Line #10 Literature/ACivilAction


1	[[quoteright:300:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/a_civil_action_film_poster.jpg]]
2
3	''A Civil Action'' is a 1996 non-fiction book by Jonathan Harr and its 1998 film adaptation. Both were based on "Anderson v. Cryovac", a historical legal case which lasted from 1982 to 1990. The film was directed by StevenZaillian, previously known for ''Film/SearchingForBobbyFischer'' (1993). The main stars were Creator/JohnTravolta and Creator/RobertDuvall.
4
5	The background for the case was a real-life water contamination in the city of Woburn, Massachusetts. [[Website/{{Wikipedia}} The Other Wiki]] summarizes: "During the mid to late 1970s, the local community became concerned over the high incidence of childhood leukemia and other illnesses, particularly in the Pine Street area of east Woburn. After high levels of chemical contamination were found in City of Woburn’s Wells G and H in 1979, some members of the community suspected that the unusually high incidence of leukemia, cancer, and a wide variety of other health problems were linked to the possible exposure to volatile organic chemicals in the groundwater pumped from wells G and H. In May 1982, a number of citizens whose children had developed or died from leukemia filed a civil lawsuit against two corporations, W. R. Grace and Company and Beatrice Foods. Grace's subsidiary, Cryovac, and Beatrice were suspected of contaminating the groundwater by improperly disposing of trichloroethylene (TCE), perchloroethylene (perc) and other industrial solvents at their facilities in Woburn near wells G and H."
6
7	The film follows events from the perspective of Jan Schlichtmann (Travolta), the lawyer representing the people of Woburn. He is a successful attorney who effectively leads a small firm of personal injury lawyers. At first, Jan sees the case being unprofitable and thinks of rejecting it. Then, he figures that the major environmental issue could help further establish his fame and the defendants with deep pockets could really make this lucrative. The case at first goes poorly for him, the corporations hiring the best lawyers money could buy. Including Jerome Facher (Duvall), who represents Beatrice Foods. Jan loses the first trial on the case. However, this only serves to further motivate him. [[ItsPersonal It has become Personal for him]], and he seeks victory regardless of the financial and personal cost. Jan and associates start going deeply into debt, his firm breaks up, his personal life is in shambles. But Jan perseveres.
8
9	The film is considered a box office failure. In the United States market it earned an estimated $56,709,981. Only the 38th most successful film of its year. It seems to have underperformed in other markets, failing to cover even its budget. Critically, the film faired fairly well. While it could be seen as just another DavidVersusGoliath story, it takes another path. As critic Janet Maslin put it: "The story presents both Schlichtmann and the civil court system as stubbornly complicated. And it tells a finely nuanced tale of right, wrong and the gray area in between." This is a world of "murkiness, bitter successes and frustration". Which might also be its main fault, considering the complaints about the relative lack of excitement and the DownerEnding. While Travolta's performance is considered solid here, it was Duvall who earned the most praise. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role but lost to Creator/JamesCoburn, for his role in ''Film/{{Affliction}}''.
10	----
11	!!The film provides examples of:
12	* AdaptedOut: The film does not even mention many people who had major roles in the Woburn case or in the lives of the main protagonists and whom are featured in the book, often prominently. Some examples are:
13	** Joe Mulligan, the first lawyer involved in the case, who passed it on to Jan;
14	** Anthony Roisman, another lawyer who worked with Jan on the case and was the first to uncover evidence that Beatrice and W.R. Grace may have been responsible for the contamination of the wells;
15	** Michael J. Keating, the lawyer who represented W.R. Grace during the jury trial (Cheeseman was only in charge of the pre-trial phase);
16	** Charles R. Nesson, an Harvard Law Professor who joined Jan’s team and was instrumental in fighting off some of the more insidious procedural objections raised by Facher.
17	* AmoralAttorney: A main theme of the film is that amorality is a necessary quality of successful lawyers, because their job is to give to their clients the best advice possible on the basis of the objective circumstances and the law and becoming too involved in their clients’ personal tragedies may cloud their judgment and make them less effective. This is played straight during the trial: the most amoral and competent attorney wins [[spoiler: even if his client is guilty]]. Eventually subverted with Jan, who proudly states that at the end he has no regrets, since taking the Woburn case has made him a better man.
18	* ArtisticLicenceHistory: The film is quite faithful to the real Woburn case (or, at least, to Jonathan Harr’s book version), but sometimes departs from it for dramatic reasons:
19	** At the beginning of the movie John Travolta plays Jan Schlichtmann as a huge self-centered {{jerkass}}, who cares only about himself and even goes so far to say that the only good thing about the Woburn case is the “theatrical value” of eight dead kids (that’s before discovering that the case is against two deep-pockets defendants, of course). He only [[HeelFaceTurn becomes more sympathetic]], as he becomes more involved with the suffering of the families he is representing. The real Schlichtmann was [[CrusadingLawyer much more idealistic]]: he decided to pursue a career in law only after having watched [[UsefulNotes/RichardNixon the Watergate hearings]] and having discovered through his work for the American Civil Liberties Union that the legal system could be used to defend the powerless and the weak. He even waived the chance of working for one of the best law firms of the nation because the partner interviewing him questioned his work on behalf of the minorities and the poor.
20	** In the movie the Woburn case is selected by Kevin Conway (one of Jan’s associates, played by Creator/TonyShalhoub) and Jan is vehemently against accepting it, considering it a useless waste of time and money. In {{real life}}, the Woburn case was Jan’s pet project while he was trying to build his legal practice and it was the careful Conway who insisted that he let it go, [[TheCassandra correctly assessing that it would be a very difficult case to prove and it could become way more expensive than the firm could afford]].
21	** William Cheeseman, one of the lawyers who represented W. R. Grace, is depicted as little more than [[IneffectualSympatheticVillain an incompetent buffoon]], to the point that one may wonder how he was able to become a partner of a huge law firm (which are very competitive workplaces where people who do not meet expectations are routinely asked to leave). The reason is that, while he was not particularly successful in the Woburn case, the real Cheeseman is a very good lawyer and his purported mistakes were greatly exaggerated. He must also have a good sense of humour as he reportedly does not mind his inaccurate portrayal in the film.
22	** The film leads the uninformed viewer to conclude that the main hurdle in the case against Beatrice Food was [[ConsummateLiar the perjury of John J. Riley]], the manager of Beatrice’s Woburn tannery (and its former owner), who denied to have poured contaminants on the factory site, and Jan’s botched cross-examination. Readers of the book know that, while Riley lied under oath and Jan was ineffective in his attempts to make him admit it, the expert witnesses phase (which is glossed over in the movie [[TimeCompressionMontage in a montage lasting for less than a couple of minutes]]) was much more important. W. R. Grace’s expert made an elementary mistake and Jan was able to destroy his credibility, while the geologist retained by Schlichtmann to demonstrate that the contamination of the Woburn wells came from Beatrice’s land was very competent, but had little to no courtroom experience, and was not able to withstand Facher’s relentless crossing.
23	* TheBadGuyWins: [[spoiler:Played straight then subverted. Jan loses the lawsuit against the two companies that had dumped toxic chemicals into the local water supply, settles the case for far less than his expenses in pursuing it, and ends up declaring bankruptcy. However, he finally finds evidence that Beatrice was responsible for the contamination of the wells and discloses it to the US Environment Protection Agency, which appeals the decision. The two companies are eventually forced to agree to spend $69.4 million to clean up the contaminated site.]]
24	* BeingGoodSucks: [[spoiler: His determination to see justice for the victims leaves Jan completely broke, having lost everything and with his career in ruins.]]
25	* BittersweetEnding: The end of the film. [[spoiler: Jan is completely broke and is forced to file for bankruptcy, Jan's partners dissolve their partnership, but the EPA appeals the suit and forces the two companies to clean up the contaminated site and he has become a better man thanks to his experience and would do all over.]]
26	* BunnyEarsLawyer: Jerome Facher often comes off as a bit of an oddball, especially in the very formal and image-obsessed circles he runs in. He is a huge baseball fan, to the point of playing with a ball during important meetings. He carries an old briefcase with a Pink Panther sticker on it, which he continually tapes together, even during hearings. But he's a brilliant lawyer, extremely well-versed in the law, highly skilled in court and [[TheChessmaster a cunning strategist]]. His very presence in the trial shows that the other side is immediately the underdog.
27	* ButtMonkey: William Cheeseman, in the film.
28	* CommonNonsenseJury: [[spoiler: [[InvokedTrope Invoked]] by Jan during his chat with Facher in the hallway of the Courthouse while they are waiting for the Jury's verdict. Ultimately averted. The case against Beatrice is dismissed, mainly because Jan did not have the evidence to support it.]]
29	* DavidVersusGoliath: This film is the story of a small law firm specialized in personal injury law representing eight middle-class families in a civil action against two mega-corporations and their first-rate lawyers, so this trope is invoked almost since the beginning. This is even lampashaded in Jan’s v.o. monologue below. [[spoiler:Ultimately, this trope is cruelly subverted, in that Jan’s firm is conducted on the verge of bankruptcy, one corporation (apparently) gets out scot-free and the other settles the case for next to nothing, compared to its huge profits. Remarkably, Jan loses not only because his opponents are richer and more powerful, but also because their lawyers (or, at least, one of them) are better.]]
30	-->'''Jan Schlichtmann [v.o.]:''' When you are a small firm and they are a big one, steeped in history and wealth, like they always are, with their Persian carpets on the floor and their Harvard diplomas hanging on the walls, it’s easy to be intimidated. Don’t. That’s what they want. That’s what they expect, like all bullies. That’s how they win. I don’t run away from bullies.
31	* DownerEnding: The one of the book, which is unfortunately closer to RealLife. [[spoiler:At the end of the trial Jan has become a wreck of a man, his legal practice is in shambles and he is completely broke. Moreover, the families of the victims sue him, claiming that he overcharged them for the expenses of the trial, and, while he is able to locate some undisclosed evidence against Beatrice, it is not enough to overturn the Jury’s decision. He will spend years appealing against the verdict in the Woburn case, suffering a string of humiliating rebuffs.]]
32	* TheEighties: [[DownplayedTrope Downplayed]], but Jan and his associates are part of the thriving yuppie culture.
33	* EstablishingCharacterMoment:
34	** In the film, when the lawsuit is filed, the senior partners immediately send a clerk to take the case to Jerome Facher. The clerk finds him in a corner of the law library, eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich and listening to a ball game on the radio. Facher responds to his presence with what initially sounds like friendly advice, but turns into a dressing-down over interrupting his lunch. This establishes that Facher is highly trusted by the firm, that he has a simple and unassuming manner, but that this masks a hard and ruthless interior.
35	--->"I'd find a place for myself where I could go that was relatively quiet and peaceful. Have a sandwich, read a magazine, maybe listen to a game out at Fenway if one was on. And I'd make sure everyone knew I didn't want to be disturbed during that hour of sole solitude. Because that would be my time - my own private time. Which no one if they had any sense of any self-preservation at all... would dare interrupt. If I were you."
36	** Later, during a preliminary hearing William Cheeseman tries to have the case dismissed on the basis of an old and obscure rule of law. When the judge enters the courtroom, he immediately recognizes Facher, even exchanging a couple of baseball jokes with him, and is amazed that he is involved in the motion. Facher immediately points out that the motion was not filed by him and the judge goes on to reject it, brutally criticizing Cheeseman. This shows that the judge and Facher know very well and respect each other, which will be of crucial importance later on.
37	** In the same scene Jan Schlichtmann commits many ''faux pas'': he raises to speak before it is his turn (and is immediately rebuffed by the judge), interrupts the other lawyers, needlessly argues with a judge who is clearly skeptical about his opponent's motion, etc. Finally, he thanks Facher for not having joined Cheeseman's motion, without realizing that the elder lawyer did so only because he knew that the motion was doomed from the beginning. This is the first hint that Jan is not as skilled as a litigator as he believes to be (as he is used to settle his cases out of court) and that, notwithstanding his outward display of cynicism and scorn for the bigger first-tier law firms, he longes for recognition as a serious legal practitioner.
38	* FatalFlaw: Jan's one is {{Pride}}, which is particularly harmful for a lawyer.
39	-->'''Jerome Facher''': The single greatest liability a lawyer can have is pride. Pride... Pride has lost more cases than lousy evidence, idiot witnesses and a hanging judge all put together. There is absolutely no place in a courtroom for pride.
40	* {{Foil}}: Cheeseman is one for Facher: both are successful lawyers working for white shoe law firms with big corporate clients. Both understand that their best chance to win the Woburn case is to have it dismissed on a technicality. [[spoiler:But Facher is the more competent and successful of the two.]]
41	* TheGenericGuy: Bill Crowley, one of Jan's partners, is present for most of the movie but has practically no characterization or plot prominence (especially compared to Gordon and Kevin) and is basically only in the movie because he existed in real-life.
42	* HeelFaceTurn: The whole film charts Jan Schlichtmann's transformation from a cynical, SmugSnake attorney into an [[CrusadingLawyer altruistic crusader against corruption and injustice]].
43	* HonorBeforeReason: Jan is offered to settle the case before the Jury's decision three times and he turns each offer down.
44	** The first time is because he is underestimating Facher and the other lawyer is only offering to cover his expenses.
45	** The second time is more a matter of "{{Pride}} before reason". He derails a serious attempt at negotiating a settlement by asking for a ludicrous sum (even if he knows perfectly well that his firm does not have the money for a long and expensive trial), because he is hurt and offended by the fact that the other lawyers are still belittling him and looking down on him, even if he was able to build a serious case, at least against Grace.
46	** Finally, while they are waiting for the jury's decision, Facher approaches Jan and hands him over a twenty dollars note, offering to "add six zeros" to it (strongly implying that he has the authority to settle the case for twenty million dollars cash). The elder lawyer also invite Jan not to bet everything on the legal system's ability to do justice as they both know that it is simply not built to find the truth. Jan shreds the note to pieces, asserting his faith that the jury will somehow take the right decision. [[spoiler: And naturally the jury dismisses the case against Beatrice.]] This is the moment when Jan finally turns from an arrogant SmugSnake ambulance-chaser into a {{Crusading Lawyer}}.
47	* ObfuscatingStupidity: It's never made entirely clear whether Jerome Facher is exaggerating his own eccentricities on purpose to make people underestimate him, but it quickly becomes clear that his slightly goofy exterior masks a brilliant and ruthless legal mind.
48	* OnTheMoney: At some point, Jan is told how much money his law firm needs to stay in business. Later, he's offered exactly that amount to settle a big case, suggesting that the rival law firm had inside information.
49	* PetTheDog: Facher repeatedly tries to persuade Jan to drop or settle the case against his client, warning the younger lawyer that there is not enough evidence to support it and that he knows that Jan’s firm has not the money to face a long trial.
50	* PunchClockVillain: As unpleasant as he can be, Jerome Facher, the main antagonist of the film, is just a lawyer representing his client to the best of his abilities. Had the families of the dead children retained him, he would have probably represented them with the same determination and competence.
51	* RedOniBlueOni: Facher is the Blue Oni and Jan is the Red one. Facher is modest, soft-spoken, frugal to the point of being considered a miser and has only contempt for his position's trappings. Jan is exuberant, outgoing and prodigal. He wears expensive tailor-made clothes and drives a luxury sports car that he really knows nothing about and has purchased only to show-off.
52	* RichesToRags: [[spoiler: Jane goes from being a very wealthy attorney with a high standard of living that includes a big home, an expensive car and a massive closet filled with designer suits to being completely broke and living in a tiny, run-down apartment and ends the film filing for bankruptcy.]]
53	* RunningGag: in the film nobody seems to be able to get the pronunciation of Cheeseman's last name right the first time. He is obviously very annoyed.
54	* StronglyWordedLetter: Unintentional subversion: the film was about a corporation that polluted and caused illnesses, and the climax was the good lawyer writing a letter. But that letter had serious effects.
55	* SummonBiggerFish: How the film ends. [[spoiler:After failing at personally prosecuting the two companies for their actions, Schlichtmann manages to get the EPA onto the case in his stead.]]
56	* ThatWasObjectionable: Combined with IronicEchoCut. Jerome Facher, who is also an [[UsefulNotes/IvyLeague Harvard]] law professor, is shown giving a lecture to his students. Interestingly, in real-life, deliberately wasting the court's time and bogging down the trial that way is viewed as an ethical breach which a lawyer can be punished for. That scene arguably emphasizes the ''villain'' part of Facher's PunchClockVillain status.
57	-->'''Jerome Facher''': A plaintiff's case depends on momentum. The fewer objections he gets, the better a case will go. ... Relevance - objection. Hearsay - objection. Best evidence - objection. Authenticity - objection. If you should fall asleep at the counsel table, the first thing out of your mouth should be...\
58	''(cut to Facher sleeping during the trial)''\
59	'''Judge''': Do you swear to tell the whole truth, so help you God?\
60	'''Facher''': ''(waking up)'' Objection!
61	* TranquilFury: During his EstablishingCharacterMoment Facher gives an unlucky law clerk a thorough dressing-down about interrupting his lunch. The reprimand is disguised as friendly advice and Falcher never raises his voice or behaves aggressively but his displeasure is made very clear and when he’s finished the poor clerk is clearly terrified.

Context Literature / ACivilAction