Line #32 Creator/DuMont


1	[[quoteright:345:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/DuMont_network_logo.jpg]]
2	->''"Hey, how old is this TV? You could probably get the [=DuMont=] network on this thing!"''
3	-->-- '''Death''', ''WesternAnimation/FamilyGuy'', "[[Recap/FamilyGuyS2E6DeathisABitch Death is a Bitch]]"
4
5	The fourth network from the early days of television in the United States, though actually the third to come to the air in 1946. [[note]](ABC was the fourth in 1948. NBC and CBS were first {1941} and second {1941, an hour later the same day} respectively.)[[/note]] It eventually [[NetworkDeath failed]], as its problems included an FCC ruling restricting it because of part-ownership by Creator/{{Paramount}} (who also operated their own TV network on the West Coast); not having an associated radio network to bring over programs and performers (and absorb costs); a forced over-dependence on UHF stations in an era when all-channel tuning wasn't required on TV sets (and it wouldn't be until 1964); and aforementioned part-owners Paramount doing little to help the network to overcome these problems, and creating new ones of their own, partly because [[NewMediaAreEvil they feared the impact television would have on their main movie business]]. [[note]](Said fears might've been the reason that, following [=DuMont=]'s fall, they mostly stopped doing television until Gulf+Western bought [[Creator/DesiluStudios Desilu]] in 1967 and renamed it Paramount Television, being the last major film studio to get their own TV division.)[[/note]]
6
7	Today, [=DuMont=] is more of a footnote than anything else, usually brought up as a shorthand for "long-dead television network" and known for little else among the general public. The best-known series associated with the network are ''Series/CaptainVideo'' and ''Cavalcade of Stars'', the latter of which gave America Creator/JackieGleason, Creator/ArtCarney, and ''Series/TheHoneymooners''. Two of the most popular programs during the network's heyday were the GameShow ''Down You Go'' and the religious program ''Life Is Worth Living'', the latter of which won both an Emmy for host Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen and respect from direct competitor Milton Berle.
8
9	Most, if not all, of [=DuMont=]'s programs were produced on small budgets out of necessity rather than a conscious decision (again, Paramount refused to help and had stopped providing financial support in 1941), but the network made up for this shortcoming by use of good writing and very energetic crews. The result could be best described as a bunch of wobbly sets filled with people (typically from Broadway shows) who were genuinely putting 110% into what they're doing, with a lot of faces gracing the lineup who would later go on to fame. [=DuMont=]'s endearing charm, "gung-ho" attitude, general quirkiness, and abundant imagination resulted in being awesome on its best days and still pretty decent on its worst - even when nothing seems to go right, especially on a live show, they're at least ''trying''... which is a lot more than can be said of some shows or networks that have come about in subsequent decades.
10
11	[=DuMont=] was also unique in that it employed a potentially-money-saving advertising tactic of letting advertisers choose which affiliates their commercials ran on, rather than do what the other three networks did in having a list of "must-buy" stations. They also started the modern practice of selling advertising time to several sponsors per show due to having difficulty attracting enough sponsors that would do full programs. [[note]](An interesting application of this practice was seen on ''Cavalcade of Stars'': while the program was technically sponsored by Quality Drugs, the company in turn sold their commercial time to various other companies.)[[/note]]
12
13	Paramount's former theater division, United Paramount Theatres [[note]](forcibly stripped from Paramount proper by the Supreme Court's landmark 1948 ruling ''U.S. v. Paramount'', which was one of the major causes of the MediaNotes/FallOfTheStudioSystem)[[/note]], purchased Creator/{{ABC}} in February 1953, and the steady revenue stream from movie theaters helped it quickly leapfrog [=DuMont=] to become the third network.
14	----
15	!!1953: The ABC-[=DuMont=] merger
16	Leonard Goldenson, president of UPT, struck up a deal with [=DuMont=] managing director Ted Bergmann - a merged network called ABC-[=DuMont=] until at least 1958. The deal honored [=DuMont=]'s network commitments and in exchange gave the network $5,000,000 cash, guaranteed advertising time for [=DuMont=] television sets, and a secure future for the network's staff.
17
18	The merged network owned stations in five of the six largest markets (the exception being Philadelphia) as well as ABC Radio and [=DuMont=]'s ''de facto'' monopoly station in Pittsburgh (WDTV). [[note]](WDTV [channel 2] had been one of the last TV stations to receive a construction permit before the FCC freeze on new applications took effect in 1948, and when that freeze was lifted in 1952 the huge backlog of applications led to Pittsburgh having to wait until 1954 to get another VHF station on the air [educational WQED on channel 13] and until 1957-58 to get commercial VHF competition [WTAE on 4 and WIIC, now WPXI, on 11]. The two attempts at UHF broadcasting in Pittsburgh in the 1950s, WENS [channel 16] and WKJF [channel 53], only lasted a few years due not only to the low number of UHF-capable TV sets [which ironically benefited [=DuMont=] in that case] but also due to the rough terrain in Pittsburgh's area making the already-mediocre UHF reception even worse.)[[/note]] However, it also had to sell a New York station (WABD or WJZ, both of which were network flagships) and two others (most likely ABC's two smallest O&Os, WXYZ and KGO) to meet the FCC's limit of five stations per owner.
19
20	...Well, that ''[[WhatCouldHaveBeen was]]'' the plan, at least. Paramount [[ExecutiveVeto vetoed the plan almost out of hand]] due to antitrust concerns, as the FCC had ruled a few months earlier that Paramount controlled [=DuMont=] (despite the fact that Paramount did absolutely nothing ''for'' the network), and there were still doubts as to whether UPT had really separated from Paramount.
21	----
22	!!1954-56: The downfall
23	In late 1954, [=DuMont=] sold WDTV, which it used to get clearances in other large markets, to Westinghouse [[note]](already the owner of pioneering radio station KDKA, which also became the new name for WDTV the next year)[[/note]] for $9.75 million. Although the sale gave the network some much-needed cash, it also set off the chain of events that led to its demise, as it no longer had its bargaining chip. By February 1955, [=DuMont=] execs realized that the network wasn't going to survive and opted to shut it down, leaving WABD and WTTG to be operated as independent stations.
24
25	Most of the network's lineup was dropped beginning in April; Archbishop Sheen aired his last episode on the 26th and moved to ABC, where he remained until 1957. August brought even more problems by way of Paramount - the company, with the help of other stockholders, seized control of [=DuMont=] Laboratories in a boardroom coup and kicked out network creator/president Allen B. [=DuMont=]. On September 23, the network's last regular series (a game show, ''What's the Story?'') aired for the last time.
26
27	The only things left to keep the lights on were sporting events per prior commitments, which continued to air sporadically over the next ten months. Following the broadcast of ''Boxing from St. Nicholas Arena'' on August 6, 1956 (one retrospective claims it was only seen on '''five stations'''), [=DuMont=] officially [[NetworkDeath went bust]] and the remaining network-owned stations (WABD in New York and WTTG in Washington) spun off into the [=DuMont=] Broadcasting Corporation.
28	----
29	!!1956-86: The aftermath (including the Metromedia years)
30	In September 1958, after purchasing two New York radio stations (WNEW and WHFI), the [=DuMont=] Broadcasting Corporation was renamed the Metropolitan Broadcasting Company to distance itself from the failure of the [=DuMont=] network, with WABD renamed WNEW. The next year, John Kluge bought Paramount's shares for $4,000,000 and became Metropolitan's chairman; Kluge renamed the company "Metromedia" in 1961, although the "Metropolitan" name remained for the broadcasting division until 1967.
31
32	As the years progressed, Metromedia purchased more TV and radio stations as well as producing and distributing many series, most notably ''Series/TruthOrConsequences'' and ''Series/TheCrossWits'', plus the 1972-86 era of ''The Creator/MervGriffin Show''. They also distributed many of Creator/AaronSpelling's series in syndication.
33
34	After Creator/PaulWinchell sued Metromedia over the rights to his children's series ''Winchell-Mahoney Time'', company management opted to destroy the tapes - a decision so monumentally stupid that Winchell ended up being awarded $17.8 million in compensation and punitive damages, a small consolation that couldn't offset the fact that his show was quite probably [[MissingEpisode lost]].
35
36	In 1984, Kluge bought out Metromedia's shareholders and took the company private.
37
38	On March 6, 1986, nearly 30 years after [=DuMont=] folded, the Metromedia TV stations and Metromedia Producers Corp. were purchased by UsefulNotes/RupertMurdoch's News Corporation for $3.5 billion and became the nucleus of the new Creator/{{Fox}} Broadcasting Company, with the Fox Television Center right where WABD (now WNYW) sits - the former [=DuMont=] Tele-Centre (the Metromedia Telecenter during that era, and a set of exterior doors on the building have even retained the 1970s "Double M" logo on the handles). Fox's TV division also took over production of Metromedia Producers' ''Series/SmallWonder'', their only series at the time.
39
40	So in the end, [[SpiritualSuccessor DuMont became FOX]]... and proceeded to end up with [[ExecutiveMeddling a different]] [[TheFireflyEffect set]] [[LowestCommonDenominator of problems]]. But that's another story.
41	----
42	!!Postscript
43	It should be noted that Allen B. [=DuMont=], the creator of the network, seemed to realize the benefits of keeping his network's programming library as intact as possible, and admirably did so despite the general practices of the era and the network's own escalating money issues. [[note]](It certainly helped that the network had to heavily rely on distributing their shows via kinescopes {"teletranscriptions" in [[InsistentTerminology DuMont parlance]]} to non-networked UHF affiliates and VHF stations affiliated with other networks that cleared the odd fringe timeslot for [=DuMont=] programs. Very few stations could and would broadcast the shows live.)[[/note]] [[DownerEnding That diligence was for naught, however]], as several of the kinescopes (both 35mm and 16mm ones) were destroyed by 1958 to reclaim the ''tiny'' amounts of silver that were within, and by the early 1970s the remaining library wound up in the hands of ABC, who ultimately loaded most (if not all) of the lot in three trucks and [[MissingEpisode dumped it in New York City's Upper Bay]] to make room in their warehouse for more recent videotapes. This wasn't revealed until 1996, when comedian Edie Adams told a Library of Congress panel on video preservation what she discovered when she went to look for the [=DuMont=] programs starring her late husband Creator/ErnieKovacs. As such, only an estimated 350 complete shows by the network survive; Website/TheOtherWiki has [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surviving_DuMont_Television_Network_broadcasts a list]] if you're so inclined, which also includes video links. ''Life is Worth Living'' was archived separately by Archbishop Sheen, and St. Bernard's School of Theology and Ministry in Rochester, New York inherited his collection, which is believed to be of its entire run, but that has not been confirmed. It is the only [=DuMont=] program suspected to be intact. Other [=DuMont=] programs exist in other archives; Creator/JackieGleason saved many of his ''Cavalcade of Stars'' sketches featuring ''Series/TheHoneymooners'', and pioneering game show host Dennis James did the same with much of his work for the network. The Wrestling/{{WWE}} has [=DuMont=] programming featuring its direct predecessor Capitol Wrestling Corporation preserved in its archive.
44
45	While the network was mostly forgotten, there were a few later references of note:
46	* In ''Film/{{Tron}}'', the crucial turning point is facilitated by an aged, near-abandoned information guardian named [=DuMont=].
47	* During the [[MediaNotes/EmmyAward 39th Primetime Emmy Awards]] in 1987, the first to be broadcast on the then-fledging Fox network, Creator/JayLeno joked that the show would be presented on the [=DuMont=] network next year, presumably unaware of the common history of both networks.
48	* The GrandFinale [[note]](by production order)[[/note]] of ''Ellen'' was presented as a SeriousBusiness documentary by Linda Ellerbee about the fictional [=DeGeneres=]' long career. Clips were shown of Ellen hosting the [=DuMont=] [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NechRuEE4t8&t=10m13s panel game]] ''[[RedScare Who's the Commie?]]'' (with announcer Creator/JohnOHurley) in 1954; [[TheCameo Orson Bean]] recalled that he was skeptical about a woman hosting a game show, "But then the camera went on, and there she was: Creator/BillCullen with a rack!"
49	** ''Commie'' and Ellen were later implicated in the quiz show scandals, suggesting that it was a local WABD/WNEW series that presumably debuted in '54 (''Sense and Nonsense'', a kids show, ended that year) and was canned circa 1959. While Ellen was eventually cleared of any wrongdoing, the show had indeed been rigged, albeit in an unusual way - the "Commies" were in actuality just generous people who liked jazz.
50	* The ''WesternAnimation/FamilyGuy'' episode "Death is a Bitch", quoted at the top of this page. For context, Death had to crash with the Griffins for a while to recover from a sprained ankle and he's trying to entertain himself while couch-ridden.
51
52	[=DuMont=] has no relation (that we're aware of) to [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont DuPont]], despite the rather similar logo.
53
54	Each of [=DuMont=]'s former owned-and-operated stations is now part of a duopoly in their home market. In New York City, WNYW, forrmerly WABD and WNEW-TV, has WWOR-TV as its sister outlet. In Washington, D.C., WTTG is sister to WDCA, which like WTTG was once connected to Paramount - the studio bought WDCA's then-owners TVX Broadcast Group in 1991 (and rebranded the company as Paramount Stations Group), merged with [[Creator/ParamountGlobal Viacom]] in 1994, and in 2001 traded WDCA along with KTXH in Houston to Fox for former Chris-Craft station KBHK (now KBCW) in the Bay Area. These two duopolies are under control of Fox Corporation. In Pittsburgh, KDKA-TV, the former WDTV, is sister to WPCW under Paramount Global ownership; Viacom's acquisition of CBS in 2000 restored KDKA-TV's ties to Paramount that had been severed with the sale of the station to Westinghouse (and would be severed again between 2006 and 2019 when Viacom and CBS Corporation operated separately).

Context Creator / DuMont