Line #380 Main/EiffelTowerEffect


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4	[[quoteright:350:[[WesternAnimation/{{Ratatouille}} https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/ratatouille_eiffel_tower.png]]]]
5	[[caption-width-right:350:Get an [[{{Pun}} Eiffel]] of that tower!]]
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9	->''"The Eiffel Tower can be seen from any window in Paris."''
10	-->-- [[https://archive.vanityfair.com/article/2002/4/hollywood-rule-book "Hollywood Rule Book"]], Vanity Fair
11
12	Some cities are renowned for their industries. Hollywood makes movies, UsefulNotes/{{Detroit}} makes... [[DyingTown made]] cars. Others are known as hotspots for the scientific community, like Geneva. Or for the political community, like... Geneva. And in some places, there is a landmark. [[RuleOfThree Such as Geneva.]]
13
14	A few of these landmarks, in various locations around the globe, are so well-known by so many people that they've come to function as a sort of visual shorthand for the city, sometimes the ''country'', in which they're located to the point where some footage of the landmark in question must be portrayed on the screen, even when that landmark is irrelevant to the plot and nowhere near where the characters are supposed to be. The National Mall in UsefulNotes/WashingtonDC, Westminster Palace (specifically, its clock tower housing Big Ben) in UsefulNotes/{{London}}, the Taj Mahal in India, St. Basil's Cathedral in UsefulNotes/{{Moscow}} (occasionally mistaken for the nearby Kremlin), the Sydney Opera House in UsefulNotes/{{Sydney}}, the TokyoTower in UsefulNotes/{{Tokyo}}, The Colosseum in UsefulNotes/{{Rome}}, the Art/SistineChapel for UsefulNotes/VaticanCity... When these locations are portrayed in a film or TV show, expect numerous, panoramic {{establishing shot}}s of the landmark in question. Occasionally, these landmarks will be visible out of windows or from rooftops where viewing them in real life would be geographically impossible, or in historical settings when they weren't actually built yet.
15
16	Iconic structures such as these can also function as {{Red Shirt}}s. If they [[MonumentalDamage are ever destroyed]], then circumstances have [[ItsGoingDown become dire indeed]]. Which naturally means that in a disaster movie, the landmark in question will probably be doomed to [[MonumentalDamage certain destruction]]. The Hollywood sign and the Art/StatueOfLiberty are popular targets for CGI catastrophes. Alternatively, the structure will be [[TheConstant one of the few things left]] intact AfterTheEnd, either [[MonumentalDamageResistance mostly undamaged]], to give the characters some kind of [[HopeSpringsEternal hope for the future]], or nearly collapsed, as a testament to [[EarthAllAlong how much has been lost]].
17
18	This trope is not simply here to list various landmarks around the world, but rather instances of landmarks in fiction used as a shortcut to showing either where the action occurs or how bad things have gotten.
19
20	Can overlap with both SceneryGorn and SceneryPorn, depending on how lovingly and lavishly the landmark in question is filmed. Often combined with TimeZonesDoNotExist if the landmark is shown in a view from another country at the same time in both places. For instances where entire countries, or more, are represented by the landmarks of only one city, see BritainIsOnlyLondon. Compare LandmarkingTheHiddenBase, where a major HQ is situated inside or underneath one of these monuments; RushmoreRefacement, where they are deliberately altered; WeaponizedLandmark, where they're turned into [[WeaponOfMassDestruction Weapons Of Mass Destruction]]; and MonumentalDamage, where they are damaged or destroyed, possibly as a result of a MonumentalBattle. (And MonumentalDamageResistance, when they survive a disaster.)
21
22	This trope is useful for works with an InformedLocation, as using the landmark in a TitleSequence is a quick and easy way to establish a setting with little other effort.
23
24	The trope namer is on the Champ de Mars in UsefulNotes/{{Paris}} and was completed in 1889. [[Website/{{Wikipedia}} The Other Wiki]] calls the Eiffel Tower "one of the most recognizable structures in the world." Part of this is due to the fact that there was a strict building code of no buildings over a certain height in Paris, so that the Tower is seen from farther away than it would have been had it been built in, say, UsefulNotes/NewYorkCity.
25
26	For its historical equivalent, see MisterSandmanSequence. This trope is not to be confused with the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument_Syndrome Washington Monument Syndrome.]][[note]]That is when government agencies facing budget cuts will direct those cuts at their most visible symbols or appreciated services in order to highlight their utility to the public and put pressure on lawmakers to reverse the cuts. The term was coined in 1969 after George Hartzog, the director of the National Park Service, ordered some of the US' most visited national parks, such as the Washington Monument and the Grand Canyon, closed for two days a week in a successful bid to convince Congress to restore the NPS' full funding.[[/note]]
27	----
28	!!Examples:
29	[[index]]
30	* EiffelTowerEffect/ComicBooks
31	* [[EiffelTowerEffect/LiveActionFilms Films — Live-Action]]
32	* EiffelTowerEffect/LiveActionTV
33	* EiffelTowerEffect/VideoGames
34	* EiffelTowerEffect/WesternAnimation
35	* EiffelTowerEffect/RealLife
36	[[/index]]
37	[[foldercontrol]]
38
39	[[folder:Advertising]]
40	* Pick any advertising for a French perfume. It will ''inevitably'' be set in Paris, with its landmarks showing up.
41	* In one ad for Liberty Mutual Insurance, a man in WitnessProtection tells viewers that with the money he saved on insurance, he was able to go on vacation with his family, but he "[[IllNeverTellYouWhatImTellingYou can't say where]]," and the Statue of Liberty is seen in the background. He then shows a picture of his family, who are obscured in shadow the same way he is, with the Eiffel Tower in the background.
42	[[/folder]]
43
44	[[folder:Animation]]
45	* In the ''Animation/{{Lamput}}'' episode "Zoom Oil", when Lamput steps aside to dodge the docs, the latter characters end up realizing too late that they've got too much of their speed potions on them and start running so fast that they reach different countries entirely. The most prominent features in each country as the docs completely lose control is the countries' most famous landmarks; they find their way to the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, the Eiffel Tower in France, the Statue of Liberty in the United States, the pyramids and Sphinx in Egypt, and the Taj Mahal in India before finally landing face first in a rice field in Japan.
46	* In the ''Animation/SimpleSamosa'' episode "Doctor D", there is a shot of Dhokla taking selfies on the Eiffel Tower. The country he visits is never referenced by name, so this is the only indication that he's visiting France.
47	* Weslie and the gang visit America in episode 20 of ''Animation/PleasantGoatFunClass: Travel Around the World''. One of the first things they see is the Art/StatueOfLiberty.
48	[[/folder]]
49
50	[[folder:Anime & Manga]]
51	* TokyoTower functions this way in many anime; one of the most famous is in ''Creator/{{CLAMP}}'''s works, such as ''Manga/{{X 1999}}'', ''Manga/CardcaptorSakura'', and more.
52	* In ''Manga/CaseClosed'', one story had Ran visit New York. She takes a nap at one point and when she wakes up, she's already there... And literally the first thing she sees there is the Art/StatueOfLiberty.
53	* ''Anime/CodeGeassAkitoTheExiled'': Many scenes have the Eiffel Tower, letting viewers know the story is set in France, Paris.
54	* ''Manga/DeathNote'' uses both the Eiffel Tower and the London Eye to indicate that the world is listening to a broadcast. More bizarrely, the anime uses Big Ben in a flashback where the character in question was remembering Winchester and not London at all.
55	* In one episode of ''Anime/GhostInTheShellStandAloneComplex'', Section 9 assists German military counterintelligence in capturing an international terrorist in Berlin. During his stakeouts, Batou makes one of his hiding spots on top of the ''Siegessäule''. While at 67 meters height, it offers quite a view, it's right in the centre of Berlin's largest park and about 500 meters from the nearest buildings, making it completely useless for that task.
56	** RuleOfCool: It's a shout-out to ''Film/WingsOfDesire''.
57	* ''Anime/DarkerThanBlack'' seems to employ this with the giant wall around Hell's Gate. It's most noticeable in Huang's flashback episode, where the wall still in construction is often visible to signalize the timeframe.
58	* During Renge's introduction in ''Anime/OuranHighSchoolHostClub'', when she's having tea with her father you can see the Eiffel Tower outside their window, looming so huge that it practically looks like it's ''on their property''. Considering the tone of the show, this is probably as much for comedic effect as it is to tell the viewers "This is France"[[labelnote:*]]Though comedy aside, the hint ''is'' quite necessary, since for some reason Renge has a Japanese name and is fluent in Japanese, and is first seen playing a Japanese dating sim; so [[Administrivia/TropesAreTools without the Eiffel Tower]] you would have ''no idea'' where the scene was taking place, aside from "not Japan" — which you only know because the scene establishes that Renge's father just ''returned'' from Japan.[[/labelnote]].
59	* ''Manga/TheLegendOfKoizumi'': How do you know that George W. Bush is in America (as if you didn't already know)? You can see the Statue of Liberty from his bedroom window. His bedroom... in the White House. In Washington DC. 200 miles from Liberty Island.
60	* Creator/MakotoShinkai likes to use the NTT [=DoCoMo=] Yoyogi Building as a sign that the film is currently in the Shinjuku ward of Tokyo.
61	* When Kanna flies to New York City in chapter 62 ''Manga/MissKobayashisDragonMaid'', she lands at the base of the Statue of Liberty.
62	* Used in ''Anime/MobileFighterGGundam'' in combination with EarthThatUsedToBeBetter. The Eiffel Tower, TokyoTower, Brooklyn Bridge, and other notable landmarks are all in states of hideous decay, and some of them are outright destroyed during the episode.
63	* ''Manga/Moscow2160'': The main symbol of the setting is an Ostankino Tower. Unlike the real one, this tower became a center of the web of cables that span across Moscow to keep a city alive. Danila Kuragin compares it to a nervous system of a man.
64	* Mostly averted for ''Anime/{{Noir}}''. Although much of the series is set in Paris, the only glimpse of the Eiffel Tower is from a good distance away in the opening, which an inattentive viewer may miss entirely. The absence of this trope actually causes a slight problem with the narrative pacing, since not all viewers realize at what point the first episode transfers between Japan and France, [[Administrivia/TropesAreTools which may lead]] [[TheCoconutEffect to confusion]].
65	* During the Doma Arc of ''Anime/YuGiOh'', when the Orichalcos Soldiers were attacking everywhere on Earth, the cities they were attacking were identified with a single famous landmark (e.g. the [[BritainIsOnlyLondon Palace of Westminster]], the [[BigApplesauce Empire State Building]], [[LandDownUnder Sydney Opera House]], TokyoTower, [[GayParee l'Arc de Triomphe]], etc., etc.)
66	[[/folder]]
67
68	[[folder:Art]]
69	* Art/NorthAmericaPortraitOfAContinent: [[JustifiedTrope This is a pictorial map, after all.]] Flora, fauna, landmarks, and other such iconography associated with certain locales covers the landscape, (for example, the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer Wright Flyer]] in Kitty Hawk) while cities are depicted by their iconic skylines. Fittingly, the town of Paris, Texas is marked by its replica of the Eiffel Tower.
70	[[/folder]]
71
72	[[folder:Fan Works]]
73	* In ''Fanfic/ChrysalisVisitsTheHague'', the medieval gatehouse silhouetted on the story's thumbnail art is actually [[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Scheveningse_gevangenis_001.jpg the historic Red Gate of Scheveningen Prison]].
74	* ''Fanfic/LadyLuckMiraculousLadybug'': Lady Luck grumbles that too many of the akuma insist on attacking Paris' landmarks, especially the Eiffel Tower, and wonders if they're deliberately trying to remind people that they're French.
75	* Exploited in-universe in ''{{Fanfic/Luminosity}}'' when the rebels want to get one of the Volturi guard to defect to their side by causing them to form a vampire [[OneTrueLove mate bond]] to one of the rebels. This can be done via [[LoveBeforeFirstSight transmission of one of Alice's visions]] to the would-be defector in which the potential mate is visible. Unfortunately this on its own won't tell them where to ''find'' the person, so they come up with the idea to have them go to Paris and stand in front of the Eiffel Tower.
76	[[/folder]]
77
78	[[folder:Films — Animation]]
79	* ''WesternAnimation/AnAmericanTail'': The Art/StatueOfLiberty is seen ''under construction'', thus using this trope to establish that the characters have arrived in New York of the past.
80	* ''WesternAnimation/CloudyWithAChanceOfMeatballs'' has plenty of fun with this trope, showing a giant club sandwich being skewered on the Eiffel Tower, among other things. Further fun is had when it is revealed that food is raining down on all major landmarks first before spreading to less interesting parts of the world.
81	* Spoofed in ''WesternAnimation/DespicableMe1'', where Gru is giving a speech to his minions in which he recalls some of their famous [[ImpossibleTheft landmark-stealing capers]], including the theft of the Statue of Liberty ("The small one, from Las Vegas"), and the Eiffel Tower ("Also from Vegas").
82	* ''WesternAnimation/FindingNemo'' uses the Sydney Opera House to represent... well, Sydney. Even the school of mimicking fish do this.
83	* In ''WesternAnimation/GIJoeTheMovie'', the Art/StatueOfLiberty is being attacked by Cobra, establishing the setting as New York City.
84	* ''Anime/Interstella5555'': During "Crescendolls", the montage of the group sweeping over the world with their music includes shots set in France, Italy, China and Brazil, recognizable thanks to the monuments seen in the background.
85	* ''WesternAnimation/MonstersInc1'': When Mike and Sully go through the PortalNetwork of closet doors to escape Randall, the Eiffel Tower and Mt. Fuji can be seen in two of the bedrooms.
86	* ''WesternAnimation/{{Ratatouille}}'': The Eiffel Tower is the first landmark Remy sees when he emerges from the sewers, and Linguini's cheap apartment and the fancier one he gets later both include views of it from out the window.
87	* ''WesternAnimation/RugratsInParis'': The filmmakers included a couple obligatory shots of the Arc de Triomphe, Eiffel Tower, and Notre Dame, and a MonumentalBattle.
88	* ''WesternAnimation/TurningRed'':
89	** The Eiffel Tower is used to show Robaire, Aaron T, and Aaron Z are in Paris for one shot.
90	** Shots of the CN Tower are used liberally to continually remind viewers that the movie is set in UsefulNotes/{{Toronto}}.
91	[[/folder]]
92
93	[[folder:Jokes]]
94	* A pilot is flying alone in his plane around the world, and his supervisors kept asking him where he is. To figure that out, he has a technique: put his arm through a hole in the floor of the plane, and touch things with his hand.
95	-->"Where are you now?"\
96	"In the USA."\
97	"How do you know?"\
98	"I touched the Statue of Liberty."\
99	"Now where are you?"\
100	"In the UK."\
101	"How do you know?"\
102	"I touched Big Ben."\
103	"And now?"\
104	"In France."\
105	"How do you know?"\
106	"I touched the Eiffel Tower."\
107	"And now?"\
108	"In Italy."\
109	"How do you know?"\
110	"I touched the Leaning Tower of Pisa."\
111	"Now?"\
112	"In China."\
113	"How do you know?"\
114	"I touched the Great Wall."\
115	"Now?"\
116	"In Japan."\
117	"How do you know?"\
118	"I touched the Tokyo Tower."\
119	"Now?"\
120	"In Brazil."\
121	"Let me guess. You touched the statue of Christ the Redeemer."\
122	"No, that's not it."\
123	"Then how do you know it's Brazil?"\
124	"Because somebody stole my watch."
125	* Subverted in an anecdote about Creator/GuyDeMaupassant, who regularly dined in a restaurant on the Eiffel Tower. "So you love the Eiffel Tower that much?" "Au contraire, it's just the only place in Paris where you CAN'T see the bloody thing!"
126	[[/folder]]
127
128	[[folder:Literature]]
129	* In the Cory Doctorow novel ''Literature/LittleBrother'', it is [[spoiler: the Bay Bridge that gets blown up by terrorists, instead of the Golden Gate; the narrator lampshades this with the same comment made above in the film section; the Golden Gate is for tourists, people actually ''living'' in San Francisco use the Bay Bridge]].
130	* ''Literature/TheDarkTower'' often uses this trope for the titular MacGuffinLocation in both official and fan artwork (though it's presumably [[{{Determinator}} for metaphorical purposes]] in most cases). It doesn't matter if it's [[Literature/TheDrawingOfTheThree artwork of Roland staring out to sea]] or the cover for a book [[Literature/WizardAndGlass almost entirely focused entirely on backstory]], chances are the Tower is looming in the distance.
131	* ''Literature/DecadesOfDarkness'': Since urban development patterns were among the many things altered over the years, cities have different landmarks from those known in OTL. For instance, New York, instead of the Statue of Liberty, has the Colossus of New York, a figure resembling an ancient Greek hoplite that was gifted to New England by the Greeks. The New England capital of Hartford and the US capital of Columbia City (formerly Knoxville, Tennessee) are nearly unrecognizable from their OTL forms by the 20th century due to all the government buildings and monuments that have been built. There is still a Statue of Liberty... only she's overlooking Sydney Harbour instead, reflecting the status of Australia in this world as the land of freedom, liberty, opportunity, and multiculturalism.
132	* ''Literature/ModestyBlaise'' series:
133	** ''I, Lucifer'' opens with Modesty on holiday in Paris, and her first scene is not over before somebody has pointed out the Eiffel Tower in the distance. (And then, because he's a native Parisian of the "newfangled abomination" school, jokingly solicited her collaboration on a hypothetical scheme to blow it up and save the eyeballs of future generations.)
134	** Part of ''The Night of Morningstar'' is set in San Francisco and revolves around a terrorist plot to bring down the Golden Gate Bridge during the morning rush hour.
135	[[/folder]]
136
137	[[folder:Music Videos]]
138	* The music video for Music/PhilCollins' "[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRY1NG1P_kw Take Me Home]]" depicts him hobnobbing around famous city landmarks around the world -- in particular, UsefulNotes/{{London}}, UsefulNotes/{{Paris}}, UsefulNotes/NewYorkCity, UsefulNotes/{{Tokyo}}, [[UsefulNotes/{{Sweden}} Stockholm]], UsefulNotes/{{Moscow}}, UsefulNotes/{{Sydney}}, Memphis, UsefulNotes/LosAngeles, UsefulNotes/SanFrancisco, UsefulNotes/{{Chicago}}, [[EverythingIsBigInTexas Texas]], and [[UsefulNotes/StLouis St Louis]].
139	* Crosses over with VisualPun in the video for "Dolce Vita" by OneHitWonder Ryan Paris. He's Italian, and the title of the song is Italian... but the video is shot in Paris, and we see the Eiffel Tower in the very first frame. He also sings part of the song with the tower in the background.
140	[[/folder]]
141
142	[[folder:Pinballs]]
143	* Played totally straight in ''Pinball/AttackFromMars'', where each of the cities attacked by the Martians is represented by its major landmark: The Eiffel tower in Paris, The Pisa tower in Italy, The Brandenburger Tor in Berlin, The Tower Bridge in London, and the Statue of Liberty in New York.
144	* Since Creator/DataEast's ''Pinball/SecretService'' pinball is set in Washington D.C., the playfield includes model replicas of the Capitol Building and the White House.
145	* The UsefulNotes/NintendoEntertainmentSystem version of ''VideoGame/RollerBall'' establishes itself in New York City by having the Statue of Liberty visible in the foreground.
146	* World-famous landmarks appearing in ''Pinball/HarlemGlobetrottersOnTour'' include the Statue of Liberty, Big Ben, and (of course) the Eiffel Tower.
147	* [[UsefulNotes/SanFrancisco The Golden Gate Bridge]] is prominently featured on the backglass for ''[[Pinball/LightsCameraAction Lights... Camera... Action!]]''
148	* Landmarks shown in ''Pinball/VacationAmerica'' include the Statue of Liberty, the U.S. Capitol Building, a Space Shuttle launch, and Mount Rushmore.
149	* ''Pinball/SpyHunter'' includes shots of the Capitol Building and the Eiffel Tower.
150	[[/folder]]
151
152	[[folder:Podcasts]]
153	* The promo art for ''Podcast/TheOrbitingHumanCircusOfTheAir'' makes a point of highlighting the Eiffel Tower in its skyline to establish the podcast's [[GayParee setting]].
154	[[/folder]]
155
156	[[folder:Radio]]
157	* Audio example: every episode of ''Radio/TheMenFromTheMinistry'' opens with the [[WestminsterChimes chime of Big Ben]], establishing the setting as London.
158	[[/folder]]
159
160	[[folder:Theatre]]
161	* In ''Theatre/OfTheeISing'', Wintergreen's Presidential office in the White House has a view of the Washington Monument. He asks his secretary Jenkins what it is, and Jenkins immediately identifies it as Grant's Tomb.
162	[[/folder]]
163
164	[[folder:Theme Parks]]
165	* Many landmarks are used in ''Ride/ItsASmallWorld'' at the Ride/DisneyThemeParks to represent certain locations, such as the Big Ben for the United Kingdom, the Eiffel Tower for France, and the Leaning Tower of Pisa for Italy. The Paris version goes even further and includes the Statue of Liberty, the Empire State Building, the Golden Gate Bridge, and Hollywood Hills to represent the United States.
166	* Also used at Ride/WaltDisneyWorld in Epcot's World Showcase. While almost all of the pavilions feature at least some sort of replica location or homage, the most notable is the France pavilion, where you'll see, of course, the Eiffel Tower.
167	[[/folder]]
168
169	[[folder:Visual Novels]]
170	* In ''VisualNovel/TheGreatAceAttorney: Adventures'', within hours of arriving in London for the first time, our protagonists meet [[ClockKing Chief Justice Mael Stronghart]] in his office, which appears to be inside Big Ben itself.
171	* In ''VisualNovel/MarcoAndTheGalaxyDragon'', the protagonists pass through France, Guiana, and Egypt when they first arrive on Earth. The Arc de Triomphe, a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui tepui,]] and the Sphinx are all we see of each location.
172	[[/folder]]
173
174	[[folder:Web Animation]]
175	* Most of the seasonal animations viewable at www.noradsanta.org display Santa's sleigh passing over or circling a monument of this type.
176	[[/folder]]
177
178	[[folder:Webcomics]]
179	* ''Webcomic/GirlGenius'': The introduction to Paris includes a shot of the Arc de Triomphe and the Awful Tower, the renamed and slightly modified though still identifiable version of the Eiffel Tower that exists in the world of the comic.
180	* In [[https://www.bugmartini.com/comic/random-thoughts/ this]] ''Webcomic/BugMartini'' strip, the French bug is painting with the Eiffel Tower in the background.
181	%%* Popped up in ''Webcomic/IrregularWebcomic''. Specifically noted [[http://irregularwebcomic.net/2613.html here]].
182	%%* In ''{{Webcomic/Sinfest}}'', [[http://www.sinfest.net/view.php?date=2007-11-05 the world tour features these.]]
183	[[/folder]]
184
185	[[folder:Web Original]]
186	* The ''Website/CollegeHumor'' short [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=35LqQPKylEA&feature=player_detailpage#t=1m30s Google Street View Guys]], which involves a couple of marshmallow-like caricatures driving around in a vehicle with a camera mounted on top to make shots for Google's Street View feature has a moment when they pass through St. Louis and one of the caricatures refers to the Gateway Arch as the "Golden Arch" and the "Archway to Heaven".
187	[[/folder]]
188
189	[[folder:Web Videos]]
190	* ''WebVideo/SevenSecondRiddles'': A cheating husband in one riddle is caught when he claims to be in London, but sends a picture with the Statue Of Liberty visible in the background, proving him to be in New York.
191	* In ''Series/MooneBoy'', a doodle-fantasy sequence suggests that Martin thinks Dublin is home of most of the world's landmarks.
192	* ''Series/TheWeather'': When Ben proposes to a caller in one sketch, they are standing on a ledge with the Eiffel Tower in the distance, just to prove that they are, in fact, in Paris.
193	* Discussed by [[WebVideo/BrowsHeldHigh Kyle Kallgren]] in the video [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dtfm7LDtMpc "Washington D.C. Always Plays Itself",]] particularly with how UsefulNotes/WashingtonDC is often subjected to CaliforniaDoubling that he, having been born and raised there, can easily pick out. He notes that this is oddly consistent with the history of Washington itself, as a planned city constructed purely to house the federal government as opposed to places like UsefulNotes/{{London}}, UsefulNotes/{{Paris}}, and UsefulNotes/NewYorkCity that were already centers of industry, trade, and culture before they became major world cities, and that its design was meant specifically to express the ideology of the nation -- in short, a massive set for America in general, with the city that emerged around it being incidental and rather anonymous.
194	[[/folder]]
195

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