartoon ''The Magic of Oz'' has rotoscoping in ''one'' shot. Of Dorothy bending down. Given how poor the animation is, it's believable that they couldn't animate a character bending down, but it's quickly clear that they didn't know how to rotoscope properly either.
156* In the ''WesternAnimation/MGMOneshotCartoons'' short "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" the animation of Goldilocks is done with this technique.
157* The ''Captain and the Kids'' cartoon "Petunia Natural Park" starts with the MGM logo featuring an animated version of Jackie the Lion done with this technique.
158* Light rotoscoping was used on the ''ComicStrip/{{Peanuts}}'' specials ''WesternAnimation/ShesAGoodSkateCharlieBrown'' and ''WesternAnimation/ItsFlashbeagleCharlieBrown'' for the skating scenes in the former and dancing in the latter. The footage wasn't "traced" as with typical rotoscoping, but reinterpreted for the characters' exaggerated proportions. (Fun fact: Charles Schultz's daughter Jill performed reference for both specials.)
159* 1974 short ''WesternAnimation/{{Fuji}}'' mixes this with MediumBlending, as the cartoon shows the live action film of the people on a train, shows the Rotoscoping animation of the people on the train, and later shows one superimposed on the other so the both are visible.
160* ''WesternAnimation/{{Undone}}'': The series is animated in this style.
161* ''WesternAnimation/TheLiberator'': uses rotoscoping to decisively avert the [[invoked]]AnimationAgeGhetto. It overlays rotoscoped animation on live actors to tell a story-for-adults about an American infantry battalion fighting its way through Italy and France to Germany, with lots of realistic bloody violence.
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