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* Former President Saddam Hussein is {{Satan}}'s homosexual lover in ''WesternAnimation/SouthPark'', [[spoiler: as well as TheManBehindTheMan in [[WesternAnimation/SouthParkBiggerLongerAndUncut the movie]]]]. He is drawn - and acts - like most [[CanadaEh Canadians]] in the series: very crudely drawn and with a quite high-pitched voice. Interestingly, unlike many Canadians, he is not flatulent.
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* Former President Saddam Hussein is {{Satan}}'s homosexual lover in ''WesternAnimation/SouthPark'', [[spoiler: as well as TheManBehindTheMan in [[WesternAnimation/SouthParkBiggerLongerAndUncut the movie]]]]. He is drawn - and acts - like most [[CanadaEh Canadians]] Canadians in the series: very crudely drawn and with a quite high-pitched voice. Interestingly, unlike many Canadians, he is not flatulent.
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Iraq was site to the world's oldest known civilization, Sumer, which rose in the 5th millennium BCE. Nobody knows where it came from or what language Sumerian was part of. The earliest Sumerian texts date back to the 27th century BCE and before, but most of the surviving literature (including [[Myth/MesopotamianMythology the various myths]]) are dated later. The city of Uruk, capital of the Sumerian civilization during the 4th millennium BCE, is thought to be Iraq's namesake. Sumer gradually intertwined and was eventually absorbed into the Akkadian Empire, a collection of city-states founded by Sargon of Akkad in the 24th century BCE. The Akkadians spoke a Semitic language (albeit one that was much, much older than the later Semitic languages like Hebrew, Aramaic, or Arabic, and one from a branch that is now extinct) and incorporated many aspects of Sumerian culture to their own, much like how the Romans co-opted the Greeks' culture. Sargon's empire collapsed less than two centuries after it was founded, paving the way for two states to emerge in Mesopotamia: Babylonia in the south and Assyria in the north.
Babylonia and Assyria were great rivals and traded territories throughout the next millennia and a half, taking turns on dominating the region; the hegemony of the First Assyrian Empire was followed by the First Babylonian Empire, and then the Assyrians again, and so forth. This continued until the 1st millennium BCE. During the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Aramaic, a West Semitic language originally from the Levant, was introduced as the empire's lingua franca. Aramaic subsequently displaced Akkadian as the dominant language of Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent as a whole. The empire was followed by the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the last native Mesopotamian dynasty to rule the region famously mentioned in the [[Literature/TheBible Old Testament]] as the instigator of the Babylonian captivity. In 539 BCE, UsefulNotes/CyrusTheGreat in his final successful campaign led the Persians to conquer Babylonia, adding it into UsefulNotes/TheAchaemenidEmpire. Despite being ruled by foreigners thereafter, Mesopotamia retained its importance as a center of politics; although the base of Persian power remained in the Iranian Plateau, the center of Persian political culture from the Achaemenid to the Sassanid era was based in Babylonia (first in Babylon itself before moving to the purpose-built city of Ctesiphon, located midway between Babylon and today's Baghdad).
In the early 1st millennium CE, Mesopotamia was an important Jewish and Christian center, and was the birthplace of Mandaeism and Manichaeism. The Babylonian Talmud was composed during a period of three centuries in Babylonia, while Assyria became one of the last bastions of Nestorian Christianity, an ancient Christian sect that rejected the Council of Ephesus; Erbil today hosts the headquarters of the Assyrian Church of the East, the largest Nestorian congregation in the world.
In the 7th century, Mesopotamia was conquered by the Arabs, forcing the Persians to retreat to the Iranian Plateau, where they too eventually succumbed several years later. The region was subsequently Arabized and Islamized, but otherwise nothing's changed about the region's importance. The fourth caliph (and first Shia Imam) Ali briefly made the Babylonian city of Kufa his capital and the region once more became a center of political power after the Abbasid Caliphate overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate in 750, moving the nexus of the Islamic world from Damascus to Baghdad. Baghdad became an education hub, one of the main centers of the Islamic Golden Age, and hosted the "House of Wisdom", a vast collection of scientific works and literature comparable to the ancient Library of Alexandria (indeed, some of the works in Alexandria survived only through Arabic translations collected in the House of Wisdom).
As the power of the Abbasids receded in the Middle Ages, Mesopotamia was frequently targeted by empires wishing to claim political legitimacy from the Abbasid caliphs. The golden age of Mesopotamia came to an end in the 13th century, when the Mongols invaded. In an infamous bloodbath, the Mongols absolutely went to town on Baghdad, sacking the city and destroying the House of Wisdom in one of the worst cases of vandalism and BookBurning in world history (it was said that the Tigris turned black in color from the ink of the books that the Mongols threw into the river). They also massacred the inhabitants, including the Abbasid caliph at the time. Baghdad turned from a shining city into a ghost town literally overnight and [[ShockingDefeatLegacy has never truly managed to reclaim the glory of the Islamic Golden Age since]] (not helping matters was when UsefulNotes/TimurTheLame, the so-called "Sword of Islam", showed up a century later, just as Baghdad was beginning to recover, and [[YankTheDogsChain proceeded to do the same thing all over again]]. Timur also basically destroyed the Church of the East, leaving only the aforementioned Assyrian branch as the remnant of a once-influential church sect).
Babylonia and Assyria were great rivals and traded territories throughout the next millennia and a half, taking turns on dominating the region; the hegemony of the First Assyrian Empire was followed by the First Babylonian Empire, and then the Assyrians again, and so forth. This continued until the 1st millennium BCE. During the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Aramaic, a West Semitic language originally from the Levant, was introduced as the empire's lingua franca. Aramaic subsequently displaced Akkadian as the dominant language of Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent as a whole. The empire was followed by the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the last native Mesopotamian dynasty to rule the region famously mentioned in the [[Literature/TheBible Old Testament]] as the instigator of the Babylonian captivity. In 539 BCE, UsefulNotes/CyrusTheGreat in his final successful campaign led the Persians to conquer Babylonia, adding it into UsefulNotes/TheAchaemenidEmpire. Despite being ruled by foreigners thereafter, Mesopotamia retained its importance as a center of politics; although the base of Persian power remained in the Iranian Plateau, the center of Persian political culture from the Achaemenid to the Sassanid era was based in Babylonia (first in Babylon itself before moving to the purpose-built city of Ctesiphon, located midway between Babylon and today's Baghdad).
In the early 1st millennium CE, Mesopotamia was an important Jewish and Christian center, and was the birthplace of Mandaeism and Manichaeism. The Babylonian Talmud was composed during a period of three centuries in Babylonia, while Assyria became one of the last bastions of Nestorian Christianity, an ancient Christian sect that rejected the Council of Ephesus; Erbil today hosts the headquarters of the Assyrian Church of the East, the largest Nestorian congregation in the world.
In the 7th century, Mesopotamia was conquered by the Arabs, forcing the Persians to retreat to the Iranian Plateau, where they too eventually succumbed several years later. The region was subsequently Arabized and Islamized, but otherwise nothing's changed about the region's importance. The fourth caliph (and first Shia Imam) Ali briefly made the Babylonian city of Kufa his capital and the region once more became a center of political power after the Abbasid Caliphate overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate in 750, moving the nexus of the Islamic world from Damascus to Baghdad. Baghdad became an education hub, one of the main centers of the Islamic Golden Age, and hosted the "House of Wisdom", a vast collection of scientific works and literature comparable to the ancient Library of Alexandria (indeed, some of the works in Alexandria survived only through Arabic translations collected in the House of Wisdom).
As the power of the Abbasids receded in the Middle Ages, Mesopotamia was frequently targeted by empires wishing to claim political legitimacy from the Abbasid caliphs. The golden age of Mesopotamia came to an end in the 13th century, when the Mongols invaded. In an infamous bloodbath, the Mongols absolutely went to town on Baghdad, sacking the city and destroying the House of Wisdom in one of the worst cases of vandalism and BookBurning in world history (it was said that the Tigris turned black in color from the ink of the books that the Mongols threw into the river). They also massacred the inhabitants, including the Abbasid caliph at the time. Baghdad turned from a shining city into a ghost town literally overnight and [[ShockingDefeatLegacy has never truly managed to reclaim the glory of the Islamic Golden Age since]] (not helping matters was when UsefulNotes/TimurTheLame, the so-called "Sword of Islam", showed up a century later, just as Baghdad was beginning to recover, and [[YankTheDogsChain proceeded to do the same thing all over again]]. Timur also basically destroyed the Church of the East, leaving only the aforementioned Assyrian branch as the remnant of a once-influential church sect).
to:
Iraq was the site to the world's oldest known civilization, Sumer, which rose in the 5th millennium BCE. Nobody knows where it came from from, or what language family Sumerian was part of. The earliest Sumerian texts date back to the 27th century BCE and before, but most of the surviving literature (including [[Myth/MesopotamianMythology the various myths]]) are dated later. The city of Uruk, capital of the Sumerian civilization during the 4th millennium BCE, is thought to be Iraq's namesake. Sumer gradually intertwined with and was eventually absorbed into the Akkadian Empire, a collection of city-states founded by Sargon of Akkad in the 24th century BCE. The Akkadians spoke a Semitic language (albeit one that was much, much older than the later Semitic languages like Hebrew, Aramaic, or Arabic, and one from a branch that is now extinct) and incorporated many aspects of Sumerian culture to their own, much like how the Romans co-opted the Greeks' culture. Sargon's empire collapsed less than two centuries after it was founded, paving the way for two states to emerge in Mesopotamia: Babylonia in the south and Assyria in the north.
Babylonia and Assyria were great rivals and traded territories throughout the nextmillennia millennium and a half, taking turns on dominating the region; the hegemony of the First Assyrian Empire was followed by the First Babylonian Empire, and then the Assyrians again, and so forth. This continued until the 1st millennium BCE. During the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Aramaic, a West Semitic language originally from the Levant, was introduced as the empire's lingua franca. Aramaic subsequently displaced Akkadian as the dominant language of Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent as a whole. The empire was followed by the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the last native Mesopotamian dynasty to rule the region that is famously mentioned in the [[Literature/TheBible Old Testament]] as the instigator of the Babylonian captivity. In 539 BCE, UsefulNotes/CyrusTheGreat in his final successful campaign led the Persians to conquer Babylonia, adding it into UsefulNotes/TheAchaemenidEmpire. Despite being ruled by foreigners thereafter, Mesopotamia retained its importance as a center of politics; although the base of Persian power remained in the Iranian Plateau, the center of Persian political culture from the Achaemenid to the Sassanid era was based in Babylonia (first in Babylon itself before moving to the purpose-built city of Ctesiphon, located midway between Babylon and today's Baghdad).
In the early 1st millennium CE, Mesopotamia was an important Jewish and Christian center, and was the birthplace of Mandaeism andManichaeism. UsefulNotes/{{Manichaeism}}. The [[Literature/TheTalmud Babylonian Talmud Talmud]] was composed during a period of three centuries in Babylonia, while Assyria became one of the last bastions of Nestorian Christianity, an ancient Christian sect that rejected the Council of Ephesus; Erbil today hosts the headquarters of the Assyrian Church of the East, the largest Nestorian congregation in the world.
In the 7th century, Mesopotamia was conquered by the Arabs, forcing the Persians to retreat to the Iranian Plateau, where they too eventually succumbed several years later. The region was subsequently Arabized and Islamized, but otherwisenothing's nothing had changed about the region's importance. The fourth caliph (and first Shia Imam) Ali briefly made the Babylonian city of Kufa his capital capital, and the region once more became a center of political power after the Abbasid Caliphate overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate in 750, moving the nexus of the Islamic world from Damascus to Baghdad. Baghdad became an education hub, one of the main centers of the Islamic Golden Age, and hosted the "House of Wisdom", a vast collection of scientific works and literature comparable to the ancient Library of Alexandria (indeed, some of the works in Alexandria survived only through Arabic translations collected in the House of Wisdom).
As the power of the Abbasids receded in the Middle Ages, Mesopotamia was frequently targeted by empires wishing to claim political legitimacy from the Abbasid caliphs. The golden age of Mesopotamia came to an end in the 13th century, when the Mongols invaded. In an infamous bloodbath, the Mongols absolutely went to town on Baghdad, sacking the city and destroying the House of Wisdom in one of the worst cases of vandalism and BookBurning in world history (it was said that theTigris turned black in color from the ink of the books that the Mongols threw so many books from the House of Wisdom into the river).Tigris that the ink turned the whole river black). They also massacred the inhabitants, including the Abbasid caliph at the time. Baghdad turned from a shining city into a ghost town literally overnight and [[ShockingDefeatLegacy has never truly managed to reclaim the glory of the Islamic Golden Age since]] (not helping matters was when UsefulNotes/TimurTheLame, the so-called "Sword of Islam", showed up a century later, just as Baghdad was beginning to recover, and [[YankTheDogsChain proceeded to do the same thing all over again]]. Timur also basically destroyed the Church of the East, leaving only the aforementioned Assyrian branch as the remnant of a once-influential church sect).
Babylonia and Assyria were great rivals and traded territories throughout the next
In the early 1st millennium CE, Mesopotamia was an important Jewish and Christian center, and was the birthplace of Mandaeism and
In the 7th century, Mesopotamia was conquered by the Arabs, forcing the Persians to retreat to the Iranian Plateau, where they too eventually succumbed several years later. The region was subsequently Arabized and Islamized, but otherwise
As the power of the Abbasids receded in the Middle Ages, Mesopotamia was frequently targeted by empires wishing to claim political legitimacy from the Abbasid caliphs. The golden age of Mesopotamia came to an end in the 13th century, when the Mongols invaded. In an infamous bloodbath, the Mongols absolutely went to town on Baghdad, sacking the city and destroying the House of Wisdom in one of the worst cases of vandalism and BookBurning in world history (it was said that the
Changed line(s) 23,26 (click to see context) from:
With the end of Ottoman rule after UsefulNotes/WorldWarI, Mesopotamia was captured by the British. Together with the French, they arbitrarily cut their sphere of influence under the so-called [[https://theconversation.com/the-sykes-picot-agreement-and-the-making-of-the-modern-middle-east-58780 Sykes-Picot line]], dividing the Fertile Crescent in two and with it its associated ethnic groups, despite protests by the minorities (a Kurdish revolt in 1919 established a short-lived autonomous Kurdish government in Sulaymaniyah that was unrecognized and ultimately fell in 1944). Originally, the British wanted to turn Mesopotamia into a colony, but nationalist revolts forced them to reconsider the plans. Instead of a direct colony, the British created Mandatory Iraq in 1922, a vassal state ruled by Faisal I of the Hashemite dynasty (brother of Abdullah I, the first king of Jordan), who previously ruled Syria until he was deposed by the French. The discovery of the oilfields in the late 1920s brought increased importance of Iraq among the British, who monopolized the oil industry through the Iraq Petroleum Company. However, Iraqi nationalism hampered the British to rule (it also didn't help that the Hashemite monarchy was seen as a British puppet and never really welcomed) and in 1930 Iraq obtained a treaty with the UK for full independence two years later.
Instability prevailed over the new Iraqi state, with no less than six coups occurring during the 1930s. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, a coup in 1941 installed an anti-British government that sought the help of UsefulNotes/NaziGermany, triggering a month-long war that saw the UK occupying Iraq again. It was used as a base to attack the Vichy French-led Syrian colony and Iran, whose government's attempt to declare neutrality did not sit well with the Allies. Nationalist and communist ideas spread over Iraq and much of the Arab world after the war, fueled also by the establishment of UsefulNotes/{{Israel}}. In 1958, the Hashemite monarchy was bloodily deposed during the July Revolution (the king and some members of the royal family were executed) and Iraq officially became a republic.
Instability prevailed over the new Iraqi state, with no less than six coups occurring during the 1930s. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, a coup in 1941 installed an anti-British government that sought the help of UsefulNotes/NaziGermany, triggering a month-long war that saw the UK occupying Iraq again. It was used as a base to attack the Vichy French-led Syrian colony and Iran, whose government's attempt to declare neutrality did not sit well with the Allies. Nationalist and communist ideas spread over Iraq and much of the Arab world after the war, fueled also by the establishment of UsefulNotes/{{Israel}}. In 1958, the Hashemite monarchy was bloodily deposed during the July Revolution (the king and some members of the royal family were executed) and Iraq officially became a republic.
to:
With the end of Ottoman rule after UsefulNotes/WorldWarI, Mesopotamia was captured by the British. Together with the French, they arbitrarily cut their sphere of influence under the so-called [[https://theconversation.com/the-sykes-picot-agreement-and-the-making-of-the-modern-middle-east-58780 Sykes-Picot line]], dividing the Fertile Crescent in two and with it its associated ethnic groups, despite protests by the minorities (a Kurdish revolt in 1919 established a short-lived autonomous Kurdish government in Sulaymaniyah that was unrecognized and ultimately fell in 1944). Originally, the British wanted to turn Mesopotamia into a colony, but nationalist revolts forced them to reconsider the plans. Instead of a direct colony, the British created Mandatory Iraq in 1922, a vassal state ruled by Faisal I of the Hashemite dynasty (brother of Abdullah I, the first king of Jordan), who previously ruled Syria until he was deposed by the French. The discovery of the oilfields in the late 1920s brought increased importance of Iraq among the British, who monopolized the oil industry through the Iraq Petroleum Company. However, Iraqi nationalism hampered the British to rule (it also didn't help that the Hashemite monarchy was seen as a British puppet and never really welcomed) and welcomed), and, in 1930 1930, Iraq obtained a treaty with the UK for full independence two years later.
Instability prevailed over the new Iraqi state, with no less than six coups occurring during the 1930s. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, a coup in 1941 installed an anti-British government that sought the help of UsefulNotes/NaziGermany, triggering a month-long war that saw the UK occupying Iraq again. It was used as a base to attack the Vichy French-led Syrian colony and Iran, whose government's attempt to declare neutrality did not sit well with the Allies. Nationalist and communist ideas spread over Iraq and much of the Arab world after the war, fueled also by the establishment of UsefulNotes/{{Israel}}. In 1958, the Hashemite monarchy was bloodily deposed during the July Revolution (the king and some members of the royal family wereexecuted) executed), and Iraq officially became a republic.
Instability prevailed over the new Iraqi state, with no less than six coups occurring during the 1930s. During UsefulNotes/WorldWarII, a coup in 1941 installed an anti-British government that sought the help of UsefulNotes/NaziGermany, triggering a month-long war that saw the UK occupying Iraq again. It was used as a base to attack the Vichy French-led Syrian colony and Iran, whose government's attempt to declare neutrality did not sit well with the Allies. Nationalist and communist ideas spread over Iraq and much of the Arab world after the war, fueled also by the establishment of UsefulNotes/{{Israel}}. In 1958, the Hashemite monarchy was bloodily deposed during the July Revolution (the king and some members of the royal family were
Changed line(s) 29,32 (click to see context) from:
A year later, Saddam declared [[UsefulNotes/IranIraqWar an ultimately futile, Western-backed war against then-new Islamic government in Iran]], citing territorial disputes that Iraq had been claiming since the end of the Ottoman period. Actually, the rest of Saddam's presidency can be characterized by a string of attempted conquests "justified" by territorial disputes, earning him the reputation of a warmonger and distrust by Iraq's neighbors (including even fellow Ba'athist Syria). The third Kurdish uprising of the 1980s led Saddam to launch a pacification campaign that was condemned for its systematic human rights violations (particularly [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfal_genocide in 1988]]). This aggressive foreign policy culminated in 1990, when Iraq conquered Kuwait on the flimsy basis that the Kuwaiti government was encroaching on Iraqi lands. Since Kuwait was (and is) a neutral state, this was seen as the last straw as ''[[EveryoneHasStandards the entire world]]'', including the Soviets who had long backed Iraq, saw this as an unjustified war of aggression. [[UsefulNotes/TheGulfWar A UN coalition led by the United States ejected the invaders]], forcing the Iraqi forces to retreat. Shia Arabs and Kurds, seeing the results of the Gulf War as a sign that the Ba'athists had been weakened, tried to rebel but were put down, causing more than a million Iraqis to flee the country. Still, the Kurds obtained provisions of a semi-autonomous state, with the creation of the Iraqi UsefulNotes/{{Kurdistan}}. Iraq spent the rest of the 1990s as a pariah state, with most of its allies abandoning it and its enemies (chiefly the US) putting sanctions and declaring the whole country a no-fly zone.
In 2003, Iraq was invaded by the United States as part of the latter's [[UsefulNotes/TheWarOnTerror War on Terror]], on the alleged basis that it was cooperating with terrorists and hosting Weapons of Mass Destruction. America being on the heels of 9/11 did not have common sense to think otherwise and wouldn't budge despite European opposition. As you probably know, all these were infamously debunked later, but not before the Americans and their allies deposed the Ba'athists, installing a US-friendly client government that promised democracy and equality for the marginalized minorities at the expense of the Sunni Arabs. The terrorists, who by then were a fringe group in Iraq, [[SelfFulfillingProphecy came to the forefront as a result of this]], taking advantage of the now-disenfranchised Sunni Arabs. Said client government, on the other hand was dominated by the Shia Arabs, bringing Iran's influence to the mix. Cue more than a decade of nightmarish insurgency and sectarian violence that didn't end even after most of US forces left Iraq in 2011.
In 2003, Iraq was invaded by the United States as part of the latter's [[UsefulNotes/TheWarOnTerror War on Terror]], on the alleged basis that it was cooperating with terrorists and hosting Weapons of Mass Destruction. America being on the heels of 9/11 did not have common sense to think otherwise and wouldn't budge despite European opposition. As you probably know, all these were infamously debunked later, but not before the Americans and their allies deposed the Ba'athists, installing a US-friendly client government that promised democracy and equality for the marginalized minorities at the expense of the Sunni Arabs. The terrorists, who by then were a fringe group in Iraq, [[SelfFulfillingProphecy came to the forefront as a result of this]], taking advantage of the now-disenfranchised Sunni Arabs. Said client government, on the other hand was dominated by the Shia Arabs, bringing Iran's influence to the mix. Cue more than a decade of nightmarish insurgency and sectarian violence that didn't end even after most of US forces left Iraq in 2011.
to:
A year later, Saddam declared [[UsefulNotes/IranIraqWar an ultimately futile, Western-backed war against the then-new Islamic government in Iran]], citing territorial disputes that Iraq had been claiming since the end of the Ottoman period. Actually, the rest of Saddam's presidency can be characterized by a string of attempted conquests "justified" by territorial disputes, earning him the reputation of a warmonger and distrust by Iraq's neighbors (including even fellow Ba'athist Syria). The third Kurdish uprising of the 1980s led Saddam to launch a pacification campaign that was condemned for its systematic human rights violations (particularly [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfal_genocide in 1988]]). This aggressive internal and foreign policy policies culminated in 1990, when Iraq conquered Kuwait on the flimsy basis that the Kuwaiti government was encroaching on Iraqi lands. Since Kuwait was (and is) a neutral state, this was seen as the last straw as ''[[EveryoneHasStandards the entire world]]'', including the Soviets who had long backed Iraq, saw this as an unjustified war of aggression. [[UsefulNotes/TheGulfWar A UN coalition led by the United States ejected the invaders]], forcing the Iraqi forces to retreat. Shia Arabs and Kurds, seeing the results of the Gulf War as a sign that the Ba'athists had been weakened, tried to rebel but were put down, causing more than a million of Iraqis to flee the country. Still, the Kurds obtained provisions of a semi-autonomous state, with the creation of the Iraqi UsefulNotes/{{Kurdistan}}. Iraq spent the rest of the 1990s as a pariah state, with most of its allies abandoning it and its enemies (chiefly the US) putting sanctions and declaring the whole country a no-fly zone.
In 2003, Iraq was invaded by the United States as part of the latter's [[UsefulNotes/TheWarOnTerror War on Terror]], on the alleged basis that it was cooperating with terrorists and hosting Weapons of Mass Destruction. America being on the heels of 9/11 did not have common sense to think otherwise and wouldn't budge despite European opposition. As you probably know, all of these were infamously debunked later, but not before the Americans and their allies deposed the Ba'athists, installing a US-friendly client government that promised democracy and equality for the marginalized minorities at the expense of the Sunni Arabs. The terrorists, who by then were a fringe group in Iraq, [[SelfFulfillingProphecy came to the forefront as a result of this]], taking advantage of the now-disenfranchised Sunni Arabs. Said client government, on the other hand was dominated by the Shia Arabs, bringing Iran's influence to the mix. Cue more than a decade of nightmarish insurgency and sectarian violence that didn't end even after most of US forces left Iraq in 2011.
In 2003, Iraq was invaded by the United States as part of the latter's [[UsefulNotes/TheWarOnTerror War on Terror]], on the alleged basis that it was cooperating with terrorists and hosting Weapons of Mass Destruction. America being on the heels of 9/11 did not have common sense to think otherwise and wouldn't budge despite European opposition. As you probably know, all of these were infamously debunked later, but not before the Americans and their allies deposed the Ba'athists, installing a US-friendly client government that promised democracy and equality for the marginalized minorities at the expense of the Sunni Arabs. The terrorists, who by then were a fringe group in Iraq, [[SelfFulfillingProphecy came to the forefront as a result of this]], taking advantage of the now-disenfranchised Sunni Arabs. Said client government, on the other hand was dominated by the Shia Arabs, bringing Iran's influence to the mix. Cue more than a decade of nightmarish insurgency and sectarian violence that didn't end even after most of US forces left Iraq in 2011.
Changed line(s) 217 (click to see context) from:
** Speaker: Mohamed al-Halbousi
to:
** Speaker: Mohamed al-HalbousiMohsen al-Mandalawi ''(interim)''
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Changed line(s) 92 (click to see context) from:
* ''VideoGame/SplinterCell: Conviction'' has a flashback mission set in Diwaniya during the Gulf War, where you play as [[spoiler:Victor Coste, and are rescuing your friend, Sam Fisher, who was captured in an ambush]]. ''Blacklist'' has another mission in Iraq, this time set in Mirawa near the border with Iran, where you are tasked with infiltrating an Engineer camp to gather intel.
to:
* ''VideoGame/SplinterCell: Conviction'' ''VideoGame/SplinterCellConviction'' has a flashback mission set in Diwaniya during the Gulf War, where you play as [[spoiler:Victor Coste, and are rescuing your friend, Sam Fisher, who was captured in an ambush]]. ''Blacklist'' has another mission in Iraq, this time set in Mirawa near the border with Iran, where you are tasked with infiltrating an Engineer camp to gather intel.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Reverting edit by serial ban evader.
Changed line(s) 7,10 (click to see context) from:
Iraq ('''Arabic:''' ''العراق al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''عێراق Êraq''), also known as the '''Republic of Iraq''' ('''Arabic:''' ''جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''كۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq'') is a West Usefulnotes/{{Asia}}n[=/=][[UsefulNotes/TheMiddleEast Middle Eastern]] country bordering Usefulnotes/{{Iran}}, UsefulNotes/{{Jordan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Kuwait}}, UsefulNotes/SaudiArabia, UsefulNotes/{{Syria}}, and UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of West Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in the Middle East where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of West Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in the Middle East where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
to:
Iraq ('''Arabic:''' ''العراق al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''عێراق Êraq''), also known as the '''Republic of Iraq''' ('''Arabic:''' ''جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''كۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq'') is a West Western Usefulnotes/{{Asia}}n[=/=][[UsefulNotes/TheMiddleEast Middle Eastern]] country bordering Usefulnotes/{{Iran}}, UsefulNotes/{{Jordan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Kuwait}}, UsefulNotes/SaudiArabia, UsefulNotes/{{Syria}}, and UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') ofWest Western Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in the Middle East where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of
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Iraq ('''Arabic:''' ''العراق al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''عێراق Êraq''), also known as the '''Republic of Iraq''' ('''Arabic:''' ''جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''كۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq'') is a Western Usefulnotes/{{Asia}}n[=/=][[UsefulNotes/TheMiddleEast Middle Eastern]] country bordering Usefulnotes/{{Iran}}, UsefulNotes/{{Jordan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Kuwait}}, UsefulNotes/SaudiArabia, UsefulNotes/{{Syria}}, and UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of Western Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in the Middle East where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of Western Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in the Middle East where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
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Iraq ('''Arabic:''' ''العراق al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''عێراق Êraq''), also known as the '''Republic of Iraq''' ('''Arabic:''' ''جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''كۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq'') is a Western West Usefulnotes/{{Asia}}n[=/=][[UsefulNotes/TheMiddleEast Middle Eastern]] country bordering Usefulnotes/{{Iran}}, UsefulNotes/{{Jordan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Kuwait}}, UsefulNotes/SaudiArabia, UsefulNotes/{{Syria}}, and UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') ofWestern West Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in the Middle East where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of
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Catchphrase is an index, not a trope.
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--> '''Saddam:''' [[CatchPhrase Ayy, relax, guy!]] [[BlatantLies I'm just the average Joe, y'know!]]
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--> '''Saddam:''' [[CatchPhrase Ayy, relax, guy!]] guy! [[BlatantLies I'm just the average Joe, y'know!]]
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Iraq ('''Arabic:''' ''العراق al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''عێراق Êraq''), also known as the '''Republic of Iraq''' ('''Arabic:''' ''جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''كۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq'') is a Western Usefulnotes/{{Asia}}n country bordering Usefulnotes/{{Iran}}, UsefulNotes/{{Jordan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Kuwait}}, UsefulNotes/SaudiArabia, UsefulNotes/{{Syria}}, and UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of Western Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in UsefulNotes/TheMiddleEast where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of Western Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in UsefulNotes/TheMiddleEast where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
to:
Iraq ('''Arabic:''' ''العراق al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''عێراق Êraq''), also known as the '''Republic of Iraq''' ('''Arabic:''' ''جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''كۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq'') is a Western Usefulnotes/{{Asia}}n Usefulnotes/{{Asia}}n[=/=][[UsefulNotes/TheMiddleEast Middle Eastern]] country bordering Usefulnotes/{{Iran}}, UsefulNotes/{{Jordan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Kuwait}}, UsefulNotes/SaudiArabia, UsefulNotes/{{Syria}}, and UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of Western Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas inUsefulNotes/TheMiddleEast the Middle East where this revolution arose, the western part being the Levantine region and UsefulNotes/{{Egypt}}.
Historically, the country was known as Mesopotamia, so named because it is located between (''meso'') the two great rivers (''potamia'') of Western Asia: the Tigris and the Euphrates, both originating from Turkey's Taurus Mountains. In between the rivers is a great alluvial plain that spearheaded the world's first agricultural revolution. Mesopotamia is the eastern part of a giant half-ring of fertile areas in
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* ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedMirage'', a SpinOff of ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedValhalla'' with the latter's supporting character Basim as protagonist, is set in 9th century Baghdad.
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* ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedMirage'', a SpinOff of ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedValhalla'' with the latter's supporting character Basim as protagonist, is set in 9th century Abbasid Baghdad.
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* Myth/ArabMythology
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* Myth/ArabMythology
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Iraq ('''Arabic:''' ''العراق al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''عێراق Êraq''), also known as the '''Republic of Iraq''' ('''Arabic:''' ''جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''كۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq'') is a Western Asian country bordering Usefulnotes/{{Iran}}, UsefulNotes/{{Jordan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Kuwait}}, UsefulNotes/SaudiArabia, UsefulNotes/{{Syria}}, and UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}}.
to:
Iraq ('''Arabic:''' ''العراق al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''عێراق Êraq''), also known as the '''Republic of Iraq''' ('''Arabic:''' ''جمهورية العراق Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq''; '''Kurdish:''' ''كۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq'') is a Western Asian Usefulnotes/{{Asia}}n country bordering Usefulnotes/{{Iran}}, UsefulNotes/{{Jordan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Kuwait}}, UsefulNotes/SaudiArabia, UsefulNotes/{{Syria}}, and UsefulNotes/{{Turkey}}.
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* ''[[Franchise/AssassinsCreed Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'', a SpinOff of ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedValhalla'' with the latter's supporting character Basim as protagonist, is set in 9th century Baghdad.
to:
* ''[[Franchise/AssassinsCreed Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'', ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedMirage'', a SpinOff of ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedValhalla'' with the latter's supporting character Basim as protagonist, is set in 9th century Baghdad.
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While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not a full, free, and secure democracy that the US promised when it invaded the country. Currently, the country is locked in a low-level, intermittent, conflict between the US and Iran, each attempting to assert their influence, mainly through the political process but also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike the occasional assassinations]]. That said, its constitutional order has stood up remarkably well--better than many analysts had predicted (leaving out ones who had an interest in saying it would be awesome because America and those who had an interest in saying it was a house of cards that would fall apart the minute the Americans left). The relative resilience of the Iraqi regime compared to that of the one established in UsefulNotes/{{Afghanistan}} under similar conditions will be fodder for political scientists for years to come; a common (unprovable but compelling) argument is that Iraq's [[UsefulNotes/PoliticalSystemOfGermany German-inspired]] parliamentary system is actually more stable in a deeply divided society than Afghanistan's [[UsefulNotes/AmericanPoliticalSystem American-inspired]] presidential one.[[note]]We should note that in both cases, the Americans encouraged the adoption of a German-style parliamentary republic and explicitly discouraged the adoption of a "Madisonian" presidential system, perhaps recognizing its brittleness. The Iraqis went along with this for a variety of reasons (not least of which that no one man had the support needed to take an executive presidency), but in Afghanistan the Americans had specifically backed Hamid Karzai, who really, ''really'' wanted to be president and not prime minister. He managed to get his countrymen to go along with this, and Afghanistan reaped what Karzai sowed. (For what it's worth, the traditional tribal chiefs of Afghanistan called to serve as a kind of constitutional assembly after the 2002 invasion originally wanted to restore the constitutional monarchy that had been in place before the 1973 coup. When the Americans made it clear--for what proved to be very short-sighted reasons--that this wasn't an option, they reluctantly went with Karzai, and Karzai meant a presidential system.)[[/note]]
to:
While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not a full, free, and secure democracy that the US promised when it invaded the country. Currently, the country is locked in a low-level, intermittent, conflict between the US and Iran, each attempting to assert their influence, mainly through the political process but also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike the occasional assassinations]]. That said, its constitutional order has stood up remarkably well--better than many analysts had predicted (leaving out ones who had an interest in saying it would be awesome because America and those who had an interest in saying it was a house of cards an awful puppet regime that would fall apart the minute the Americans left).never last, also because America). The relative resilience of the Iraqi regime compared to that of the one established in UsefulNotes/{{Afghanistan}} under similar conditions will be fodder for political scientists for years to come; a common (unprovable but compelling) argument is that Iraq's [[UsefulNotes/PoliticalSystemOfGermany German-inspired]] parliamentary system is actually more stable in a deeply divided society than Afghanistan's [[UsefulNotes/AmericanPoliticalSystem American-inspired]] presidential one.[[note]]We should note that in both cases, the Americans encouraged the adoption of a German-style parliamentary republic and explicitly discouraged the adoption of a "Madisonian" presidential system, perhaps recognizing its brittleness. The Iraqis went along with this for a variety of reasons (not least of which that no one man had the support needed to take an executive presidency), but in Afghanistan the Americans had specifically backed Hamid Karzai, who really, ''really'' wanted to be president and not prime minister. He managed to get his countrymen to go along with this, and Afghanistan reaped what Karzai sowed. (For what it's worth, the traditional tribal chiefs of Afghanistan called to serve as a kind of constitutional assembly after the 2002 invasion originally wanted to restore the constitutional monarchy that had been in place before the 1973 coup. When the Americans made it clear--for what proved to be very short-sighted reasons--that this wasn't an option, they reluctantly went with Karzai, and Karzai meant a presidential system.)[[/note]]
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Changed line(s) 33,34 (click to see context) from:
While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not a full, free, and secure democracy that the US promised when it invaded the country. Currently, the country is locked in a low-level, intermittent, conflict between the US and Iran, each attempting to assert their influence, mainly through the political process but also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike the occasional assassinations]]. That said, its constitutional order has stood up remarkably well--better than many analysts had predicted (leaving out ones who had an interest in saying it would be awesome because America and those who had an interest in saying it was a house of cards that would fall apart the minute the Americans left). The relative resilience of the Iraqi regime compared to that of the one established in UsefulNotes/{{Afghanistan}} under similar conditions will be fodder for political scientists for years to come; a common (unprovable but compelling) argument is that Iraq's [[UsefulNotes/PoliticalSystemOfGermany German-inspired]] parliamentary system is actually more stable in a deeply divided society than Afghanistan's [[UsefulNotes/AmericanPoliticalSystem American-inspired]] presidential one.[[note]]We should note that in both cases, the Americans encouraged the adoption of a German-style parliamentary republic and explicitly discouraged the adoption of a "Madisonian" presidential system, perhaps recognizing its brittleness. The Iraqis went along with this for a variety of reasons (not least of which that no one man had the support needed to take an executive presidency), but in Afghanistan the Americans had specifically backed Hamid Karzai, who really, ''really'' wanted to be president and not prime minister. He managed to get his countrymen to go along with this, and Afghanistan reaped what Karzai sowed. (For what it's worth, the traditional tribal chiefs of Afghanistan originally wanted to restore the constitutional monarchy that had been in place before the 1973 coup. When the Americans made it clear--for what proved to be very short-sighted reasons--that this wasn't an option, they reluctantly went with Karzai, and Karzai meant a presidential system.)[[/note]]
to:
While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not a full, free, and secure democracy that the US promised when it invaded the country. Currently, the country is locked in a low-level, intermittent, conflict between the US and Iran, each attempting to assert their influence, mainly through the political process but also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike the occasional assassinations]]. That said, its constitutional order has stood up remarkably well--better than many analysts had predicted (leaving out ones who had an interest in saying it would be awesome because America and those who had an interest in saying it was a house of cards that would fall apart the minute the Americans left). The relative resilience of the Iraqi regime compared to that of the one established in UsefulNotes/{{Afghanistan}} under similar conditions will be fodder for political scientists for years to come; a common (unprovable but compelling) argument is that Iraq's [[UsefulNotes/PoliticalSystemOfGermany German-inspired]] parliamentary system is actually more stable in a deeply divided society than Afghanistan's [[UsefulNotes/AmericanPoliticalSystem American-inspired]] presidential one.[[note]]We should note that in both cases, the Americans encouraged the adoption of a German-style parliamentary republic and explicitly discouraged the adoption of a "Madisonian" presidential system, perhaps recognizing its brittleness. The Iraqis went along with this for a variety of reasons (not least of which that no one man had the support needed to take an executive presidency), but in Afghanistan the Americans had specifically backed Hamid Karzai, who really, ''really'' wanted to be president and not prime minister. He managed to get his countrymen to go along with this, and Afghanistan reaped what Karzai sowed. (For what it's worth, the traditional tribal chiefs of Afghanistan called to serve as a kind of constitutional assembly after the 2002 invasion originally wanted to restore the constitutional monarchy that had been in place before the 1973 coup. When the Americans made it clear--for what proved to be very short-sighted reasons--that this wasn't an option, they reluctantly went with Karzai, and Karzai meant a presidential system.)[[/note]]
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Changed line(s) 33,34 (click to see context) from:
While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not a full, free, and secure democracy that the US promised when it invaded the country. Currently, the country is locked in a low-level, intermittent, conflict between the US and Iran, each attempting to assert their influence, mainly through the political process but also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike the occasional assassinations]]. That said, its constitutional order has stood up remarkably well--better than many analysts had predicted (leaving out ones who had an interest in saying it would be awesome because America and those who had an interest in saying it was a house of cards that would fall apart the minute the Americans left). The relative resilience of the Iraqi regime compared to that of the one established in UsefulNotes/{{Afghanistan}} under similar conditions will be fodder for political scientists for years to come; a common (unprovable but compelling) argument is that Iraq's [[UsefulNotes/PoliticalSystemOfGermany German-inspired]] parliamentary system is actually more stable in a deeply divided society than Afghanistan's [[UsefulNotes/AmericanPoliticalSystem American-inspired]] presidential one.[[note]]We should note that in both cases, the Americans encouraged the adoption of a German-style parliamentary republic and explicitly discouraged the adoption of a "Madisonian" presidential system, perhaps recognizing its brittleness. The Iraqis went along with this for a variety of reasons (not least of which that no one man had the support needed to take an executive presidency), but in Afghanistan the Americans had specifically backed Hamid Karzai, who really, ''really'' wanted to be president and not prime minister. He managed to get his countrymen to go along with this, and Afghanistan reaped what Karzai sowed.[[/note]]
to:
While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not a full, free, and secure democracy that the US promised when it invaded the country. Currently, the country is locked in a low-level, intermittent, conflict between the US and Iran, each attempting to assert their influence, mainly through the political process but also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike the occasional assassinations]]. That said, its constitutional order has stood up remarkably well--better than many analysts had predicted (leaving out ones who had an interest in saying it would be awesome because America and those who had an interest in saying it was a house of cards that would fall apart the minute the Americans left). The relative resilience of the Iraqi regime compared to that of the one established in UsefulNotes/{{Afghanistan}} under similar conditions will be fodder for political scientists for years to come; a common (unprovable but compelling) argument is that Iraq's [[UsefulNotes/PoliticalSystemOfGermany German-inspired]] parliamentary system is actually more stable in a deeply divided society than Afghanistan's [[UsefulNotes/AmericanPoliticalSystem American-inspired]] presidential one.[[note]]We should note that in both cases, the Americans encouraged the adoption of a German-style parliamentary republic and explicitly discouraged the adoption of a "Madisonian" presidential system, perhaps recognizing its brittleness. The Iraqis went along with this for a variety of reasons (not least of which that no one man had the support needed to take an executive presidency), but in Afghanistan the Americans had specifically backed Hamid Karzai, who really, ''really'' wanted to be president and not prime minister. He managed to get his countrymen to go along with this, and Afghanistan reaped what Karzai sowed.[[/note]]
(For what it's worth, the traditional tribal chiefs of Afghanistan originally wanted to restore the constitutional monarchy that had been in place before the 1973 coup. When the Americans made it clear--for what proved to be very short-sighted reasons--that this wasn't an option, they reluctantly went with Karzai, and Karzai meant a presidential system.)[[/note]]
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In 2003, Iraq was invaded by the United States as part of the latter's [[UsefulNotes/TheWarOnTerror War on Terror]], on the alleged basis that it was cooperating with terrorists and hosting Weapons of Mass Destruction. America being on the heels of 9/11 did not have common sense to think otherwise and wouldn't budge despite European opposition. As you probably know, all these were infamously debunked later, but not before the Americans and their allies deposed the Ba'athists, installing a US-friendly client government that promised democracy and equality for the marginalized minorities at the expense of the Sunni Arabs. The terrorists, who by then were a fringe group in Iraq, [[SelfFulfillingProphecy came to the forefront as a result of this]], taking advantage of the now-disenfranchised Sunni Arabs. Said client government, on the other hand was dominated by the Shia Arabs, bringing Iran's influence to the mix. Cue more than a decade of nightmarish insurgency and sectarian violence that didn't end even after most of US forces left Iraq in 2011. While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not a free democracy that the US promised when it invaded the country. Currently, the country is locked in a low-level, intermittent, conflict between the US and Iran, each attempting to assert their influence, mainly through the political process but also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike the occasional assassinations]].
to:
In 2003, Iraq was invaded by the United States as part of the latter's [[UsefulNotes/TheWarOnTerror War on Terror]], on the alleged basis that it was cooperating with terrorists and hosting Weapons of Mass Destruction. America being on the heels of 9/11 did not have common sense to think otherwise and wouldn't budge despite European opposition. As you probably know, all these were infamously debunked later, but not before the Americans and their allies deposed the Ba'athists, installing a US-friendly client government that promised democracy and equality for the marginalized minorities at the expense of the Sunni Arabs. The terrorists, who by then were a fringe group in Iraq, [[SelfFulfillingProphecy came to the forefront as a result of this]], taking advantage of the now-disenfranchised Sunni Arabs. Said client government, on the other hand was dominated by the Shia Arabs, bringing Iran's influence to the mix. Cue more than a decade of nightmarish insurgency and sectarian violence that didn't end even after most of US forces left Iraq in 2011.
While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not afree full, free, and secure democracy that the US promised when it invaded the country. Currently, the country is locked in a low-level, intermittent, conflict between the US and Iran, each attempting to assert their influence, mainly through the political process but also [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike the occasional assassinations]].
assassinations]]. That said, its constitutional order has stood up remarkably well--better than many analysts had predicted (leaving out ones who had an interest in saying it would be awesome because America and those who had an interest in saying it was a house of cards that would fall apart the minute the Americans left). The relative resilience of the Iraqi regime compared to that of the one established in UsefulNotes/{{Afghanistan}} under similar conditions will be fodder for political scientists for years to come; a common (unprovable but compelling) argument is that Iraq's [[UsefulNotes/PoliticalSystemOfGermany German-inspired]] parliamentary system is actually more stable in a deeply divided society than Afghanistan's [[UsefulNotes/AmericanPoliticalSystem American-inspired]] presidential one.[[note]]We should note that in both cases, the Americans encouraged the adoption of a German-style parliamentary republic and explicitly discouraged the adoption of a "Madisonian" presidential system, perhaps recognizing its brittleness. The Iraqis went along with this for a variety of reasons (not least of which that no one man had the support needed to take an executive presidency), but in Afghanistan the Americans had specifically backed Hamid Karzai, who really, ''really'' wanted to be president and not prime minister. He managed to get his countrymen to go along with this, and Afghanistan reaped what Karzai sowed.[[/note]]
While Iraq today is in a better condition than the post-invasion period of the 2000s, it is still a very divided country mired in sectarian disputes and certainly not a
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** President: Barham Salih
** Prime Minister: Mustafa al-Kadhimi
** Prime Minister: Mustafa al-Kadhimi
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** President: Barham Salih
Abdul Latif Rashid
** Prime Minister:Mustafa al-KadhimiMohammed Shia al-Sudani
** Prime Minister:
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** Chief Justice: Medhat al-Mahmoud
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** Chief Justice: Medhat al-MahmoudJassim Mohammed Abboud Hammadi
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* VideoGame/CallOfDutyAdvancedWarfare: Several levels takes place in a futuristic ''New'' Baghdad that unlike most depictions, is now a redeveloped technological paradise, thanks to the [[NGOSuperpower ATLAS Corporation]]. CEO [[Creator/KevinSpacey Johnathan Irons]] even gloats about how his company has rebuilt the city from the ground-up in contrast to how the US Government of the past left it destroyed and broken in the opening monologue of the mission "Utopia"
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* VideoGame/CallOfDutyAdvancedWarfare: ''VideoGame/CallOfDutyAdvancedWarfare'': Several levels takes place in a futuristic ''New'' Baghdad that unlike most depictions, is now a redeveloped technological paradise, thanks to the [[NGOSuperpower ATLAS Corporation]]. CEO [[Creator/KevinSpacey Johnathan Irons]] even gloats about how his company has rebuilt the city from the ground-up in contrast to how the US Government of the past left it destroyed and broken in the opening monologue of the mission "Utopia"
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* ''[[Franchise/AssassinsCreed Assassin's Creed: Rift]]'', a SpinOff of ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedValhalla'' with the latter's supporting character Basim as protagonist, is set in 9th century Baghdad.
to:
* ''[[Franchise/AssassinsCreed Assassin's Creed: Rift]]'', Mirage]]'', a SpinOff of ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedValhalla'' with the latter's supporting character Basim as protagonist, is set in 9th century Baghdad.
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* ''[[Franchise/AssassinsCreed Assassin's Creed: Rift]]'', a SpinOff of ''VideoGame/AssassinsCreedValhalla'' with the latter's supporting character Basim as protagonist, is set in 9th century Baghdad.
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